Gęsiówka
Gęsiówka (Polish pronunciation: [ɡɛ̃ˈɕufka]) is the colloquial Polish name for a prison that once existed on Gęsia ("Goose") Street in Warsaw, Poland, and which, under German occupation during World War II, became a Nazi concentration camp.
In 1945–56 the Gęsiówka served as a prison and labor camp, operated first by the Soviet NKVD, then by the Polish communist secret police.
Contents
History
Before the war, Gęsiówka was a military prison of the Polish Army on Gęsia Street (now Anielewicza Street), near the intersection with Okopowa Street and the Jewish cemetery. Beginning in 1939, after the German occupation of Poland, it became a re-education camp of the German security police (Arbeitserziehungslager der Sicherheitspolizei Warschau).
In 1943 it was turned into a concentration camp for inmates from beyond Warsaw and Poland, equipped with a crematorium. The camp, together with the nearby Pawiak prison, formed the backbone of the Warsaw concentration camp complex. Gęsiówka inmates (mostly Jews) included prisoners from Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Hungary, Belgium and Germany.[1]
Liberation during Warsaw Uprising
On 5 August 1944, during the early phase of the Warsaw Uprising, the "Zośka" scouting battalion of the Armia Krajowa's Radosław Group led by Ryszard Białous and Eugeniusz Stasiecki attacked the Gęsiówka camp which was being liquidated at the time. The Panther tank "Magda", one of two captured by the insurgents on 2 August and assigned to Zośka's newly formed armoured platoon under the command of Wacław Micuta,[2] was instrumental in the attack, supporting the assault with fire from its main gun. In the ensuing one-and-half-hour battle most of the SD guards were killed or captured, although some of the Germans managed to flee in the direction of the Pawiak prison.
Only two Polish fighters were killed in the attack and 348 able-bodied Jewish prisoners, who had been retained by the Germans as slave labourers after the liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto and left behind after the evacuation of most of the camp's inmates in July 1944, were rescued from certain death.[3][4]
Many of the Jewish prisoners joined the ranks of the insurgents, and most of them were subsequently killed during the nine weeks of fighting that followed, as were the majority of their liberators (the "Zośka" battalion lost 70% of its members during the uprising).[5]
After World War II
In January 1945 Gęsiówka was used by the Soviet NKVD to imprison Polish resistance fighters of the Home Army and other opponents of Poland's new Stalinist regime, who were kept there in appalling conditions. The Polish communist secret police took over the administration of the camp later that year and continued to use it as a prison and labour camp for criminal and political prisoners, including so-called "class enemies", until 1956.[1]
Gęsiówka liberation memorial
Gęsiówka was demolished in the 1960s and the only visible evidence of its existence today is a memorial plaque commemorating the liberation of the camp in 1944, which is located on the wall of 34 Anielewicza Street.[6]
The memorial was unveiled during the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising in 1994. Wacław Micuta, commander of the armoured platoon of the Zośka battalion, said the following words at the ceremony:
"On 27th July the Germans decided to evacuate the Gęsiówka camp to Dachau. More than 400 inmates, incapable of marching, were shot....A column of about 4,000 Jews was marched off, but disappeared without trace. And now the Zośka battalion was standing in front of this camp. They remembered the Scouting Statute, which says that a scout is a friend to every other human being and a brother to every other scout. We all wanted to attack immediately....and since we had captured a couple of tanks, the situation was rather better than in the previous days. So four of us went back to "Radosław" [Jan Mazurkiewicz, commander of the insurgent forces in Warsaw's Wola district] to ask for permission. Radosław was a cautious man and shared the view that the fortified positions should not be attacked frontally. But he agreed on condition that the attacking force be small in number and be composed entirely of volunteers....We carried it off by surprise. Our tank was a great success because the Germans [in the camp] had no anti-tank weapons. After the main gateway was destroyed Felek's platoon moved in...."[7]
The memorial features inscriptions in Polish, Hebrew and English.
Gallery
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Gęsiowka Prison in Warsaw (1944).jpg
Polish resistance fighters from the "Giewont" company of the "Zośka" battalion secure Gęsiówka after the liberation (5 August 1944)
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Gęsiowka Prison in Warsaw Patrol Giewonta (1944).jpg
Gęsiówka after the liberation - in the picture, a Polish resistance fighter and two of the 348 liberated Jews (5 August 1944)
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Warsaw Uprising Howerla&Orlicz.jpg
Three Polish resistance fighters pictured after liberating the "Gęsiówka” concentration camp - from left to right: an unknown insurgent, Stanisław Kozicki (code name "Howerla") and Michał Światopełk-Mirski (code name "Orlicz")
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Warsaw Uprising - Giewont Company in Gęsiowka.jpg
Polish resistance fighters from the "Giewont" company of the "Zośka" battalion secure Gęsiówka after the liberation. The crematorium building is visible in the background
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Warsaw Uprising - Gęsiówka - 3.jpg
Polish resistance fighters in the Gęsiówka watchtower after the liberation
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Warsaw Uprising - Gęsiówka - 2.jpg
Liberated Jewish prisoners - one wearing a German Stahlhelm - smiling for the camera
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Warsaw Uprising - Gęsiówka Bunker.jpg
Gęsiówka bunker destroyed by soldiers of the "Zośka" battalion
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Three Polish resistance fighters pictured after liberating the "Gęsiówka" concentration camp - from left to right: Wojciech Omyła (code name “Wojtek"), Juliusz Bogdan Deczkowski (code name “Laudański") and Tadeusz Milewski (code name "Ćwik")
See also
- German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
- Warsaw concentration camp
- Warsaw Uprising
- Wacław Micuta
- Polish resistance movement in World War II
- Pawiak
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Obóz koncentracyjny na terenie ruin getta warszawskiego („Gęsiówka") - in Polish
- ↑ Odznaczenie dla Wacława Micuty, Prezydent RP, 2007-04-10
- ↑ http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/judaica-1863.html?page=0,3
- ↑ Wojciech Rostafinski. How the Last Jews in Warsaw Were Saved. Courtesy of Heralds of Truth, Michigan. [1]
- ↑ Stefan Korbonski The Polish Underground State: A Guide to the Underground, 1939-1945
- ↑ http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/warszawa/13,sites-of-martyrdom/3549,gesiowka-a-prison-and-nazi-concentration-camp-on-the-gesia-street/
- ↑ Norman Davies, Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw, Pan Books 2004 pp609-610
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