George Salmon

George Salmon
Born	(1819-09-25)25 September 1819 Dublin
Died	Trinity college
Spouse(s)	Frances Anne Salvador
Parent(s)	Michael Salmon, Helena Weekes
Awards	Royal Medal (1868) Copley Medal (1889)

George Salmon (25 September 1819 – 22 January 1904) was an Irish mathematician and Anglican theologian. After working in algebraic geometry, Salmon devoted the last forty years of his life to theology. His entire career was spent at Trinity College Dublin.

Personal life

Salmon was almost certainly born in Dublin, to Michael Salmon and Helen Weekes (the daughter of the Reverend Edward Weekes), but he spent his boyhood in Cork City, Ireland, where his father Michael was a linen merchant, here he attended Hamblin and Porter's School before going to Trinity College in 1833. He graduated from Trinity College Dublin in 1839 with very high honors in mathematics. In 1841 at the age of 21 he attained a paid fellowship and teaching position in mathematics at Trinity. In 1845 he was concurrently appointed to a position in theology at Trinity, after having been ordained a deacon in 1844 and a priest in the Church of Ireland in 1845.

He remained at Trinity College Dublin for the rest of his career. He married in 1844 Frances Anne, daughter of Rev J L Salvador of Staunton, Herefordshire with whom he had six children, of whom only two survived him. He died at Trinity college and was buried in Mount Jerome cemetery, Dublin.

Mathematics

In the late 1840s and the 1850s Salmon was in regular and frequent communication with Arthur Cayley and J.J. Sylvester. The three of them together with a small number of other mathematicians (including Charles Hermite) were developing a system for dealing with n-dimensional algebra and geometry. During this period Salmon published about 36 papers in journals. In these papers for the most part he solved narrowly defined, concrete problems in algebraic geometry, as opposed to more broadly systematic or foundational questions. But he was an early adopter of the foundational innovations of Cayley and the others. In 1859 he published the book Lessons Introductory to the Modern Higher Algebra (where the word "higher" means n-dimensional). This was for a while simultaneously the state-of-the-art and the standard presentation of the subject, and went through updated and expanded editions in 1866, 1876 and 1885, and was translated into German and French.

Meanwhile back in 1848 Salmon had published an undergraduate textbook entitled A Treatise on Conic Sections. This text remained in print for over fifty years, going though five updated editions in English, and was translated into German, French and Italian. Salmon himself did not participate in the expansions and updates of the more later editions. The German version, which was a "free adaptation" by Wilhelm Fiedler, was popular as an undergraduate text in Germany. Salmon also published two other mathematics texts, A Treatise on Higher Plane Curves (1852) and A Treatise on the Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions (1862). These too were in print for a long time and went though a number of later editions, with Salmon delegating the work of the later editions to others.

In 1858 he was presented with the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy. In June 1863 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society followed in 1868 by the award of their Royal Medal "For his researches in analytical geometry and the theory of surfaces". In 1889 Salmon received the Copley Medal of the society, the highest honorary award in British science, but by then he had long since lost his interest in mathematics and science.

Theology

From the early 1860s onward Salmon was primarily occupied with theology. In 1866 he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Trinity College, Dublin, at which point he resigned from his position in the mathematics department at Trinity. In 1871 he accepted an additional post of chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

One of his early publications in theology was in 1853 as a contributor to a book of rebuttals to the Tracts for the Times. Arguments against Roman Catholicism were a recurring theme in Salmon's theology and culminated in his widely read 1888 book Infallibility of the Church in which he argued that certain beliefs of the Roman church were absurd, especially the beliefs in the infallibility of the church and the infallibility of the pope. Salmon also wrote books about eternal punishment, miracles, and interpretation of the New Testament. His book An Historical Introduction to the Study of the Books of the New Testament, which was widely read, is an account of the reception and interpretation of the gospels in the early centuries of Christianity as seen through the writings of leaders such as Irenaeus and Eusebius.

Chess

Salmon was a keen chess player. He was a patron to the University Chess Club, and was also the President of Dublin Chess Club from 1890–1903. He participated in the second British Chess Congress and had the honour of playing the chess prodigy Paul Morphy in Birmingham, England, on 27 August 1858. He beat Daniel Harrwitz in an interesting game.

Even in his book Infallibility of the Church, Salmon mentions chess a few times:

• He argues that the doctrine of papal infallibility is vitally important for opponents of Catholicism to refute; otherwise all other arguments would be of little importance, as when a chessplayer wins lots of pieces but his king is checkmated.
• In another chess reference Salmon said that if one met someone who says that he has never been beaten, this player could be given rook odds. Thus "the delusion of infallibility can never grow up in the mind of anyone except one who has never met a strong antagonist."
• Salmon said that if one played someone who would normally receive queen odds, then one would go easy and not be too strict, e.g. allowing take-backs. Thus he is so convinced that the Popes have erred that he is not threatened by acknowledging when they have been right.

Provost of Trinity College

Sculpture by John Hughes of George Salmon in Trinity College Dublin

Salmon was Provost of Trinity College in Dublin from 1888 until his death in 1904. The highlight of his career may have been when in 1892 he presided over the great celebrations marking the tercentenary of the College, which had been founded by Queen Elizabeth I. His deep conservatism led him to strongly oppose women receiving degrees from the University. He eventually agreed to dropping his veto in 1901 when the Board voted in favour of allowing women to enter the university. This was one of his last acts as Provost. Symbolically in January 1904, just after he died, the first women undergraduates were admitted.

Bibliography

• A treatise on conic sections (1848)
• A treatise on higher plane curves: Intended as a sequel to a treatise on conic sections (1852)
• Lessons introductory to the modern higher algebra. First edition (1859) 172 pages. 2nd edition (1866) 326 pages. 3rd edition (1876) 354 pages. 4th edition (1885) 360 pages (with some additions by Cathcart to the chapters on binary quantics). 5th edition (1964) 376 pages ISBN 978-0828401500 (the contents of the 4th edition, together with some sections from the 2nd edition omitted in the 3rd and 4th editions).
• A treatise on the analytic geometry of three dimensions (1862); 5th edition (1895)
• The eternity of future punishment (1864)
• The reign of law (1873)
• Non-miraculous Christianity (1881)
• Introduction to the New Testament (1885)
• The infallibility of the Church (1888)
• Thoughts on the textual criticism of the New Testament (1897)

Further reading

• C. J. Joly (1905) "George Salmon 1819 — 1904", Proceedings of the Royal Society 75:347–55.

External links

• .
• Sarah Nesbitt George Salmon: from mathematics to theology from University of Saint Andrews.
• Complete text of Salmon's book A Treatise on the Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions
• Complete text of Salmon's book Analytische Geometrie Der Kegelschnitte (in German translation)
• G. Salmon (1879) Treatise on Conic Sections, link from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection.
• Many selections from Salmon's theological publications
• Rod Gow (1997) George Salmon: His Mathematical Work and Influence from University College Dublin.
• George Salmon player profile and games at Chessgames.com

Academic offices
Preceded by John Hewitt Jellett	Provost of Trinity College, Dublin 1888–1904	Succeeded by Anthony Traill