Sorghum
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| Sorghum | |
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| Sorghum bicolor | |
| Scientific classification | |
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Sorghum
Moench 1794, conserved name not Sorgum Adanson 1763
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| Type species | |
| Sorghum bicolor |
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Sorghum is a genus of plants in the grass family. Most species are native to Australia, with some extending to Africa, Asia, Mesoamerica, and certain islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
One species is grown for grain, while many others are used as fodder plants, either intentionally cultivated or allowed to grow naturally, in pasture lands. The plants are cultivated in warm climates worldwide and naturalized in many places.[8] Sorghum is in the subfamily Panicoideae and the tribe Andropogoneae (the tribe of big bluestem and sugarcane).
Cultivation and uses
One species, Sorghum bicolor,[9] native to Africa with many cultivated forms now,[10] is an important crop worldwide, used for food (as grain and in sorghum syrup or "sorghum molasses"), animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Most varieties are drought- and heat-tolerant, and are especially important in arid regions, where the grain is one of the staples for poor and rural people. These varieties form important components of pastures in many tropical regions. S. bicolor is an important food crop in Africa, Central America, and South Asia, and is the "fifth-most important cereal crop grown in the world".[11]
Some species of sorghum can contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine, and nitrates lethal to grazing animals in the early stages of the plants' growth. When stressed by drought or heat, plants can also contain toxic levels of cyanide and/or nitrates at later stages in growth.[12]
Another Sorghum species, Johnson grass (S. halapense), is classified as an invasive species in the US by the Department of Agriculture.[13]
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 1,377 kJ (329 kcal) |
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72.1 g
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| Dietary fiber | 6.7 g |
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3.5 g
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10.6 g
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| Vitamins | |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(29%)
0.33 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(8%)
0.1 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(25%)
3.7 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
(8%)
0.4 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(34%)
0.44 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(5%)
20 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(1%)
13 mg |
| Iron |
(26%)
3.4 mg |
| Magnesium |
(46%)
165 mg |
| Manganese |
(76%)
1.6 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(41%)
289 mg |
| Potassium |
(8%)
363 mg |
| Sodium |
(0%)
2 mg |
| Zinc |
(18%)
1.7 mg |
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| Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. | |
In a 100 gram amount, raw sorghum provides 329 calories, 72% carbohydrates, 4% fat and 11% protein (table). Sorghum supplies numerous essential nutrients in rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV), including protein, the B vitamins, niacin, thiamin and vitamin B6, and several dietary minerals, including iron (26% DV) and manganese (76% DV) (table). Sorghum nutrient contents generally are similar to those of raw oats (see nutrition table).
Diversity
- Accepted species[1][not in citation given]
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- Formerly included[1][not in citation given]
Many species once considered part of Sorghum, but now considered better suited to other genera include: Andropogon, Arthraxon, Bothriochloa, Chrysopogon, Cymbopogon, Danthoniopsis, Dichanthium, Diectomis, Diheteropogon, Exotheca, Hyparrhenia, Hyperthelia, Monocymbium, Parahyparrhenia, Pentameris, Pseudosorghum, Schizachyrium, and Sorghastrum.
See also
- 3-Deoxyanthocyanidin
- Apigeninidin
- Baijiu – Chinese alcoholic beverage distilled from sorghum
- List of antioxidants in food
- Millet
- Push–pull technology pest control strategy for maize and sorghum
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ↑ Moench, Conrad. 1794. Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis : a staminum situ describendi page 207 in Latin
- ↑ Tropicos, Sorghum Moench
- ↑ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 600 高粱属 gao liang shu Sorghum Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794
- ↑ Flora of Pakistan, Sorghum Moench., Meth. Bot. 207. 1794
- ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Sorghum
- ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
- ↑ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026333
- ↑ Sorghum, U.S. Grains Council.
- ↑ Cyanide (prussic acid) and nitrate in sorghum crops - managing the risks. Primary industries and fisheries. Queensland Government. http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/4790_20318.htm. 21 April 2011.
- ↑ Johnson Grass, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Accessed 2257 UDT, 12 March 2009.
- Watson, Andrew M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-521-24711-X.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sorghum. |
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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sorghum. |
- Species Profile- Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Johnsongrass.
- FAO Report (1995) "Sorghum and millets in human nutrition"
- Sorghum on US Grains Council Web Site
- Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Association, organization for the promotion and development of sweet Sorghum as a source for biofuels, especially ethanol
