Cuban peso

Cuban peso
peso cubano  (Spanish)
A 3 peso banknote depicting Che Guevara
ISO 4217 code	CUP
Central bank	Central Bank of Cuba
Website	www.bc.gob.cu
User(s)	Cuba
Inflation	4.2%
Source
Subunit
1/100	centavo
Symbol	$, $MN, or ₱ (obsolete)
centavo	¢ or c
Coins
Freq. used	20¢, $1, $3
Rarely used	1¢, 5¢
Banknotes
Freq. used	$1, $3, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $200, $500, $1,000

The peso (ISO 4217 code: CUP, sometimes called the "national coin" or in Spanish moneda nacional) is one of two official currencies in use in Cuba, the other being the convertible peso (ISO 4217 code: CUC, occasionally referred to as "dollar" in spoken language). The conversion between (CUC) and (MN) is $1(CUC)=$25(MN).

Cuban state workers receive a portion of their wages in convertible pesos, the rest in national pesos. Shops selling basics, like fruit and vegetables, generally accept only the normal peso, while "dollar shops" sell the rest. The word "pesos" may refer to both non-convertible and convertible money. Cuban convertible pesos are 25 times more valuable, but this does not completely eliminate the confusion for tourists: since goods bought in national pesos have controlled prices, tourists are sometimes confused by prices perceived as "too cheap."

History

Before 1857, Spanish and Spanish colonial reales circulated in Cuba. From 1857, banknotes were issued specifically for use on Cuba. These were denominated in pesos, with 1 peso = 8 reales. From 1869, notes were also issued denominated in centavos, with 100 centavos = 1 peso. In 1881, the peso was pegged to the U.S. dollar at par. The currency continued to be issued only in paper form until 1915, when the first coins were issued.

In 1960, the peg to the dollar was replaced by one to the Soviet ruble. The peso lost value due to the United States embargo against Cuba and the suspension of the sugar quota. This suspension was the principal economic force driving Cuba to seek out a new economic partner, the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, the peso lost much of its value and the exchange rate fell to 125 pesos to the US dollar. Recently, it has become more valuable, fluctuating between 23 and 25 pesos to the US dollar.

In 1993, during the period of economic austerity known as the Special Period, the US dollar was made legal tender to encourage hard currency to enter the economy. The US dollar became the currency used to purchase some non-essential goods and services, such as cosmetics, and even non-staple kinds of food and drink. In 1994, the convertible peso was introduced at a par with the dollar. On November 8, 2004, the Cuban government withdrew the US dollar from circulation, citing the need to retaliate against further US sanctions.

Coins

Gold 5 Peso coin depicting José Martí and the Coat of arms of Cuba, engraved by Charles E. Barber, Chief Engraver of the United States Mint and struck at the Philadelphia Mint. The 1915 gold 5 Peso coin (on average) contains 8.3592 grams of gold (0.9000 fine) and weighs 0.2419 of an ounce.

In 1897 and 1898 pesos were issued by revolutionary forces promoting independence. In 1915, cupro-nickel 1, 2 and 5 centavos, silver 10, 20 and 40 centavos and 1 peso, and gold 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20 peso coins were introduced. These coins were designed by Charles E. Barber, who also designed the Barber dimes, quarters, half dollars for the US. The coins were minted at the US mint at Philadelphia. The gold coins and 2 centavos were not produced after 1916, with the large star design 1 peso ceasing production in 1934. A new silver peso showing a woman, representing the Cuban Republic, beneath a star (the "ABC peso") was issued from 1934 to 1939. Finally, a centennial of Jose Marti commemorative peso (also minted in 50, 25, and 1 centavos denominations) was produced in 1953.

Brass 1 and 5 centavos were issued in 1943, and with copper nickel composition sporadically from 1915 to 1958. Beginning in 1915 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 centavos coins were occasionally minted. The last 10, 20, and 40 centavo coins were produced in 1952; these were commemorative issues celebrating the fiftieth year of the republic. As mentioned above, in 1953, silver 25 and 50 centavos commemorative coins were also issued. These were the last silver coins issued for circulation. The last US produced coin was the 1961 five centavo piece.

In 1962, cupro-nickel 20 and 40 centavos were introduced, followed, in 1963, by aluminium 1 and 5 centavos. In 1969, aluminium 20 centavos were introduced, followed by aluminium 2 centavos and brass 1 peso in 1983. Cupro-nickel 3 peso coins were introduced in 1990, with brass-plated-steel 1 peso and nickel-clad-steel 3 peso coins following in 1992. 40 centavo coins were withdrawn from circulation around July 2004 and are no longer accepted as payment. Coins currently in circulation are 1, 2, 5 and 20 centavos and 1 and 3 pesos.

Between 1988 and 1989, the National Institute of Tourism (Instituto Nacional de Turismo, "INTUR") issued "Visitors Coinage" for use by tourists. In 1981, cupro-nickel 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos and 1 peso were introduced, followed in 1988 by aluminium 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos. The INTUR coins were demonetized on October 15, 2001 and were replaced by fractional convertible pesos in 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 centavos and 1 peso, minted in Canada. In late 2004, a 5 convertible peso coin, dated 1999, was placed into circulation.

Banknotes

File:CUB-53a-El Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba-20 Centavos (1897).jpg

Uncut strip of 20 centavos notes

5, 10, 25, 50 centavos

Under the Spanish Administration, the Banco Español de la Habana introduced Cuba's first issue of banknotes in 1857 in denominations of 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1,000 pesos. The 25 peso denomination was introduced in 1867, and the 5 and 10 peso denominations in 1869. During the Ten Years' War, notes were issued dated 1869 in the name of the Republic of Cuba in denominations of 50 centavos, 1, 5, 10, 50, 500 and 1000 pesos.

In 1872, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavo, and 1 and 3 peso notes were introduced by the Banco Español de la Habana. In 1891, the Treasury issued notes for 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pesos. In 1896, the name of the bank was changed to the Banco Español de la Isla de Cuba, and it issued notes in denominations of 5 and 50 centavos and 1, 5 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 pesos, followed by 10 and 20 centavos in 1897.

In 1905, the National Bank of Cuba (Banco Nacional de Cuba) issued notes for 1, 2, 5 and 50 pesos. However, the 1905 banknotes were not issued (source: Pick's catalog) In 1934, the Government introduced silver certificates (certificados de plata) in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 pesos, followed by 100 pesos in 1936 and 500 and 1000 pesos in 1944.

Silver certificates

República de Cuba, one silver peso (1936)

Main article: Silver certificate (Cuba)

During the latter half of 1933, Cuba passed a series of laws to enact the production of Silver certificates (Certificado De Plata). Cuban silver certificates were designed, engraved, and printed by the US Treasury’s Bureau of Engraving and Printing from 1934 to 1949 and circulated in Cuba between 1935 and the early 1950s. The eight series of notes were dated 1934, 1936, 1936A, 1938, 1943, 1945, 1948, and 1949 and ranged from one peso to 100 pesos. A Cuban representative was on-site in Washington DC to consult and approve designs.

Banco Nacional de Cuba

In 1949, the Banco Nacional de Cuba resumed paper money production, introducing 1, 5, 10 and 20 peso notes that year, followed by 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 10,000 peso notes in 1950. Denominations above 100 pesos were not continued. In January 1961, all previous bank notes were demonetized, with new bank notes, printed in Czechoslovakia, placed into circulation. Three-peso notes were added in 1983 with 200-, 500-, and 1000-peso notes being (re-)introduced in 2015. The 1961 bank notes were demonetized on May 1, 2002. Banknotes currently in circulation are 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 pesos.

Banknotes of the Cuban peso (Current issues)

Value	Obverse	Reverse
1 peso	José Martí	Fidel Castro and his men entering Havana, (08.01.59) (January 8, 1959)
3 pesos	Ernesto Guevara ("Che")	"Che" Guevara cutting sugar cane
5 pesos	Antonio Maceo	Conference between Antonio Maceo and Spanish General A. Martinez Campos at Mangos de Baragua (1878)
10 pesos	Máximo Gómez	"War of the people"
20 pesos	Camilo Cienfuegos	Banana harvest and fieldwork ("Development of Agriculture")
50 pesos	Calixto García Íñiguez	Genetic and Biotechnological Centre
100 pesos	Carlos Manuel de Céspedes	Anti-imperialistic tribune "José Martí", Havana
200 pesos	Frank País	Cuartel Moncada, Havana
500 pesos	Ignacio Agramonte	Asamblea Constituyente (Constituent Assembly), Guáimaro
1,000 pesos	Julio Antonio Mella	University of Havana

The CUP and the CUC

Employees of the Cuban state and of state enterprises are paid their basic salary in CUP, with some paid a performance-dependent bonus in CUC. Staple goods and services not oriented towards foreigners are usually paid in CUP. 'Luxury' goods and services, including most imported goods and anything intended for consumption by foreigners, are generally paid for in CUC.

From 18 March 2005, the rate is 1:25 when exchanging CUC for CUP and 24:1 when going from CUP to CUC.

Current CUP exchange rates
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See also

• Cuban convertible peso
• Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
• Economy of Cuba
• Demurrage (currency)

External links

• Cuba Currency Guide—One country, two currencies.
• Cuban Bank Notes