Clinical research

See also: Clinical trial

Clinical research is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medications, devices, diagnostic products and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis or for relieving symptoms of a disease. Clinical research is different from clinical practice. In clinical practice established treatments are used, while in clinical research evidence is collected to establish a treatment.

The term clinical research refers to the entire bibliography of a drug/device/biologic, in fact any test article from its inception in the lab to its introduction to the consumer market and beyond. Once the promising candidate or the molecule is identified in the lab, it is subjected to pre-clinical studies or animal studies where different aspects of the test article (including its safety toxicity if applicable and efficacy, if possible at this early stage) are studied.

In the United States, when a test article is unapproved or not yet cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or when an approved or cleared test article is used in a way that may significantly increase the risks (or decreases the acceptability of the risks), the data obtained from the pre-clinical studies or other supporting evidence, case studies of off label use, etc. are submitted in support of an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to the FDA for review prior to conducting studies that involve even one human and a test article if the results are intended to be submitted to or held for inspection by the FDA at any time in the future (in the case of an already approved test article, if intended to submit or hold for inspection by the FDA in support of a change in labeling or advertising). Where devices are concerned the submission to the FDA would be for an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) application if the device is a significant risk device or is not in some way exempt from prior submission to the FDA. In addition clinical research may require Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Research Ethics Board (REB) and possibly Other institutional Committee reviews, Privacy Board, Conflict of Interest Committee, Radiation Safety Committee, Radioactive Drug Research Committee, etc. approval whether or not the research requires prior submission to the FDA. Clinical research review criteria will depend on which Federal regulations the research is subject to (e.g., (Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) if Federally funded, FDA as already discussed) and will depend on which regulations the institutions subscribe to, in addition to any more stringent criteria added by the institution possibly in response to state or local laws/policies or accreditation entity recommendations. This additional layer of review (IRB/REB in particular) is critical to the protection of human subjects especially when you consider that often research subject to the FDA regulation for prior submission is allowed to proceed, by those same FDA regulations, 3 days after submission to the FDA unless specifically notified by the FDA not to initiate the study.

Clinical research is often conducted at academic medical centers and affiliated research study sites. These centers and sites provide the prestige of the academic institution as well as access to larger metropolitan areas, providing a larger pool of medical participants.

The clinical research ecosystem involves a complex network of sites, pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions. This has led to a growing field of technologies used for managing the data and operational factors of clinical research. Clinical research management is often aided by eClinical systems to help automate the management and conducting of clinical trials.

In the European Union, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) acts in a similar fashion for studies conducted in their region. These human studies are conducted in four phases in research subjects that give consent to participate in the clinical trials.

Phases

Main article: Phases of clinical research

Clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into four phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial. The drug-development process will normally proceed through all four phases over many years. If the drug successfully passes through Phases I, II, and III, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase IV are 'post-approval' studies.

Before pharmaceutical companies start clinical trials on a drug, they conduct extensive pre-clinical studies.

Clinical Research Degree

Clinical Research Degree is a research based degree offered by health science medical universities. Clinical Research Degree, offered by medical schools are of three types, undergraduate, post graduate & PhD level which shapes the students to design, evaluate and to discover the new medications that's been used to treat new health problems raised up in current environment by conducting clinical trials.

Clinical trials are research that is carried out in pharmaceutical companies to test new medication to identify the impact of the drug and its side effects. Examples may include:

• Undergraduate Degree in Clinical Research Students who have completed their schooling in health sciences are eligible to undergo this course which would take about 3–4 years of duration.
• MSc Clinical Research This degree is available to undergraduate medical, pharmaceutical, nursing, and life science students and pg medical students. This requires two years of study.
• Students with a post-graduate Life Science degree, PG medical degree, M.Sc. in clinical research M.Sc. in life science and clinical research PG diploma can apply for this doctoral program. The program in most universities consisted of six semesters, lasting up to three years. The first three semesters are theory and seminars, while the last three are for Dissertation work where the students are required to present their research work as a thesis.

Clinical Research Training

Clinical Research Professional Diplomas are taught by professionals from the industry. These professionals and subject matter experts teach in colleges and determine the real value of each institution's training program. The length of a complete professional clinical research program should not exceed 40 weeks since candidates need to join the job market as soon as possible. This is why many long-term bachelor's and master's degrees offered in universities are not popular and have to offer online courses for people already working in the field seeking for a simple proof of professional development without getting in-class professional experience through workshops and face-to face training. In addition, since on-line courses in Clinical Research cannot be effective, mainly private career colleges with a solid curriculum and well-paid professors from the industry are dominating the market.there are safety and efficacy

See also

• Clinical research ethics
• Clinical Trial Management System
• List of pharmaceutical companies
• Clinical biostatistics