Ethernet physical layer

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Ethernet physical layer
EthernetCableYellow3.jpg
A standard 8P8C (often called RJ45) connector used most commonly on cat5 cable, one of the types of cabling used in Ethernet networks
Standard IEEE 802.3 (2002 onwards)
Physical media Coaxial cable, twisted pair, optical fiber
Network topology Point-to-point, star, bus
Major variants 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX
Maximum distance 100 metres (328 ft) over twisted pair, up to 100 km over optical fiber
Mode of operation Differential (Balanced)
Maximum bit rate 3 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s
Voltage levels ± 2.5V (over twisted pair)
Available signals Tx+, Tx−, Rx+, Rx−
Common connector types 8P8C, LC, SC, ST

The Ethernet physical layer is the physical layer component of the Ethernet family of computer network standards.

The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses quite a few physical media interfaces and several magnitudes of speed. The speed ranges from 1 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s, while the physical medium can range from bulky coaxial cable to twisted pair and optical fiber. In general, network protocol stack software will work similarly on all physical layers.

10 Gigabit Ethernet was already used in both enterprise and carrier networks by 2007, with 40 Gbit/s[1][2] and 100 Gigabit Ethernet[3] ratified.[4] Higher speeds are under development.[5] Robert Metcalfe, one of the co-inventors of Ethernet, in 2008 said he believed commercial applications using Terabit Ethernet may occur by 2015, though it might require new Ethernet standards.[6]

Many Ethernet adapters and switch ports support multiple speeds, using autonegotiation to set the speed and duplex for the best values supported by both connected devices. If auto-negotiation fails, a multiple-speed device will sense the speed used by its partner,[citation needed] but will assume half-duplex. A 10/100 Ethernet port supports 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. A 10/100/1000 Ethernet port supports 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T.

Physical layers

Xerox experimental Ethernet

Name Description
Experimental Ethernet The original 2.94 Mbit/s Ethernet implementation had eight bit addresses and other differences in frame format. Manchester coded on 50 Ω coaxial cable.[7]

The following sections provide a brief summary of official Ethernet media types (section numbers from the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard are parenthesized). In addition to these official standards, many vendors have implemented proprietary media types for various reasons—often to support longer distances over fiber optic cabling.

Early implementations

Name Standard (Clause) Description
10BASE5 802.3 (8) Original standard uses a single coaxial cable into which you literally tap a connection by drilling into the cable to connect to the core and screen. Largely obsolete, though due to its widespread deployment in the early 1980s, some systems may still be in use.[8] Was known also as Thick-Ethernet. 10 Mbit/s, Manchester coded signaling, copper RG-8X (expensive) coaxial cabling, bus topology with collision detection.
10BASE2 802.3 (10) 50 Ω coaxial cable connects machines together, each machine using a T-adaptor to connect to its NIC. Requires terminators at each end. For many years during the mid to late 1980 this was the dominant Ethernet standard. Also called Thin Ethernet, ThinNet or Cheapernet. 10 Mbit/s, Manchester coded signaling, RG-58 coaxial cabling, bus topology with collision detection.
10BROAD36 802.3 (11) An early standard supporting Ethernet over longer distances. It utilized broadband modulation techniques, similar to those employed in cable modem systems, and operated over coaxial cable. 10 Mbit/s, scrambled NRZ signaling modulated (PSK) over high frequency carrier, broad bandwidth coaxial cabling, bus topology with collision detection.
1BASE5 802.3 (12) Operated at 1 Mbit/s over twisted pair to an active hub. Although a commercial failure, 1BASE5 defined the architecture for all subsequent Ethernet evolution. Also called StarLAN. 1 Mbit/s, Manchester coded signaling, copper twisted pair cabling, star topology.
StarLAN 10 Proprietary 10 Mbit/s, Manchester coded signaling, copper twisted pair cabling, star topology - evolved into 10BASE-T
LattisNet UTP Proprietary 10 Mbit/s, Manchester coded signaling, copper twisted pair cabling, star topology - evolved into 10BASE-T
10BASE-T 802.3 (14) Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs) on a Category 3 or Category 5 cable. An active hub or switch sits in the middle and has a port for each node. This is also the configuration used for 100BASE-T and gigabit Ethernet. Manchester coded signaling, copper twisted pair cabling, star topology - direct evolution of 1BASE-5.
FOIRL 802.3 (9.9) Fiber-optic inter-repeater link; the original standard for Ethernet over fiber
10BASE-F 802.3 (15) A generic term for the family of 10 Mbit/s Ethernet standards using fiber optic cable: 10BASE-FL, 10BASE-FB and 10BASE-FP. Of these only 10BASE-FL is in widespread use. 10 Mbit/s, Manchester coded signaling, fiber pair
10BASE‑FL 802.3 (15&18) An updated version of the FOIRL standard
10BASE‑FB 802.3 (15&17) Intended for backbones connecting a number of hubs or switches; it is now obsolete.[9]
10BASE‑FP 802.3 (15&16) A passive star network that required no repeater, it was never implemented.[9]

Early Ethernet standards used Manchester coding so that the signal was self-clocking not adversely affected by high-pass filters.

Fast Ethernet

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Main article: Fast Ethernet
Name Standard (Clause) Description
100BASE‑T 802.3 (21) A term for any of the three standards for 100 Mbit/s Ethernet over twisted pair cable. Includes 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 and 100BASE-T2. As of 2009, 100BASE-TX has totally dominated the market, and is often considered to be synonymous with 100BASE-T in informal usage. All of them use a star topology.
100BASE-TX 802.3 (24&25) 4B5B MLT-3 coded signaling, CAT5 copper cabling with two twisted pairs.
100BASE-T4 802.3 (23) 8B6T PAM-3 coded signaling, CAT3 copper cabling (as used for 10BASE-T installations) with four twisted pairs (uses all four pairs in the cable). Now obsolete, as CAT5 cabling is the norm. Limited to half-duplex.
100BASE-T2 802.3 (32) No products exist.[citation needed] PAM-5 coded signaling, CAT3 copper cabling with two twisted pairs, star topology. Supports full-duplex. It is functionally equivalent to 100BASE-TX, but supports old telephone cable. However, special sophisticated digital signal processors are required to handle encoding schemes required, making this option fairly expensive at the time. It arrived well after 100BASE-TX was established in the market. The technology developed for 100BASE-T2 was the foundation for 1000BASE-T.
100BASE‑FX 802.3 (24&26) 4B5B NRZI coded signaling, two strands of multi-mode optical fiber. Maximum length is 400 meters for half-duplex connections (to ensure collisions are detected) or 2 kilometers for full-duplex.
100BASE‑SX TIA-785 100 Mbit/s Ethernet over multi-mode fiber. Maximum length is 300 meters. 100BASE-SX used short wavelength (850 nm) optics that was sharable with 10BASE-FL, thus making it possible to have an auto-negotiation scheme and have 10/100 fiber adapters.
100BASE‑BX10 802.3 (58) 100 Mbit/s Ethernet bidirectionally over a single strand of single-mode optical fiber. A multiplexer is used to split transmit and receive signals into different wavelengths allowing them to share the same fiber. Supports up to 10 km.
100BASE-LX10 802.3 (58) 100 Mbit/s Ethernet up to 10 km over a pair of Single Mode Fibers.
100Base‑VG 802.12 Standardized by a different IEEE 802 subgroup, 802.12, because it used a different, more centralized form of media access ("Demand Priority"). Championed by only HP, 100VG-AnyLAN (as was the marketing name) was the earliest in the market. It needed four pairs in a Cat-3 cable. Now obsolete (802.12 has been "inactive" since 1997) the standard has been withdrawn.

1 Gbit/s

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Main article: Gigabit Ethernet

All gigabit Ethernet variants use a star topology.

Name Standard (Clause) Description
1000BASE‑T 802.3 (40) PAM-5 coded signaling, At least Category 5 cable, with Category 5e strongly recommended copper cabling with four twisted pairs. Each pair is used in both directions simultaneously.
1000BASE‑TX TIA-854 Only over Cat-6 copper cabling. Unimplemented.
1000BASE‑SX 802.3 (38) 8B10B NRZ coded signaling, short-range multi-mode fiber (up to 550 m).
1000BASE‑LX 802.3 (38) 8B10B NRZ coded signaling, multi-mode fiber (up to 550 m) or single-mode fiber (up to 2 km; can be optimized for longer distances, up to 10 km).[citation needed]
1000BASE‑LH multi-vendor over single-mode fiber (up to 100 km). A long-haul solution.
1000BASE‑CX 802.3 (39) 8B10B NRZ coded signaling, balanced shielded twisted pair (up to 25 m) over special copper cable. Predates 1000BASE-T and rarely used.
1000BASE‑BX10 802.3 (59) up to 10 km. Bidirectional over single strand of single-mode fibre.
1000BASE‑LX10 802.3 (59) Up to 10 km over a pair of single-mode fibres.
1000BASE‑PX10‑D 802.3 (60) downstream (from head-end to tail-ends) over single-mode fiber using point-to-multipoint topology (supports at least 10 km).
1000BASE‑PX10‑U 802.3 (60) upstream (from a tail-end to the head-end) over single-mode fiber using point-to-multipoint topology (supports at least 10 km).
1000BASE‑PX20‑D 802.3 (60) downstream (from head-end to tail-ends) over single-mode fiber using point-to-multipoint topology (supports at least 20 km).
1000BASE‑PX20‑U 802.3 (60) upstream (from a tail-end to the head-end) over single-mode fiber using point-to-multipoint topology (supports at least 20 km).
1000BASE‑ZX Unknown Up to 100 km over single-mode fibre.[10]
1000BASE‑KX 802.3 (70) 1 m over backplane

10 Gbit/s

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Main article: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

10 Gigabit Ethernet defines a version of Ethernet with a nominal data rate of 10 Gbit/s, ten times as fast as Gigabit Ethernet. In 2002, the first 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard was published as IEEE Std 802.3ae-2002. Subsequent standards encompassed media types for single-mode fibre (long haul), multi-mode fibre (up to 300 m), copper backplane (up to 1 m) and copper twisted pair (up to 100 m). All 10-gigabit varieties were consolidated into IEEE Std 802.3-2008. As of 2009, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is predominantly deployed in carrier networks, where 10GBASE-LR and 10GBASE-ER enjoy significant market shares.

Name Standard (Clause) Description
10GBASE‑SR 802.3 (52) designed to support short distances over deployed multi-mode fiber cabling, it has a range of between 26 m and 82 m depending on cable type. It also supports 300 m and 400 m operation over 2000 MHz·km and respectively 4700 MHz·km multi-mode fiber.[citation needed]
10GBASE‑LX4 802.3 (53) uses wavelength division multiplexing to support ranges of between 240 m and 300 m over deployed multi-mode cabling. Also supports 10 km over single-mode fiber.
10GBASE‑LR 802.3 (52) supports 10 km over single-mode fiber
10GBASE‑ER 802.3 (52) supports 40 km over single-mode fiber
10GBASE‑SW 802.3 (52) A variation of 10GBASE-SR using the WAN PHY, designed to interoperate with OC-192 / STM-64 SONET/SDH equipment
10GBASE‑LW 802.3 (52) A variation of 10GBASE-LR using the WAN PHY, designed to interoperate with OC-192 / STM-64 SONET/SDH equipment
10GBASE‑EW 802.3 (52) A variation of 10GBASE-ER using the WAN PHY, designed to interoperate with OC-192 / STM-64 SONET/SDH equipment
10GBASE‑CX4 802.3 (54) Designed to support short distances over copper cabling, it uses InfiniBand 4x connectors and CX4 cabling and allows a cable length of up to 15 m. Was specified by the IEEE Std 802.3an-2006 which has been incorporated into the IEEE Std 802.3-2008.
10GBASE‑T 802.3 (55) Uses unshielded twisted-pair wiring.
10GBASE‑LRM 802.3 (68) Extend to 220 m over deployed 500 MHz·km multimode fiber
10GBASE‑KX4 802.3 (71) 1 m over 4 lanes of backplane
10GBASE‑KR 802.3 (72) 1 m over a single lane of backplane

25 and 50 Gbit/s

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Main article: 25 Gigabit Ethernet

An IEEE 802.3 workgroup has been formed to develop a 25-gigabit Ethernet standard based on one lane of the 4 by 25-Gbit/s 100 Gigabit Ethernet standard and is expected to progress quickly.[11] A 50-Gbit/s option is also being discussed.[12]

The IEEE 802.3cd Task Force is currently developing 50, 100, and 200 Gbit/s standards using one, two, or four lanes respectively.[13]

40 and 100 Gbit/s

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Main article: 100 Gigabit Ethernet

This version of Ethernet specified two speeds and was standardized in June 2010 as IEEE 802.3ba, with one addition in March 2011 as IEEE 802.3bg.[14][15] The nomenclature is as follows:[16]

40 gigabits/second 100 gigabits/second Standard (Clause) Description
40GBASE-KR4 802.3 (84) at least 1 m over a backplane
40GBASE-CR4 100GBASE-CR10 802.3 (85) approximately 7 m over copper cable assembly
40GBASE-SR4 100GBASE-SR10 802.3 (86) at least 100 m over 2000 MHz·km multi-mode fiber
at least 150 m over new 4700 MHz·km multi-mode fiber
40GBASE-LR4 802.3 (87) at least 10 km over single-mode fiber
100GBASE-LR4 802.3 (88)
100GBASE-ER4 802.3 (88) at least 40 km over single-mode fiber
40GBASE-FR 802.3 (89) Single-mode fiber over 2 km

400 Gbit/s, 1 Tbit/s, and beyond

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Main article: Terabit Ethernet

The standards body the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) wants to define a new Ethernet standard capable of 400 Gbit/s and possibly 1 Tbit/s.[17][18][19]

They believed that Terabit Ethernet may make a debut as early as 2015, and would be followed rapidly by a scaling to 100 Terabit, possibly as early as 2020. It is worth noting that these were theoretical predictions of technological ability, rather than estimates of when such speeds would actually become available at a practical price point.[20]

"First mile"

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Main article: Ethernet in the first mile

For providing Internet access service directly from providers to homes and small businesses:

Name Standard (Clause) Description
10BaseS Proprietary[21] Ethernet over VDSL, used in Long Reach Ethernet products[22]
2BASE-TL 802.3 (63) Over telephone wires
10PASS-TS 802.3 (62)
100BASE-LX10 802.3 (58) Single-mode fiber-optics
100BASE-BX10
1000BASE-LX10 802.3 (59)
1000BASE-BX10
1000BASE-PX10 802.3 (60) Passive optical network
1000BASE-PX20

Twisted-pair cable

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Main article: Ethernet over twisted pair

Several varieties of Ethernet were specifically designed to run over 4-pair copper structured cabling already installed in many locations. ANSI recommends using Category 6 cable for new installations.[citation needed]

RJ-45 wiring (TIA/EIA-568A)
Pin Pair Color telephone 10BASE-T 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T PoE mode A PoE mode B
1 3 Pair 3 Wire 1 white/green TX+ z bidi 48 V out
2 3 Pair 3 Wire 2 green TX− z bidi 48 V out
3 2 Pair 2 Wire 1 white/orange RX+ z bidi 48 V return
4 1 Pair 1 Wire 2 blue ring bidi 48 V out
5 1 Pair 1 Wire 1 white/blue tip bidi 48 V out
6 2 Pair 2 Wire 2 orange RX− z bidi 48 V return
7 4 Pair 4 Wire 1 white/brown bidi 48 V return
8 4 Pair 4 Wire 2 brown bidi 48 V return

Combining 10Base-T (or 100BASE-TX) with "IEEE 802.3af mode A" allows a hub to transmit both power and data over only two pairs. This was designed to leave the other two pairs free for analog telephone signals.[23][not in citation given] The pins used in "IEEE 802.3af Mode B" supply power over the "spare" pairs not used by 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX.

In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T uses all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both directions through the use of echo cancellation.

Minimum cable lengths

Fiber connections have minimum cable lengths due to level requirements on received signals.[24] Fiber ports designed for long-haul wavelengths require a signal attenuator if used within a building.

10BASE2 installations, running on RG-58 coaxial cable, require a minimum of 0.5 m between stations tapped into the network cable, this is to minimize reflections.[25]

10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T installations running on twisted pair cable use a star topology. No minimum cable length is required for these networks.[26][27]

Related standards

Some networking standards are not part of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, but support the Ethernet frame format, and are capable of interoperating with it.

  • LattisNet—A SynOptics pre-standard twisted-pair 10 Mbit/s variant.
  • 100BaseVG—An early contender for 100 Mbit/s Ethernet. It runs over Category 3 cabling. Uses four pairs. Commercial failure.
  • TIA 100BASE-SX—Promoted by the Telecommunications Industry Association. 100BASE-SX is an alternative implementation of 100 Mbit/s Ethernet over fiber; it is incompatible with the official 100BASE-FX standard. Its main feature is interoperability with 10BASE-FL, supporting autonegotiation between 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s operation – a feature lacking in the official standards due to the use of differing LED wavelengths. It is targeted at the installed base of 10 Mbit/s fiber network installations.
  • TIA 1000BASE-TX—Promoted by the Telecommunications Industry Association, it was a commercial failure, and no products exist. 1000BASE-TX uses a simpler protocol than the official 1000BASE-T standard so the electronics can be cheaper, but requires Category 6 cabling.
  • G.hn—A standard developed by ITU-T and promoted by HomeGrid Forum for high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networks over existing home wiring (coaxial cables, power lines and phone lines). G.hn defines an Application Protocol Convergence (APC) layer that accepts Ethernet frames and encapsulates them into G.hn MSDUs.

Other networking standards do not use the Ethernet frame format but can still be connected to Ethernet using MAC-based bridging.

Other special-purpose physical layers include Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet and TTEthernet — Time-Triggered Ethernet for embedded systems.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Cisco Gigabit Ethernet Solutions for Cisco 7x00 Series Routers, undated, URL retrieved on 17 February 2008
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ http://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/index.html
  18. ↑ http://www.proavbiz-europe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6151:ieee-begins-work-on-new-ethernet-standard&catid=15&Itemid=401979
  19. ↑ http://www.ieee802.org/3/ad_hoc/bwa/BWA_Report.pdf
  20. ↑ http://www.electronista.com/articles/12/08/20/aging.standard.is.still.ahead.of.most.core.networking/
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/interfaces-modules/port-adapters/12768-eth-collisions.html
  27. ↑ http://web.cs.dal.ca/~yongzhen/course/6704/report.pdf

External links

es:Capa física de Ethernet

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