400-series highways
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400-series highways | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Highway markers for Highway 403, the Queen Elizabeth Way, and both the privately-maintained and provincial types for Highway 407
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The current 400-series Highway network in Southern Ontario
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System information | |
Maintained by Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) | |
Length: | 1,997.3 km[1] (1,241.1 mi) |
Formed: | July 1, 1952 |
Provincial | Ontario Highway 4XX |
System links | |
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The 400-series highways are a network of controlled-access highways throughout the southern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario, forming a special subset of the provincial highway system. They are analogous to the Interstate Highway System in the United States or the Autoroute system of neighbouring Quebec, and are regulated by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO). The 400-series designations were introduced in 1952, although Ontario had been constructing divided highways for two decades prior. Initially, only Highways 400, 401 and 402 were numbered; other designations followed in the subsequent decades.
Modern 400-series highways have high design standards, speed limits of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) (a 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) trial is taking place on select stretches), and various collision avoidance and traffic management systems. The design of 400-series highways has set the precedent for a number of innovations used throughout North America, including the parclo interchange and a modified Jersey barrier design known as the Ontario Tall Wall. As a result, they currently experience one of the lowest accident and fatality rates comparative to traffic volume in North America.
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History
When the 400-series designations were first applied to Ontario freeways in 1952,[2] several divided highways had already been opened in Southern Ontario.[3] Originally inspired by German Autobahns, Minister of Highways Thomas McQuesten planned a network of "Dual Highways" across the southern half of the province during the 1930s.[4][5] The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) was first, an upgrade to the partially constructed Middle Road in 1934.[6] McQuesten also sought out the economic opportunities that came with linking Toronto to Detroit and New York by divided roadways with interchanges at major crossroads. Although he no longer served as Minister of Highways by the onset of World War II, his ambitious plans would come to fruition in the following decades as Highways 400, 401, 402, 403 (between Woodstock and Hamilton), and 405.[7]
The construction boom following the war resulted in many new freeway construction projects in the province. The Toronto–Barrie Highway (Highway 400), Trans-Provincial Highway (Highway 401),[8] a short expansion of Highway 7 approaching the Blue Water Bridge in Sarnia (Highway 402),[9] and an expansion of Highway 27 (eventually designated as Highway 427 by the mid-1970s) into part of the Toronto Bypass were all underway or completed by the early 1950s.[8] Seeking a way to distinguish the controlled-access freeways from the existing two-lane King's Highways, the Department of Highways created the 400-series designations in 1952. By the end of the year, Highway 400, 401, and 402 were numbered, although they were only short stubs of their current lengths.[2] Highway 401 was assembled across the province in a patchwork fashion,[8] becoming fully navigable between Windsor and the Quebec border on November 10, 1964;[10] Highway 400 was extended north to Coldwater on Christmas Eve 1959;[11] Highway 402 was extended to London between 1972 and 1982.[12][13]
In addition to this network backbone, plans for additional 400-series highways were initiated by the late 1950s, comprising the Chedoke Expressway (Highway 403) through Hamilton;[14] the Don Valley Parkway Extension (Highway 404) northward from the soon-to-be constructed Toronto expressway;[15] Highway 405 to connect with the American border near St. Catharines;[16] Highway 406 south from St. Catharines to Welland;[17] Highway 407 encircling the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), though not built for another 40 years;[18] Highway 409 to connect Highway 401 with Toronto International Airport;[19] and The Queensway (Highway 417) through Ottawa.[20] The first sections of these freeways were opened in 1963,[21] 1977,[22] 1963,[21] 1965,[23] 1997,[24] 1974,[25] and 1960,[26] respectively.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, additional freeways were planned or built, including Highway 427 in Toronto,[27] Highway 403 through Mississauga,[28] Highway 410 north to Brampton and Highway 416 to connect Highways 401 and 417.[29][30] Highway 420 was designated in Niagara Falls,[2][31] though it had been built as part of the QEW in 1941.[32] Other major works included the skyway bridges along the QEW and the expansion of Highway 401 through most of Toronto into twelve-lane collector–express systems.[8][33][34]
By the mid-1980s, the network had more-or-less taken its current shape, with only Highways 407 and 416 yet to be built.[35][36] Instead, emphasis was placed on expanding existing routes to accommodate increasing traffic volumes.[18] However, extensions of Highway 400 towards Parry Sound,[37] Highway 403 between Woodstock and Hamilton,[38] Highway 404 towards Newmarket,[39] and Highway 427 towards Vaughan were underway.[40] By the end of the decade, construction of Highway 407 and Highway 416 had begun,[18][41] and Highway 410 was expanded from two to four lanes.[42]
Highways 407 and 416 opened in the late 1990s.[24][43] Until early 2015, Highways 407 and 416 were the most-recently designated (and constructed) freeways in Ontario. This has changed with the designation of Highways 412 and 418. In addition to these new additions to the 400-series network, several extensions of existing freeways have been built or are underway,[36] including Highway 410 north of Brampton in 2009,[44] Highway 400 to north of Parry Sound in 2010,[45] Highway 417 to Arnprior in 2012,[46] Highway 404 to Keswick in 2014,[47] Highway 401 through Windsor in 2015,[48] and four-laning Highway 406 to Welland in late 2015.[49]
Design standards
While older freeways have some lapses in safety features, contemporary 400-series highways have design speeds of 130 km/h (81 mph), speed limits of 100 km/h (62 mph), various collision avoidance and traffic management systems, and several design standards adopted throughout North America.[50] Of note are the Ontario Tall Wall median barrier and the Parclo A-4 interchange design, the latter which became standard in the design for the widening of Highway 401 through Toronto in 1962. The Institute of Traffic Engineers subsequently recommended this design to replace the cloverleaf interchange throughout North America.[51][52] Ontario highways ranks fourth in North America for fatality rates, with 0.61 fatalities per 10,000 licensed drivers in 2017. However, this also includes two-lane provincial highways.[53] On May 1, 2019, the government of Ontario was looking towards raising the speed limits of the 400-series highways up to 120 km/h (75 mph). Jeff Yurek had stated that "The 400-series highways were built for, I believe, a speed limit of 120 km/h safely."[54] A 110 km/h trial has been set up on select stretches to test the viability of increasing speed limits.[55]
Conforming with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Ontario utilizes green signs for guidance purposes, including distances to nearby interchanges and destinations.[56] Generally, blue signage is used to list services and attractions at upcoming exits, known as Tourism-Oriented Directional Signing.[57] However, several exceptions exist, notably blue guidance signage for toll highways like Highway 407 and Highway 412, in addition to the collector lanes of highways.[56] The baseline standard for the construction of or expansion to a freeway in Ontario is an average daily traffic count of 10,000 vehicles per day. However, other factors are considered as well, particularly future traffic volume forecasts. To promote economic development in a disadvantaged region (e.g., the current extension of Highway 400 to Northern Ontario), a 400-series highway may be built where the existing highway's traffic counts fall below 10,000.[58]
The MTO plans and finances the construction and maintenance of the King's Highway system, which includes the 400-series network.[59] The system includes 1,971.8 kilometres (1,225.2 mi) of freeways. Highway 401 is the longest freeway at 828.0 kilometres (514.5 mi), in addition to being the widest and busiest road in Canada. Highway 420 is the shortest of the routes at 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi).[1]
High-occupancy vehicle lanes
The MTO began planning for the use of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes with the HOV Opportunities Study, contracted to McCormick Rankin in 2001. This led to the test trial of three HOV lanes in the GTA in December 2005: southbound Highway 404 between Highway 7 and Highway 401, with a dedicated HOV ramp built to connect with westbound Highway 401, and Highway 403 in both directions between Highway 407 and Highway 401 in Mississauga.[60] Since then, HOV lanes have been opened on several 400-series freeways around the Golden Horseshoe and National Capital Region. In May 2007, the MTO introduced a multibillion-dollar Horseshoe Network Project, which included plans to incorporate HOV lanes into numerous 400-series highways.[61]
By then, work was already advanced on several projects, including the northbound HOV lane on Highway 404 (that opened on July 23, 2007) and an HOV lane along both directions of Highway 403 between Highway 407 and Highway 401. A third pair of HOV lanes has since been introduced to the QEW/403 through Oakville, and a fourth individual HOV lane travels eastbound on Highway 417 from just west of Eagleson Road in Ottawa to just east of Moodie Drive.[61]
More than 450 kilometres (280 mi) of HOV lanes are currently proposed for construction by 2031. Future plans include extending existing HOV lanes and introducing them to other 400-series freeways.[62] as of October 2014[update], two projects have been confirmed: Highway 410 between Highway 401 and Queen Street in Brampton, and Highway 427 between Highway 409 and Highway 7. The MTO has stated that HOV lanes will only be introduced through new construction and that no general-purpose lanes will be converted. The general goals of the project are to help increase highway efficiency (an HOV lane is claimed by the Ontario government to have the ability to move as many people as four general-purpose lanes),[62] reduce congestion, conserve energy and help protect the environment.[63]
During the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games held in Toronto, several HOV lanes had their minimum requirements increased from two passengers to three, and some highways had their general-purpose lanes temporarily converted to HOV lanes to accommodate increased traffic. These temporary restrictions lasted from June 29 to August 18.[64]
2021 saw several new HOV lanes opened. The southbound HOV lane on Highway 400 between King Road and Major Mackenzie Drive was opened on September 11, 2021; while the northbound lane opened two months later on November 11. The Highway 427 extension, which opened on September 18, included an HOV lane north of Finch Avenue.[65][66][67][68]
Future HOV lanes
The following table lists planned expansions to the HOV network by 2031.[62][69]
Highway | Starting location | Terminating location | General location | Status |
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400 | King Road | Highway 9 | Region of York | Bridge construction underway |
401 | Hespeler Rd. | Townline Rd. | Waterloo Region | |
401 | Highways 403 & 410 | (Former) Highway 25 | Mississauga & Milton | Lane and bridge construction underway |
404 | Highway 7 | Stouffville Road | Region of York | Lane construction underway |
Highway | Starting location | Terminating location | General location |
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400 | Highway 9 | Highway 88/Bradford West Gwillimbury | Region of York and Simcoe County |
404 | Stouffville Road | Ravenshoe Road | Region of York |
QEW | Red Hill Valley Parkway | Highway 406 | Hamilton and Region of Niagara |
QEW | 407/403 | Guelph Line | Burlington |
QEW | Trafalgar Road | Winston Churchill Boulevard | Oakville and Mississauga |
Network
Number | Length (km) | Length (mi) | Southern or western terminus | Northern or eastern terminus | Local names | Formed | Removed | Notes |
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226.0 | 140.4 | Maple Leaf Drive in Toronto (continues as Black Creek Drive) |
Highway 69 in Carling | Toronto–Barrie Highway | 1952[70] | current | Scheduled for extension to Sudbury.[70] |
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828.0 | 514.5 | Ojibway Parkway in Windsor | A-20 towards Montreal, QC | Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, Highway of Heroes | 1952[70] | current | Busiest highway in North America.[71] Scheduled for extension to American border following completion of the Gordie Howe International Bridge. |
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102.5 | 63.7 | I-69 / I-94 at Canada–United States border on Blue Water Bridge in Point Edward | Highway 401 in London | 1953[9] | current | ||
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125.2 | 77.8 | Highway 401 near Woodstock | Highway 401 / Highway 410 in Mississauga | Chedoke Expressway, Alexander Graham Bell Parkway | 1963[21] | current | |
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50.1 | 31.1 | Highway 401 / DVP in Toronto | Regional Road 8 (Woodbine Avenue) in East Gwillimbury | 1977[22] | current | ||
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8.7 | 5.4 | Queen Elizabeth Way – St. Catharines | I-190 at Canada–United States border on Queenston-Lewiston Bridge towards Lewiston, NY | General Brock Parkway | 1963[21] | current | |
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26.0 | 16.2 | East Main Street in Welland | Queen Elizabeth Way in St. Catharines | 1965[23] | current |
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5.6 | 3.5 | Pearson Airport in Mississauga | Highway 401 in Toronto | Belfield Expessway | 1978[72] | current | |
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20.3 | 12.6 | Highway 401 / Highway 403 in Mississauga | Highway 10 (Hurontario Street) in Caledon | 1978[73] | current |
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76.4 | 47.5 | Highway 401 towards Brockville | Highway 417 in Ottawa | Veterans Memorial Highway | 1999[74] | current | |
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192.0 | 119.3 | Highway 17 in Arnprior | A-40 (TCH) towards Montreal, QC | Queensway, Trans-Canada Highway | 1971[26] | current | Unlike most freeways, kilometre posts are numbered east to west.
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3.3 | 2.1 | Regional Road 98 (Montrose Road) | US 62 at Canada–United States border on Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls | Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway | 1941[75] | current | |
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27 | 17 | Queen Elizabeth Way/Gardiner Expressway in Toronto | Regional Road 25 (Major Mackenzie Drive) in Vaughan | 1971[27] | current | 6.6 km (4.1 mi) extension to Reigonal Road 25 (Major Mackenzie Drive) opened Sept 18 2021 | |
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139.1 | 86.4 | I-190 at Canada–United States border on Peace Bridge in Fort Erie | Highway 427 in Toronto | 1937[76] | current | Internally referred to as Highway 451 in the Ontario Ministry of Transportation |
Gallery
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Highway 410 Start.jpg
Aerial view of the interchange between Highway 401, 403 and 410 in Mississauga
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The Parclo interchange design is used throughout the 400-series network
See also
- List of provincial highways in Ontario
- 100-Series Highways of Nova Scotia
- 400-series Highways of British Columbia
- Quebec Autoroutes
References
Sources
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Stamp (1987), pp. 11–12.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Stamp (1987), p. [page needed].
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ministry of Transportation and Communications (1972), pp. 8–9.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Ontario Department of Highways (1970), p. 11.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ontario Department of Highways (1970), p. 12.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Stamp (1992), p. 129.
- ↑ Stamp (1987), pp. 59–61.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Shragge & Bagnato (1984), pp. 89–92.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Stamp (1987), pp. 124–127.
- ↑ Shragge & Bagnato (1984), pp. 79–81.
Bibliography
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External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [[commons:Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 506: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 506: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).]]. |
- Ontario Ministry of Transportation
- Highway Construction Programs
- Photographs and history on the 400-Series Highways (and other provincial highways, too)
- Dirt Roads to Freeways … And All That, ca.1970s, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel
- Pages with broken file links
- Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Articles with short description
- Use mdy dates from March 2021
- Featured lists
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2014
- Commons category link from Wikidata
- 400-series highways
- Lists of roads in Ontario