Faculty of Law of Paris
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Faculté de droit de Paris
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The Faculty of Law of Paris (French: Faculté de droit de Paris), called from the late 1950s to 1970 the Faculty of Law and Economics of Paris, was one of the oldest faculty of law in the world and one of the five[1] faculties of the University of Paris ("the Sorbonne"), from around 1150–1200 until 1970.
During the Middle Ages, with the faculty of law of the University of Bologna, it was one of the two most important faculties of law in the world.[2][3][4][5] Andrea Alciato, founder of legal humanism, was a professor there, and Saint Yves, patron of the lawyers and "Advocate of the Poors" has studied there. The prohibition by the Pope of teaching of Roman Law limited, however, its growth, to the benefit of the nearby University of Orléans, where numerous important French people studied law. In 1679, King Louis authorized the teaching of Roman Law. Numerous French intellectuals and revolutionary, like Voltaire, Diderot and d'Alembert, Tocqueville, Robespierre, etc. studied there. Between the French Revolution and its dissolution in 1970, numerous important people in France and in the world have taught or studied there, like Victor Hugo, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Honoré de Balzac. The faculty of law is also mentioned in classical French literature, in particular in Les Misérables.
At the dissolution of the Sorbonne in 1970, its two main buildings were place du Panthéon and rue d’Assas.[6] Most of its law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics choose to perpetuate the faculty by creating and joining a university of law offering the same programs within the same two buildings; therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and social sciences of Paris", now called Panthéon-Assas University.[7][8][9]
Contents
History
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c. 1100 – 1223: Law School of Paris
Pierre Abélard, teacher at the great cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris (that would eventually become the Sorbonne), writing with the influence of his wife Héloïse, stressed that subjective intention determines the moral value of human action and therefore that the legal consequence of an action is related to the person that commits it and not merely to the action. With this doctrine, Abelard created in the Middle Ages the idea of the individual subject central to modern law. This gave to School of Notre-Dame de Paris (later the University of Paris) a recognition of its expertise in the area of Law, even before the faculty of Law existed and the school even recognized as an "universitas" and even if Abelard was primarily a logician and a theologian. The law grew afterwards to be a discipline in its own rights (rather than only a subject within theology and philosophy), and a faculty of law was founded.
1223–1679: Faculty of Canon Law
The Pope forbade Roman law in Paris in 1223 with the decretal Super Specula. Afterwards, the Paris Law Faculty was called "Faculté de décret" or "Consultissima decretorum facultas", meaning Faculty of Canon Law.[10]
During this period, people who wanted to learn civil law (Roman Law) and become lawyers would usually go to the nearby faculty of law of the University of Orléans. Hence, Molière, Calvin, Perrault, Cujas, Rabelais, Fermat, La Boétie and others went to this faculty.[11]
1679–1793: Faculty of civil and canon law
After the Edict of Saint-Germain of April 1679 by Louis XIV reestablished the teaching of Roman law in Paris , the faculty was known as the "faculty of civil and canon law". It was closed alongside other faculties on September 15, 1793, during the French Revolution.
1802–1970: Faculty of Law of Paris
In 1802, the faculty of law was re-opened, and was called "the School of Law of Paris" (l'École de droit de Paris). In 1896, the law faculty and the henceforth four other Parisian faculties were grouped together to recreate the University of Paris. In the late 1950s, it became a "faculty of law and economics".
1970: Dissolution
Following the events of May 1968, the faculties of the University of Paris became independent universities[12]
Most law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics[13] within the same two buiildings (Panthéon and Assas). Therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and social sciences of Paris" (Université de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris), administratively shortened as Paris II, and currently named University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas,[14] which is therefore considered as its direct inheritor.[8] Some joined interdisciplinary universities in Paris, like Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Paris Descartes University, Paris-Est Créteil University (these names were formed later), or outside Paris.
Most professors (35 out of 41) in economics (which was a secondary subject at the Faculty of Law and Economics) preferred to join the multidisciplinary university, Paris I, later called Pantheon-Sorbonne University[15] while others joined University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas, Paris-Dauphine University, Paris Descartes University and Paris-Est Créteil University.
Notable faculty
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1100–1679
- Andrea Alciato, founder of legal humanism
1679–1793
- Mathieu-Antoine Bouchaud, author of the French Enlightenment and professor of law at the Paris Law Faculty
19th century
- Francois Denis Tronchet, president of the commission for the creation of the French Civil Code[16] and lawyer of Louis XVI of France at his trial (with Malesherbes and Deseze)
- Claude-Étienne Delvincourt, also mentioned by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables as professor of Marius Pontmercy[17]
- Joseph Louis Elzéar Ortolan[18]
- Paul Gide and Charles Gide, father and uncle of André Gides, Nobel Prize in Literature 1947[19]
- Gustave Boissonade, builder of the Japanese Civil Law during the Meiji Era
- Émile Acollas, one of the founders of the League of Peace and Freedom[20]
- Louis Renault[21]
1900–1945
- Gaston Jèze, French academic, humanitarian and human rights activist (including during WW2)[22]
- André Weiss[23]
- René Cassin, known for co-authoring the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, soldier during WW2
- Georges Ripert[24]
- Henri Mazeaud (1939–1971, later professor emeritus from Paris II), twin brother of Léon Mazeaud, resistant to Nazi Germany and deported to Buchenwald
- Léon Mazeaud, (1941–1970), twin brother of Henri Mazeaud, resistant to Nazi Germany and deported to Buchenwald, dead in a hiking accident[25]
- René David (1945–1968, went in 1968 to Aix-Marseille University until 1976), one of the most prominent professors of comparative law in the world in the 20th century, honorary degrees from the University of Edinburgh, Brussels, Ottawa, Basel, Leicester and Helsinki, recipient of the Amnesty International's Erasmus Prize in 1976.
- René Capitant, minister of Justice after WW2[26]
1945–1970
- Suzanne Bastid (1947–1977, Paris II from 1971) was the first woman professor of Law of France , the first woman to be a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques Secretary General of the Institute of International Law (Nobel prize 1904).
- Georges Vedel (1949–1979, Paris II from 1971),[27] former member of the Constitutional Council of France
- Jean Carbonnier (1955–1976, Paris II from 1971), one of the most famous French professors in Law of the 20th Century.[28]
- Gérard Cornu (born 1967,[29] Paris II from 1971), who wrote the new French Code of Civil Procedure in the late 1970s[30] and is also well known in France for his Dictionary of Legal Vocabulary, translated in English.[31][32]
- François Terré (1969–1999, Paris II from 1971), president in 2008 of the legal section of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques, head of the private committee for the reform of French Law of Obligations.[33]
- Jacques Robert (1969–1979, Paris II from 1971), former member of the Constitutional Council of France
Notable alumni (1100–1679)
The Pope forbade Roman law in Paris in 1223 with the decretal Super Specula. Until the reintroduction of Roman Law (civil law) by Louis XIV, people who wanted to learn civil law (Roman Law) and become lawyers would usually go to the nearby faculty of Law of the University of Orléans. Hence, Molière, Calvin, Perrault, Cujas, Rabelais, Fermat, La Boétie and others went to the latter.[34]
- Saint Yves, patron of the lawyers and of abandoned children "Advocate of the Poors"[35]
- Nicolas Boileau, one of the builders of French poetry[36]
- Julius Caesar, Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Nicolas Fouquet, Superintendent of Finances under King Louis XIV
Notable alumni (1679–1793)
- Mathieu-Antoine Bouchaud, author of the French Enlightenment
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert, co-creator with Diderot of the Encyclopédie (creating the concept of encyclopedia)
- Denis Diderot, co-creator with d'Alembert of the Encyclopédie
- Étienne Pascal, father and instructor of Blaise Pascal
- Maximilien Robespierre, prominent member of the French Revolution
- Voltaire
Notable alumni (1802–1970)
Intellectuals
Law professors
- Henri Batiffol
- Raymond Carré de Malberg
- Lev Kasso, Russian professor of law and secretary of public instruction
- Gustave Boissonade
Judiciary and lawyers
- Sarmiza Bilcescu, first female student in law in France and first female doctor of law in France
- Jeanne Chauvin, first woman to lead at the bar in France
- Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, French judge at the Nuremberg trials
- Louis Leblois, magistrate and lawyer of Alfred Dreyfus
- Paul Magnaud
- Rodolphe-Madeleine Cleophas Dareste de La Chavanne
- Mireille Ndiaye
- Olga Petit, first woman to take the oath to become barrister in France
- Simone Rozès, first female president of the French Court of Cassation (highest position for a judge in France)
- Jacques Vergès, prominent French lawyer
- Tcheng Yu-hsiu, first female lawyer and judge in Chinese history
Literature
- Honoré de Balzac
- René Bazin
- Gustave Flaubert, author of Madame Bovary
- Marcel Proust, author of In Search of Lost Time
Politics and military
France: presidents
- François Mitterrand, president for 14 years
- Jean Casimir-Perier, president and prime minister, involved in the Dreyfus affair against antisemitism
- Raymond Poincaré, president during World War 1 and prime minister
France: ministers
- Michel Debré, prime minister
- Pierre Messmer, prime minister
- Maurice Couve de Murville, prime minister
- Henri Brisson, prime minister
- Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, prime minister
- Léon Bourgeois, prime minister
- Robert Badinter, minister of justice
- Gustave Rouland
- Simone Veil, minister of justice
France: other
- Jean-Baptiste Biaggi, resistant
- Guy de Boysson, resistant
- Lucien Brun, prominent member of Parliament of the French Third Republic
- Pierre Jacobsen, resistant and high-rank military
- Jean-Marie Le Pen, member of Parliament
Outside of France
- Javad Ameri, Iranian minister of Interior
- Ali Amini, Prime Minister of Iran
- Constantin Argetoianu, prime minister of romania
- Shapour Bakhtiar, last prime minister of Iran before the Islamic Republic, voluntary soldier during WW2 to help France, opponent to monarchy, to clerical rule and to the communists, assassinated in France by agents of the Islamic Republic in 1991
- Hassen Belkhodja, Tunisian secretary of state
- Habib Bourguiba Jr., Tunisian politician, son of Habib Bourguiba
- Boutros Boutros-Ghali, sixth secretary-general of the United Nations (UN)
- Armand Călinescu, prime minister of Romania
- Hasan Dosti, Albanian nationalist
- Abbas Ali Khalatbari, Iranian secretary of foreign affairs
- Gheorghe Mironescu
- Wei Tao-ming, Republic of China's ambassador to the United States during the Second World War
Other
- Anne Ancelin Schützenberger, psychologist
- Jean Aubert, engineer
- Jacques Bainville, journalist and historian
- Bernard Barberon, resistant to Nazi Germany
- Alfred Binet, psychologist
- Henri Burin des Roziers, priest and social activist
- Charles Champoiseau, archeologist
- Éric de Dampierre, ethnologist
- Émile Dard, historian
- Henri de Gaulle, teacher, father of Charles de Gaulle (president of France)
- Gaëtan Duval, activist
- Dariush Safvat, music master
- Raphaël Salem, Raphaël Salem, greek mathematican whose name gave the Salem numbers, the Salem–Spencer sets and the Salem Prize
- Claude Lévi-Strauss, "father of modern anthropology"
Fictional
References
- ↑ Abt & Riess, p. 276.
- ↑ Stemmi di studenti ungaro-croati all’Archiginnasio di Bologna, http://histoire-du-livre.blogspot.com/2020/05/heraldique-luniversite-de-bologne.html
- ↑ https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01788055/document, p. 13
- ↑ http://www.cosmovisions.com/civUniversitesMA.htm
- ↑ https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/21738?lang=fr
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79129800.html
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/x-la-faculte-de-decret-de-la-sorbonne-a130229276
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/3
- ↑ Décret no 70-928 du 8 octobre 1970.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79129800.html
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/6
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/6
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/7
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/7
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/10
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/11
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/11
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/11
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/12
- ↑ https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1970/08/25/leon-mazeaud-se-tue-en-montagne_2646297_1819218.html
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/12
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://www.whoswho.fr/decede/biographie-gerard-cornu_16204
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/3
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/xiv-saint-yves-etudiant-en-droit-a-paris-et-orleans-vers-1270-a130819256
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/nicolas-boileau-le-legislateur-du-parnasse-a148834320
- ↑ https://www.maisonsvictorhugo.paris.fr/es/victor-hugo/biografia-de-victor-hugo/1802-1822
- ↑ http://droiticpa.eklablog.com/faculte-de-droit-de-paris-c29164396/6
Sources
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- Décret no 70-928 du 8 octobre 1970 (in French).
External links
- L’histoire de la Faculté de Droit de Paris (v. 1100-1970), detailed history of the Faculty of Law of Paris (and from the teaching of law from the 4th Century BC in Celtic Gauls)
Further reading
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faculté de droit de Paris. |
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