Afifi al-Akiti

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Afifi al-Akiti
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Dato' Dr Afifi at Oxford
Personal Details
Title Dato' Dr
Born 1976
Ethnicity Malay
Era Modern
Religion Islam
Creed Shafi'i Sunni

Dato' Dr Afifi al-Akiti (born 1976), also known as Shaykh Afifi[1][2] – is the KFAS Fellow in Islamic Studies at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.[3] He is also the Islamic Centre Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the Faculty of Theology, University of Oxford,[4] and is a Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. He is the first Malay to be appointed to such a position in this university.[5] Elsewhere, he is a visiting professor of Universiti Teknologi MARA in Malaysia. He has also received widespread media recognition across the globe.[6]

In 2010, Afifi al-Akiti was appointed Privy Councillor to the State of Perak, Malaysia, by the Crown Prince of Perak, HRH Raja Dr Nazrin Shah.[7][8]

Afifi al-Akiti is listed in The 500 Most Influential Muslims since 2010.[9][10][11][12] In 2009, along with Professor Muhammad Abdel Haleem and the IIIT, Afifi al-Akiti was shortlisted for the Annual UK Muslim Awards, in one of its 15 coveted Awards for Excellence, the Allama Iqbal Award for Creativity in Islamic Thought.[13] In 2011, Afifi al-Akiti was conferred the Darjah Paduka Mahkota Perak (PMP), the Malaysian equivalent to the British CBE.[14][15] In 2012, he was the sole recipient of the Darjah Dato' Paduka Cura Si-Manja Kini (DPCM) in that year's Sultan of Perak Birthday Honours List, which carries the Malaysian title of Dato'.[16][17]

Education

Afifi al-Akiti, who comes from Malaysia, is trained as a theologian and philologist in both the Islamic and Western traditions: educated originally at the feet of the ulema of the Muslim world, he subsequently received a First Class degree in Scholastic philosophy and the History of science from the Queen's University Belfast, where he was awarded various scholarships to read for his Masters and Doctoral degrees at Oxford. His areas of expertise are Islamic theology, philosophy and science.[18]

Afifi al-Akiti completed his DPhil in Medieval Arabic Philosophy from Oxford University as a Clarendon Scholar in 2008. His thesis identifies and systematically considers for the first time a group of philosophical writings, called the Madnun corpus, attributed to Islam's greatest theologian, al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111). His discoveries are based on a survey of nearly 50 medieval Arabic manuscripts. Besides acquainting scholars with this remarkable new body of source material, his three-volume study also presents a critical edition of the most advanced and technical work of this corpus, the manual on metaphysics and natural philosophy called the Major Madnun.[19][20]

Defending the Transgressed

On 23 July 2005, just days after the London bombings, Afifi al-Akiti wrote Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians (Arabic: Mudafi' al-Mazlum bi-Radd al-Muhamil 'ala Qital Man La Yuqatil), in the foreword of which, was described by Gibril Haddad as a "fatwa" or a "response by a qualified Muslim scholar against the killing of civilians".[21] Furthermore:

Upon reading Shaykh Afifi's fatwa do not be surprised to find that you have probably never before seen such clarity of thought and expression together with breadth of knowledge of Islamic Law applied (by a non-native speaker) to define key Islamic concepts pertaining to the conduct of war and its jurisprudence, its arena and boundaries, suicide bombing, the reckless targeting of civilians, and more.[21]

This work was first published freely available on the Internet.[2][22][23] It was written in response to a statement issued by the radical group al-Muhajiroun, which refers to the 9/11 hijackers as the "Magnificent 19", and claims that while Muslims who live in the West are not allowed to wage war against the government, Muslims who live elsewhere do not face the same prohibition.[24] In fact, the leader of al-Muhajiroun, Omar Bakri Muhammad, even argues that the British government had broken a supposed "covenant of security" with its Muslim citizens when it embarked on its anti-terror crackdown by introducing anti-terror legislation and indefinite detention of terror suspects. British Muslims therefore had every right to consider themselves at war with the government, he claims.[25] Countering this argument, Afifi al-Akiti says that Omar Bakri has no authority to issue such a war directive as only a Muslim government could issue one. If a Muslim were to carry out such an attack, he would be a murderer and not a martyr or hero.[26]

As a result of its huge online popularity,[23] Defending the Transgressed was subsequently published as a book by Aqsa Press (Birmingham) and Warda Publications (Hellenthal, Germany) in September 2005. A year later the Defending the Transgressed appeared (as second edition) in The State We Are In [27] – a collection containing contributions on the same topic by other notable Muslim scholars, including the likes of Hamza Yusuf and Abdallah Bin Bayyah. Its third edition is published in 2009 as part of the Oxford Amnesty Lectures (OAL) 2006 series, War Against Terror.[28]

So far, Defending the Transgressed has been translated into a number of languages including German,[29][30] Spanish,[31] Albanian[32] and Swedish.[33]

The Defending the Transgressed has to date received critical acclamations by Muslim as well as non-Muslim sources; some of those reviews are reproduced here:

  • Shaykh al-Akiti’s scholarly refutation of the religious “basis” of terrorism.[34]
  • The Fatwa for the protection of civilians.[35]
  • An excellent piece to provide a clear and credible answer to the tragedy of terrorism.[36]
  • The author of the article (who is himself a Muslim scholar) tackles the arguments of those who condone the killing of non-combatants head-on, refuting their arguments with proof and evidence from the Shariah. This is very important to do so. The fatwa issued by CAIR, though correct, fails to address the arguments of the other side. It is important to address any such arguments so that the masses (Muslim or otherwise) learn what exactly is Islam's position on this subject.[37]
  • Suicide bombing is an innovated practice that has no basis in Islamic law. Particularly when targeted against innocent non-combatants it is a fundamental violation of Islam's understanding of justice. 'No soul is guilty of the sins of another' (Holy Qur'an, chapter 6 verse 163). 'Do not kill yourselves' (Holy Qur'an, chapter 4 verse 29). For more, see my essay ‘Bombing without Moonlight’ and the more technical Sharia discussion by Shaykh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti).[38]
  • This is the most comprehensive legal articulation of the traditionalist Islamic rules of war that I have seen in some time.[39]
  • Why is life so cheap these days? I agree wholeheartedly with this fatwa against the targeting of innocent civilians, put forward by Shaykh Muhammad Afifi Al-Akiti, and I think if you spend some time reading it, you too would realise how true it is.[40]
  • The Scholarly Answer to Why Suicide Bombing is Forbidden in Islamic Law![41]
  • A very timely, relevant and detailed anti-terrorism fatwa.[42]
  • Ma sha Allah, is about all I could say whilst reading it: a work of scholarship and insight. It's uplifting to know that our Sacred Law (Shariah) is still alive and that its scholars are still hard at work (may Allah support them in their labours).[43]
  • The best scholarly argument against suicide attacks both generally and specifically regarding Israelis is the fatwa written by Shaikh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti.[44]
  • One can have no truck with terrorist methods in any circumstance. Islamic law is clear on this point: the lives of civilians, non-combatant and off-duty soldiers and reservists are held to be inviolable, as is reiterated in a detailed refutation of suicide bombing by Sheikh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti. Once the political rationale is made that this is permitted because an oppressed people are weak and have no military alternatives, then the tactic gets taken up elsewhere on the same rationale. Therefore, in accordance with a primary purpose of Islamic law, which is to protect human life, there are no exceptions anywhere.[45]
  • Bin Laden's religious language supporting homicide bombings and "jihad" are also easily deconstructed by these two publications (among others), Defending the Transgressed and The Hijacked Caravan. In short, OBL displays absolute religious hypocrisy by cloaking himself in the mantle of champion of Islam, yet failing to abide by some of its most basic principles. He is a disgrace and should be properly condemned by all true Muslims. For solid deconstructions of the "religious" justifications for suicide bombings and jihad, see these two detailed publications.[46]
  • This fatwa undeniably is well researched, thought of, explained and articulated. Its more authoritative, consistent and credible a source than what many contemporary equals tends to be. A must have and a must read for all politicians, journalists, everyone else who want to publicly quote or evaluate principles on warfare in Islam.[47]
  • In rebuttal of the so-called "Jihadi" understanding of jihad it addresses most, if not all, of the questions and issues that are commonly brought up by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. It is also one of the best proofs of the relevancy and authority that traditional Islamic jurisprudence still has in the modern world in the hands of those who actually understand it and have the ability to use it with proficiency.[48]
  • I think it is clear [that] Akiti's refutation that the Muslim extremists have absolutely no theological ground to stand on and are instead misinterpreting and cherry picking the Qur'an and Islamic tradition to support an indefensible extremism...Furthermore, I think Akiti's position makes it clear beyond doubt that Islam does not justify the murder of innocents, nor unprovoked attacks on non-Muslims, nor terrorism, nor any of the other slanders that many in the Western media have attributed to Islam.[49]
  • Subhan Allah, this is what we need: really! Our ulema need to be focusing their energy on the task at hand, and so release fatwas of such clarity that there is no room for ambiguity, no room for discussion...I pray to God Almighty that he bestows on our Ummah many more alim such as Shaykh al-Akiti who are brave enough to pick up the gauntlet thrown by the traitors of our religion, and, to use a term from our land, “send them packing”[50]
  • This wonderful piece of work spells out in very clear language why suicide bombing and the killing of civilians is completely prohibited in Islam and anyone who suggests otherwise(like the morons of Al Mahajaroon-who I think should be banned alongside the vile BNP) are misguided and /or heretics....would recommend everyone read this as to understand the real doctrine of Islamic etiquette vis a vis war.[51]
  • [This] is a brilliant fatwa by Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti denouncing terrorism and its abhorrent participants. His legal reasoning and clarity is simply amazing, a clear indication of the rigorous nature of traditional Islamic jurisprudence.[52]
  • Defending the Transgressed, published in the wake of the July 2005 London bombings, is the most comprehensive critique of Islamist violence and, in particular, the innovation of suicide bombings...Al-Akiti is a scholar who denounces Islamist terrorism, with unrivalled eloquence, passion and intellectual acumen. He has no political or sectarian agenda...His fatwa is a bold and necessary step in the right direction. When it comes to suicide bombing, there is no room for ifs, buts or maybes.[53]

References

  1. ↑ Introduction to Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians. Livingislam.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 fatwa.mell. (PDF) . Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  3. ↑ "KFAS Fellow Appointed", OCIS News, no. 49 (Winter 2008), p. 2.. (PDF) . Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  4. ↑ "Examinations and Boards: Appointment (Humanities Division)", Oxford University Gazette, vol. 139, no. 4876 (19 March 2009), p. 833.
  5. ↑ Safhras Khan, 'Pensyarah: Muslim perlu berfikiran global dan seimbang', Berita Harian Singapura (22 April 2009).
  6. ↑ Anak Melayu Pertama Menjadi Pensyarah di Universiti Oxford (lepasan dari sistem Pondok). YouTube (27 May 2011). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  7. ↑ Utusan Malaysia (3 July 2010)
  8. ↑ Buletin Berita Rtm. Youtube.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  9. ↑ The 500 Most Influential Muslims 2010, ed. Joseph Lumbard and Arif Ali Nayed, p. 102. (PDF) . Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  10. ↑ King, Wan Azizah join top Muslim influence list (Malysian Insider). Themalaysianinsider.com (14 November 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  11. ↑ Muslim berpengaruh: Senarai Malaysia naik, Nik Aziz bukan lagi 50 teratas Utusan Malaysia (14 November 2010). Utusan-malaysia-online.com (14 November 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  12. ↑ The Muslim 500 2011
  13. ↑ The Muslim News, no. 238 (27 February 2009). Muslimnews.co.uk (27 February 2009). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  14. ↑ Sultan of Perak 83rd Birthday Honours List
  15. ↑ Blueprint, October 2011, p. 4. (PDF) .
  16. ↑ Sultan of Perak 84th Birthday Honours List
  17. ↑ Raja Zarith Sofiah Heads Perak Honours List
  18. ↑ OCIS Fellows' Profiles, Dr Afifi al-Akiti. Oxcis.ac.uk. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  19. ↑ DPhil Abstract of M. Afifi al-Akiti, The Madnun of al-Ghazali: A Critical Edition of the Unpublished Major Madnun with Discussion of His Restricted, Philosophical Corpus. (PDF) . Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  20. ↑ Dissertations on al-Ghazali. Ghazali.org (22 December 2008). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Defending the Transgressed (Birmingham: Aqsa Press, 2005), 7.
  22. ↑ Defending the Transgressed. Livingislam.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 News Statesman, 5 November 2009. Newstatesman.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  24. ↑ fatwa.mell. (PDF). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  25. ↑ Terror links of the Tottenham Ayatollah. July 24, 2005 Archived 24 October 2010 at WebCite
  26. ↑ Defending the Transgressed (Birmingham: Aqsa Press, 2005), 19.
  27. ↑ Aftab Malik (ed.), The State We Are In: Identity, Terror and the Law of Jihad (Bristol: Amal Press, 2006).
  28. ↑ Chris Miller (ed.), War on Terror: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures. Us.macmillan.com (4 December 2009). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  29. ↑ A.H. Wentzel, Verbot von Angriffen. (PDF) . Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  30. ↑ M. Hanel, Fatwa gegen Angriffe auf Zivilisten – orthodoxer sunnitischer Standpunkt. (PDF) . Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  31. ↑ Profesor Rhamanicus, Contra la Matanza de Civiles: Defensa de las Víctimas Agredidas Por la Censura de los Temerarios. Legalidadguerra.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  32. ↑ Fetva kundër veprimeve kamikaze. Erasmusi.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  33. ↑ Slutordet i fatwan: Försvar av brottsoffren genom att fördöma de hänsynslösa mot dödandet av civila
  34. ↑ Seekers Digest. Seekers Digest. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  35. ↑ History Channel[dead link]
  36. ↑ Nik Nazmi Archived 24 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ↑ Mind, Body, Soul. Yursil.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  38. ↑ Abdal Hakim Murad
  39. ↑ Eteraz Archived 26 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ Imran Idris Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Salim Journal. Salim.journalspace.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  42. ↑ Mere Islam. Mereislam.info. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  43. ↑ Muslim Corner. Muslimcorner.blogspot.com (19 May 2006). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  44. ↑ Omer Subhani. Omersubhani.blogspot.com (7 May 2009). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  45. ↑ Yahya Birt. Yahya Birt (17 August 2006). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  46. ↑ A Second Hand Conjecture. A Second Hand Conjecture (6 October 2006). Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  47. ↑ Wardah Books. Wardah Books. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  48. ↑ UI Forum. Uiforum.uaeforum.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  49. ↑ Eteraz Comments. Eteraz.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  50. ↑ Indigo Jo Blogs Comments. Blogistan.co.uk. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  51. ↑ Zatoichi – The Rainstorm. Zatoichi-therainstorm.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.
  52. ↑ Perth Muslim Youth Forum
  53. ↑ New Statesman. New Statesman. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.

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