Ashikaga Yoshimasa
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Ashikaga Yoshimasa (足利 義政?, January 20, 1436 – January 27, 1490)[1] was the 8th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1449 to 1473 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshimasa was the son of the sixth shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori.[2] His official wife was Hino Tomiko.
On the August 16, 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 21st day of the 7th month), 10-year-old shogun Yoshikatsu died of injuries sustained in a fall from a horse. He had been shogun for only three years. Immediately, the bakufu elevated Yoshinari, the young shogun's even younger brother, to be the new shogun.[3] Several years after becoming shogun, Yoshinari changed his name to Yoshimasa, by which name he is better known.[4]
Contents
Shogunal succession
Significant events which shaped the period during which Yoshimasa was shogun:
- 1443 – Southern Court supporters steal the Imperial regalia.[5]
- 1445 – Hosokawa Katsumoto, Kyoto kanrei.[5]
- 1446 – Southern army suffers crushing defeat.[5]
- 1448 – Remnants of Southern dynasty suppressed.[5]
- 1449 – Yoshimasa appointed shogun; Ashikaga Shigeuji appointed Kantō kubō.
- 1450–1455 – Disturbances in Kamakura between Kantō Kubō Ashikaga Shigeuji and his Kanrei.[5]
Events leading up to civil war
A number of decisions lead eventually to armed conflict:
- 1454 – Dissension of Hatakeyama succession.[5]
- 1455 – Dissension in Kamakura between Kubō and his Uesugi Kanrei line: "Koga Kubō" (1455–1583) established.[5]
- 1457 – "Horikoshi Kubō" (1457–1491) established.[5]
- 1458 – Imperial regalia restored to Northern Court.[5]
- 1460 – Hatakeyama rebels against Yoshimasa.[5]
- 1464 – Yoshimasa adopts Ashikaga Yoshimi.[5]
- 1466 – Yoshihisa born; Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado ascends throne.[5]
- 1466 – Dissension over Shiba succession.[5]
- 1467 – Outbreak of Ōnin War.[6]
Ōnin War
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By 1464, Yoshimasa had no heir, so he adopted his younger brother, Ashikaga Yoshimi, in order to avoid any conflicts which might arise at the end of his shogunate. However, in the next year, Yoshimasa was surprised by the birth of a son, Ashikaga Yoshihisa. The infant's birth created a conflict between the two brothers over who would follow Yoshimasa as shogun. Yoshimasa's wife, Hino Tomiko, attempted to get Yamana Sōzen to support the infant's claim to the shogunate.[7] By 1467 the simmering dispute had evolved, encouraging a split amongst the powerful daimyō and clan factions. The armed conflict which ensued has come to be known as the Ōnin War. This armed contest marks the beginning the Sengoku period of Japanese history, a troubled period of constant military clashes which would last over a century. A number of developments affect the unfolding Ōnin War's battles:
- 1468 – Yoshimi joins Yamana Sōzen.[5]
- 1469 – Yoshihisa appointed heir to shogunate.[5]
- 1471 – Asakura Takakage appointed shugo of Echizen province.[5]
- 1473 – Yamana Sōzen and Hosokawa Katsumoto both die.[5]
In the midst of on-going hostilities, Yoshimasa retired in 1473. He relinquished the position of Seii Taishogun to his young son who became the ninth shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa; but effectively, Yoshimasa continued to hold the reins of power. With the leaders of the two warring factions dead and with the ostensible succession dispute resolved, the rationale for continuing to fight faded away. The exhausted armies dissolved and by 1477 open warfare ended.
- 1477 – The Ōnin War is considered at an end.[5]
Yoshimasa's heirs
When Yoshimasa declared that Yoshihisa would be the next shogun after he stepped down from that responsibility, he anticipated that his son would out-live him. When Shogun Yoshihisa died prematurely, Yoshimasa reassumed the power and responsibility he had wanted to lay aside. Shogun Yoshimasa adopted the son of his brother, Yoshimi. In 1489, shogun Yoshitane was installed; and Yoshimasa retired again.
Before Yoshimasa died in 1490, he again adopted a nephew as heir, this time the son of his brother, Masatomo. Although Yoshitane did outlive Yoshimasa, his shogunate would prove short-lived. Yoshitane died in 1493.[8]
Shogun Yoshimasa was succeeded by shogun Yoshihisa (Yoshimasa's natural son), then by Shogun Yoshitane (Yoshimasa's first adopted son), and then by shogun Yoshizumi (Yoshimasa's second adopted son). Yoshizumi's progeny would directly succeed him as head of the shogunate. In the future, power struggles from outside the clan would also lead to a brief period in which the great-grandson of Yoshitane would be installed as a puppet leader of the Ashikaga shogunate.[8]
Higashiyama culture
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During Yoshimasa's reign Japan saw the growth of the Higashiyama Culture (Higashiyama bunka),[9] famous for tea ceremony (Sado), flower arrangement (Kado or Ikebana), Noh drama, and Indian ink painting. Higashiyama culture was greatly influenced by Zen Buddhism and saw the rise of Japanese aesthetics like Wabi-sabi and the harmonization of imperial court (Kuge) and samurai (Bushi) culture.
In the history of this Higashiyama bunka period, a few specific dates are noteworthy:
- 1459 (Chōroku 3): Shogun Yoshimasa provided a new mikoshi and a complete set of robes and other accouterments for this festival on the occasion of repairs to the Atsuta Shrine in the 1457–1459 (Chōroku 1–3).[10]
- 1460 (Chōroku 3): Yoshimasa initiated planning for construction of a retirement villa and gardens as early as 1460;[11] and after his death, this property would become a Buddhist temple called Jisho-ji (also known as Ginkaku-ji or the "Silver Pavilion").[12]
- February 21, 1482 (Bummei 14 , 4th day of the 2nd month): Construction of the "Silver Pavilion" is commenced.[13]
- January 27, 1490 (Entoku 2, 7th day of the 1st month): The former-Shogun Yoshimasa died at age 56 in his Higashiyama-dono estate,[14] which marks the beginning of the end of Higashiyama bunka.
Eras of Yoshimasa's bakufu
The years in which Yoshimasa was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[15]
- Hōtoku (1449–1452)
- Kyōtoku (1452–1455)
- Kōshō (1455–1457)
- Chōroku (1457–1460)
- Kanshō (1460–1466)
- Bunshō (1466–1467)
- Ōnin (1467–1469)
- Bunmei (1469–1487)
- Chōkyō (1487–1489)
- Entoku (1489–1492)
Notes
- ↑ "Ashikaga Yoshimasa" in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625.
- ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 342., p. 342, at Google Books
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 342, p. 342, at Google Books; Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822, p. 234 n.10; n.b., Yoshikatsu (b. 1434 – d. 1443) = 8yrs. In this period, "children were considered one year old at birth and became two the following New Year's Day; and all people advanced a year that day, not on their actual birthday."
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 346., p. 346, at Google Books
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron, p. 331.
- ↑ In the name "Ōnin War," the noun "Ōnin" refers to the nengō (Japanese era name) after "Bunshō" and before "Bunmei." In other words, the Ōnin war occurred during the Ōnin era, which was a time period spanning the years from 1467 through 1469. Although the fighting continued long after, the conflict came to be identified with the nengō in which it began.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ackroyd, p. 298.
- ↑ "Higashiyama Bunka" (東山文化), JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.
- ↑ Ponsonby-Fane. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines, p. 452.
- ↑ Yamasa: Gikaku-ji.
- ↑ "Protecting Ginkaku-ji, the Beauty of Wabi-sabi; Reluctance to Black Lacquering the Outer Wall," Kyoto Shimbun. January 23, 2008.
- ↑ Keene, Donald. (2003). Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion, p. 87., p. 87, at Google Books
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 361., p. 361, at Google Books
- ↑ Titsingh, pp. 331-361., p. 331, at Google Books
References
- Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851; OCLC 7574544
- Keene, Donald. (2003). Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13056-1; OCLC 52268947
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069
| Preceded by | Muromachi Shogun 1449–1473 |
Succeeded by Ashikaga Yoshihisa |
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