House of Golitsyn

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Golitsyn
Голицын
Golitsyn dukes v1 p2.png
Country Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Imperial Russia
Parent house House of Gediminas
Titles Prince and Princess
Founded 15th century
Founder Andrey Andreyevich Golitsyn
Cadet branches Kurakins, Khovansky, Koretsky

The House of Golitsyn or Galitzine was a princely family in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] Among them were boyars, warlords, diplomats, generals, admirals, stewards, chamberlains, and provincial landlords. Already in the XVIII century the family was divided into four major branches but one died out. The other three and the subdivisions contain about 1100 members.

In the 1850s the Russian memoirist Filipp Vigel despaired: "So numerous are the Golitsyns that soon it will be impossible to mention any of them without the family tree at hand".[1] Of the branches that existed in 1917, only one survived in the Soviet Union; all others were extinguished or forced into exile.

The family produced many well-known statesmen, among them Vasily, Boris, Dmitry and Nikolai Golitsyn, the last chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire.

Origins

File:Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.svg
Peter I of Russia permitted the Golitsyns to incorporate the emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into their coat of arms “Vir est Vis”, or "man himself is power”, is the Golitsyn family motto.

The family descends according to legend from a Lithuanian prince Jurgis (George), son of Patrikas and grandson of Narimantas, thus great-grandson of Gediminas (d. 1341), Grand Duke of Lithuania.[lower-alpha 3] After the extinction of the Korecki family in the 17th century, the Golitsyns claimed dynastic seniority in the House of Gediminas.

Prince George immigrated to the court of Vasily I of Moscow and married Vasily's sister. His children and grandchildren, among them Vassian Patrikeyev, were considered premier Russian boyars. One of them, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Bulgark (The Bulgarian), earned the nickname Golitsa (glove, geležìs in Old Lithuanian) for an iron (or strong leather) glove he wore in the Battle of Orsha in 1514. His son Yuri Mikhailovich Bulgakov continued with the family line Golytsin and his great-grandson Prince Vasily Golitsyn was claimant to the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles and went as an ambassador to Poland to offer the Russian crown to Prince Władysław; he died in prison.[2][lower-alpha 4]

Prince (knyaz) Andrey Andreyevich Golitsyn (-1638), governor of Siberia (1633–35), was the ancestor of all existing princes Golitsyns. He had four sons, from whom four branches of the Golitsyn family descended:

  • Vasil (1618–1652) – branch Vassilyevich
  • Ivan (–1690) – branch Ivanovich, which ended in 1751 in a monastery
  • Alexey (1632–1694) – branch Alexeevich
  • Michael (1639–1687) – branch Mikhailovich

Notable Golitsyns

Vasily Golitsyn. The Velvet Book was an official register of genealogies of Russia's most illustrious families (Russian nobility).
A Golitsyn family by Vladimir Borovikovsky (1810), National Museum in Warsaw
File:Dmitriy Vladimirovich Golitsyn.jpg
Dmitriy Vladimirovich Golitsyn. Military Gallery of the Winter Palace, State Hermitage Museum (Saint Petersburg)
File:Golytsyn 1723—1807.jpg
Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn, a 1772 portrait by Dmitry Levitzky
File:Spb 06-2012 Fontanka various 03.jpg
House of Prince Golitsyn on Fontanka, 20
File:Golbol.jpg
Golitsyn Hospital
File:Sergey Mikh. Golytsin by V.Tropinin.jpg
Sergey Mikh. Golytsin by V.Tropinin
17th century estate of Fedor Golovin in Khamovniki District, later Golitsyn family

Branch Vassilyevich

  • Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn (1643–1714) was a leading boyar, a Russian statesman, combining military duties with civilian pursuits, de facto head of the government during the regency of Sophia Alekseyevna (1682–1689) over her brother Ivan and half-brother Peter the Great who banished him and his family to Arkhangelsk Oblast. He owned a richly decorated mansion in Moscow which became the location of the State Duma.
    • Aleksey Vasilyevich Golitsyn (1665–1740) In 1683, he received from his grandfather a village south of Moscow, now Tsaritsyno Palace and surrounding park. In 1694 he was stripped of his boyardom (with the retention of the princely title) and the Tsar sent him and his family into exile. He returned in 1726, after the death of Peter I.
      • Mikhail Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1687–1775) nicknamed "the fool" was punished by Empress Anna of Russia for converting to Catholicism in order to marry an Italian or German woman. This marriage was declared illegal and she appointed him court jester in 1738, serving kvass to the guests. Two years later she forced him to marry either a Kalmuck or a female jester from Kamchatka. The "mock wedding" which took place inside a two-room ice palace on the Neva in February 1740 during an extremely cold winter remained famous. He moved to his estate and was buried near Pushkino.
      • Sergei Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1695–1758), served as the Moscow governor, director of the Moscow Mint.

Branch Alexeevich

  • Aleksey Andreyevich Golitsyn (1632–1694), governor of Siberia, of Kiev.
    • Boris Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1654–1714), a cousin and the chief political opponent of Vasily Vasilyevich, was tutor and participated in the coup that placed Peter the Great on the throne; head of the government during the "Great Embassy" of 1697–98; owner of the estates Bolshiye Vyazyomy and Dubrovitsy.
    • Ivan Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1656/8–1729)[7]
      • Alexei Ivanovich Golitsyn (1707–1739) died of plague in Constantinople.
        • Ivan Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1729–1767)
        • Pyotr Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1731–1810)
        • Dmitri Alekseyevich Gallitzin (1734/8–The Hague, 1803) was a Russian diplomat, art agent for Catherine the Great. The idea of acquiring not individual pictures but large collections "en bloc" came from Golitsyn.[8] He was the main driving force behind the subsequent painting acquisitions in France. He was the Russian ambassador in Paris (1762–68); a friend of Falconet, Denis Diderot, a supporter of the physiocrats, and translated Helvétius. He was envoy in The Hague (1768–98), a supporter of the League of Armed Neutrality, the recognition of the United States and the abolition of serfdom. After 1789 he continued to defend his principles and never returned to Russia.[9] In 1768 he married Adelheid Amalie Gallitzin. In 1774 the couple split and the Princess moved to a country house between The Hague and the beach, to better to oversee raising her children in a way J.J. Rousseau had promoted in his "Emile". She turned to Catholicism in 1786. He is known as volcanologist and mineralogist.
    • Pyotr Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1660–1722)

Branch Mikhailovich

19th century

  • Valerian Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1803-1859) was the only Decembrist from the Golitsyn family who was convicted and sentenced to exile in Siberia.
  • Pyotr Alexeyevich Golitsyn was the father of
    • Anton Petrovich Golitsyn (1818–1883) married Adélaïde Marie Angèle de Molette de Morangiès
    • Maria Petrovna Golitsyn (1820–1890) married Count Ferdinand Louise Marie de Bertier de Sauvigny
    • Augustin Petrovich Golitsyn (1823–1875), married Stéphanie de la Roche Aymon
      • Sophie Galitzine (1858–1883) married Paul d'Albert de Luynes, 10th Duke of Chaulnes and Picquigny.
    • Pyotr Petrovich Golitsyn (1827–1902), married (1) Yuliya Aleksandrovna Chertkova (2) Natalia Alexandrovna Kozakov
    • Aleksandra Petrovna Golitsyn (1830–1917), married Count Arsen Antoni Ludwik Moszczeński
  • Princess Yelizaveta Alexeyevna Golitsyna (1797–1844) was the daugther of Alexandra Petrovna Golitsyna and the sister of Pyotr Alexeyevich Golitsyn. She became a Roman Catholic nun
  • Mikhail Alexandrovich Golitsyn (1804–1860) was diplomat, writer and connoisseur of fine arts, who lived in Madrid and Rome, and turned catholic. He was a bibliophile and the owner of a splendid library.
    • Sergey Mikhailovich (1843–1915) opened the Golitsyn Museum, now part of the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, but sold his collection in 1886 to the Hermitage
  • Prince Alexei Vasilyevich Golitsyn (1832–1901) was a friend of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Like the composer, Golitsyn was homosexual; but unlike the composer, he lived openly with his lover, Nikolay Vasilyevich Masalitinov (-1884).[15]
  • Boris Dmitrievich Golitsyn (1819-1878) was the son of Dmitry Golitsyn. He inherited Bolshiye Vyazyomy in 1844. He was the father of Dmitry B. Golitsyn (1851-1920), who was the last owner.
  • Nikolai D. Golitsyn (1850–1925) was the last Tsarist prime minister of Russia. He was the son of Dmitry B. Golitsyn (1803–1864) and governor of Archangel, Kaluga, and Tver. He was executed on 2 July 1925 in Leningrad on the charge of participating in a "counter-revolutionary monarchist organization"
  • Prince Grigory S. Golitsyn (1838–1907) was a general and the Governor of Transcaucasia in 1897–1904. His brother was
  • Lev Golitsyn Sergeyevich (1845–1915) was one of the founders of winemaking at Yusupov Palace (Crimea). In his estate of Novyi Svet he built the first Russian factory of champagne wines. In 1889 the production of this winery won the gold medal at the Paris exhibition in the nomination for sparkling wines. He became the surveyor of imperial vineyards at Abrau-Dyurso in 1891.
  • Anna Nikolaevna Golitsyna (1859–1929) married Mikhail Rodzianko, chairman of the Imperial Duma. She, Zinaida Yusupova, and Elizabeth Feodorovna secretly supported Felix Yusupov, Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich of Russia and Vladimir Purishkevich in the murder of Grigory Rasputin. Rodzianko became one of the key politicians during the Russian February Revolution.
  • Boris Borisovich Golitsyn (1862–1916) was a prominent physicist who invented the first electromagnetic seismograph in 1906. His grandfather was Nikolai Borisovich Galitzin.

20th century

The Bolsheviks arrested dozens of Golitsyns only to be shot or killed in the Gulag; dozens disappeared in the storm of the revolution and the Russian Civil War, and their fate remained unknown.[16]

File:V.M. Golytsin by Serov (1906, Tretyakov gallery) (cropped).jpg
Vladimir Mikhailovich Golitsyn resigned in 1905 as mayor of Moscow; painting by Valentin Serov (Tretyakov gallery)
File:Prince Galatzine (Galitzine), 5th husband of Aimée Crocker.jpg
Prince Galatzine (Galitzine), 5th husband of Aimée Crocker
  • Mikhail Vladimirovich Golitsyn (1873–1942) was the son of Vladimir Mikhailovich Golitsyn (Paris, 1847-1932) and grandson of Mikhail Fedorovich Golitsyn (1800-1873); Nikolai V. Golitsyn (1874–1942) was his brother
    • Vladimir Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1902–1943) started his career as a sailor. During the 1920s Vladimir began a very successful career as a book illustrator and well-known artist, illustrating around forty books between 1925 and 1941. He also worked for the magazines the Universal Pathfinder, Pioneer and several others. Despite his very popular artwork, he was barely tolerated by the Stalinist bureaucracy and as general conditions worsened, found it increasingly hard to support his parents and young family. Vladimir died from exhaustion and under-nourishment in the Sviyazhska prison camp near Kazan.
      • Alexander Vladimirovich Golitsyn (1876-1951). His son was Prince Alexander Golitzen (1908–2005) a Moscow-born production designer and oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies; he died in San Diego, California.
    • Sergei Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1909-1989) published his Memoirs of a Survivor: The Golitsyn Family in Stalin's Russia, covering the period from the revolution in 1917 to the entry of the Soviet Union into World War II in 1941.[17]
      • Georgy Sergeyevich Golitsyn (1935-) was a Russian physicist noted for his research on the concept of nuclear winter.
  • Mstislav Galitzine, count Osterman (1899-1966) joined Alexander Kolchak after the October Revolution. In 1925 he married the California mystic, author and heiress Aimee Crocker. She was 61 and it was her fifth marriage. She offered him $250 a month if he would marry her in exchange for the right to call herself a princess.[18] Two years later they divorced. He was forced to pay all the court costs of the suit. His brother was
  • Leo Alexandrovich Galitzine, count Osterman (1904–1969) escaped from Soviet Russia and came to settle in Canada by 1929 in Edson, Alberta.[19] He and his wife, Marguerite Therese Reynaud-Carcasse, purchased 420 acres of land, mostly bordering the McLeod River.[20] The Galitzines started an airplane charter company at Great Bear Lake. After his wife died (in Alexandria in 1934),[21] Leo moved to Hollywood where he was acting in various films as an extra, including in The Razor's Edge and The Chocolate Soldier.[22]
  • Princess Irene Galitzine (1916–2006), fashion designer, was the daughter of Boris Lvovich Galizin (1878–1958)
The graves of Princes George and Emanuel Galitzine, Brompton Cemetery, London
  • Prince George Vladimirovich Galitzine (1916–1992) served with distinction in the rank of Major, Welsh Guards 1939–45. He was subsequently a diplomat and businessman. Following retirement he was active as a researcher, author and lecturer on Russia. In his memory The Prince George Galitzine Memorial Library[23] was founded in 1994 by his widow, Princess George Galitzine (formerly Jean Dawnay), and his daughter Princess Catherine (Katya) Galitzine. The Library specialises in the cultural life of St Petersburg with a collection in excess of 3000 books, photographs and documents for research tracing back to Catherine the Great.[24] The Library occupies the palace on the Fontanka Embankment, formerly the family home of his mother Countess Catherine Carlow, daughter of Duke George of Mecklenburg-Strelitz a younger son of Ekaterina Mikhailovna Romanov, Grand Duchess of Russia. Through the Mecklenburg-Strelitz connection, this branch of the Galitzine family are related to many of the Royal Houses of Europe.[25]
  • George Golitzin (1916–1963) was a Hollywood producer and deacon in the Orthodox Church in America.[26]
  • Yuri Golitsyn (1919–2002), was born in Yokohama, and was one of the founders of public relations having written the handbook on the subject and pushed research on the family forward to being published in a book. He was also a member of The Right Society and yet championed action against concentration camps after being the first allied officer to witness one firsthand (Natzweiler)[27]
  • Anatoliy Golitsyn Mikhaylovich (1926–2008) was a Soviet defector to the United States
  • Vladimir Kirillovich Galitzine (ru) (1942–2018), Russian-Serbian-American banker with Bank of New York who led the re-introduction of banks in the former Warsaw Pact countries including the newly formed states from the former Soviet Union.[28][29][30][31]
  • Bishop Alexander Golitzin (1948-) is Archbishop for Dallas, the South and the Bulgarian Diocese for the Orthodox Church in America.[32] He is also emeritus professor of theology at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His academic work focuses on the discerning the roots of eastern Christian spirituality in Second Temple Judaism.[33]
  • Piotr Dmitriyevich Galitzine (1955-) was the son of Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn (1914-1976). He married to Maria-Anna von Habsburg, better known as Maria-Anna Galitzine, a Catholic activist
  • Grigori Galitsin Aleksandrovich (1957–2021) was a former erotic photographer.
  • Nicholas Galitzine (London, 1994-) was the son of Prince Geoffrey Galitzine and Lora (née Papayanni),[34][35] an actor and musician, and has starred in films such as High Strung (2016), Handsome Devil (2016), Cinderella (2021) and Purple Hearts (2022)

Notes

  1. The surname in Russian: Голи́цын, tr. Golitsyn; IPA: [ɡɐˈlʲitsɨn] and cyrillic script is alternatively transliterated: Galitzine (French), Galitzin (German), Golicyn (Italian) or Golitsin (Spanish), etc.
  2. The Russian letter O is pronounced [o] when it is stressed and it is pronounced like A [a] or an unclear schwa [ə] when it is not stressed. This is called vowel reduction, and is an important characteristic of Russian pronunciation.
  3. Other descendants of Patrikas are the Houses of Kurakin and Khovanski, other Gediminids (descendants of Gediminas) were the royal Jagiellonian dynasty of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (a cadet branch of Gediminids) and a number of princely families of the Commonwealth (Czartoryski, Sanguszko, Koriatowicz-Kurcewicz e.a.) and Russia (Bulgakov, Trubetskoy, Mstislavsky, Belsky and Volynsky).
  4. All living members of the House of Golitsyn are also descendants of Ivan the Great and his second wife Sophia Palaiologina.[3] through their daughter Eudoxia Ivanovna (1492–1513) who married Peter (born Kudaikul), son of Ibrahim, Khan of Kazan, whose daughter Anastasia Petrova married Fyodor Mstislavsky.

References

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  3. Golitsyn, princely family // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). – SPb. , 1890–1907.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Rzewski V.S. & V.A. Chudinov Russian "members" of the French revolution // French Yearbook 2010: Sources of the history of the French revolution of the XVIII century and the era of Napoleon. M.C. 6–45.
  5. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. P. Britten Austin (1995) 1812, Napoleon in Moscow, pp. 69–70
  7. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. The Hermitage Known and Unknown by Irina Sokolova
  9. Lien Verpoest (2019) Layered Liberalism: the Golitsyn Legation in the Dutch Republic (1770–1782). In: Bijdragen en mededelingen betreffende de geschiedenis der Nederlanden 134(1):96 doi:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10403
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. H. C. Robbins Landon (1989) Mozart: the golden years
  13. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. Alexander Poznansky, Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man, many refs
  16. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  18. Aimee Crocker and the Silver Age
  19. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. Edson 75-Marguerite Ahlf
  23. Galitzine, Katya (2021). "The Prince George Galitzine Library, St. Petersburg." The Book Collector 70 no. 4 (winter 1921): 619–630.
  24. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  27. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  32. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, collected issues 519–529, ICC Editions, p. 1995
  35. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  • Golitsyn, Sergei (1909–1989): Memoirs of a Survivor: The Golitsyn Family in Stalin's Russia, 2008
  • Le Donne John P. (1987) Ruling families in the Russian political order, 1689–1825 : I. The Petrine leadership, 1689–1725; II. The ruling families, 1725–1825. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 28, n°3-4, Juillet-Décembre 1987. pp. 233–322. doi:10.3406/cmr.1987.2115
  • Douglas Smith: Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012 ISBN 9780374157616

External links