Ilyushin Il-76

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Il-76
Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76MD Dvurekov-16.jpg
Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76MD
Role Strategic airlifter
National origin Soviet Union / Russia
Manufacturer Ilyushin
Built by Tashkent Aviation Production Association
Aviastar
First flight 25 March 1971
Introduction June 1974[1]
Status In production, in service
Primary users Russian Air Force
Ukrainian Air Force
Indian Air Force[2]
TransAVIAexport Airlines
Number built 960[3]
Variants Ilyushin Il-78
Beriev A-50
KJ-2000

The Ilyushin Il-76 (NATO reporting name: Candid) is a multi-purpose four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Ilyushin design bureau. It was first planned as a commercial freighter in 1967, as a replacement for the Antonov An-12. It was designed for delivering heavy machinery to remote, poorly served areas of the USSR. Military versions of the Il-76 have seen widespread use in Europe, Asia and Africa, including use as an airborne refueling tanker or as a command center.

The Il-76 has seen extensive service as a commercial freighter for ramp-delivered cargo, especially for outsized or heavy items unable to be otherwise carried. It has also been used as emergency response transport for civilian evacuations as well as for humanitarian/disaster relief aid around the world. Because of its ability to operate from unpaved runways, it has been useful in undeveloped areas. Specialized models have also been produced for aerial fire-fighting and zero-G training.

Design and development

Origins

The aircraft was first conceived by Ilyushin in 1967 to meet a requirement for a freighter able to carry a payload of 40 tons (88,000 lb) over a range of 5,000 km (2,700 nmi; 3,100 mi) in less than six hours, able to operate from short and unprepared airstrips, and capable of coping with the worst weather conditions likely to be experienced in Siberia and the Soviet Union's Arctic regions. It was intended as a replacement for the An-12. Another intended version was a double-decked 250-passenger airliner but that project was cancelled. The Il-76 first flew on March 1971 (1971-03).[4]

Il-76TD, one of the first variants, at Zurich Airport

Production of Il-76s was allocated to the Tashkent Aviation Production Association in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, then a republic of the Soviet Union. Some 860 of the basic transport variants were manufactured.[5] In the 1990s, modernized variants were developed (MF, TF), with a cargo compartment 20 m long by 3.4 m wide by 3.4 m tall; these larger variants were not produced in significant quantity due to the financial difficulties being experienced by the Russian Air Force, who was the primary operator of the type. The prototype of the Il-76MF, conducted its first flight on 1 August 1995. All production operations ceased during the late 1990s.

Further development

From 2004 onwards, a number of aircraft in commercial service were modernized to the Il-76TD-90VD version; this involved the adoption of the newly developed PS-90 engine to comply with European noise limitations.[1] In 2005, the Peoples Republic of China placed an order for 34 new Il-76MDs and 4 Il-78 tankers.[citation needed] In June 2013, Russian military export agency Rosoboronexport announced an order by China for 12 Il-76MD aircraft.[6]

In 2010, it was announced that production of a further modernization of the aircraft, the Il-476, was under consideration; a proposed new production line would be located in Aviastar's facility in Ulyanovsk, Russia, and operated in cooperation with the Tashkent works.[5] At that point, construction work upon two prototype Il-476s had begun at the Ulyanovsk facility.[7] On 29 April 2015, it was reported that the Russian Air Force received the first Il-76MD-90A built at the Ulyanovsk plant “Aviastar-SP” from the 2012 contract for 39 aircraft.[8][9]

The Il-76 has also been modified into an airborne refuelling tanker, designated as the Il-78, around 50 aircraft were produced.[5] A variant of the Il-76 also serves as a fire-fighting waterbomber. Its airframe was used as a base for the Beriev A-50 'Mainstay' AEW&C (airborne early warning and control) aircraft; around 25 aircraft were made.[5] Another application for the type was found in Antarctic support flights and for conducting simulated weightlessness training for cosmonauts.[10] Beriev and NPO Almaz also developed an airborne laser flying laboratory designated A-60, of which two were built, much of this project's details remains classified.[11]

Operational history

First aircraft were delivered to the Soviet Air Force in June 1974.[1] Next it became the main Soviet strategic transport aircraft. From 1976 it was operated by Aeroflot.

Between 1979 and 1991, the Soviet Air Force Il-76s made 14,700 flights into Afghanistan, transporting 786,200 servicemen, and 315,800 tons of freight. The Il-76 carried 89% of Soviet troops and 74% of the freight that was airlifted. As Afghan rebels were unable to shoot down high-flying Il-76s, their tactics were to try and damage it at take-off or landing. Il-76s were often hit by shoulder-launched Stinger and Strela heat-seeking missiles and large-calibre machine-gun fire, but because the strong airframes were able to take substantial damage and still remain operational, the aircraft had a remarkably low attrition rate during the period of conflict. Building on that experience, the bulk of the Canadian Forces equipment into Afghanistan is flown in using civilian Il-76.[12] In 2006, the Russian Air Force had about 200 Il-76s. Civilian users in Russia have 108.[5]

On August 3, 1995, a Il-76 piloted by a Russian crew was forced down by a Taliban fighter plane sparking the Airstan incident.

USAF and IAF airmen work inside the cockpit of an Indian Il-76.

In 2004, a Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) Il-76 carried out flight mission in Afghanistan, later in 2011, PLAAF Il-76s were sent to Libya to evacuate Chinese citizens. The two missions were reported first steps of PLAAF developing long-range transportation capacity.[13]

On 23 March 2007, a Transaviaexport Il-76 was shot down by an anti-aircraft missile while taking off from Mogadishu, Somalia. Everybody on board, 7 crew and 4 passengers, were killed.[14]

Syrian Air Force Il-76s, operating as civil Syrianair aircraft have been reportedly used to ship weapons, money and other cargo from Russia and Iran to Syria, according to a defected Syrian military pilot. Since the start of the rebellion, in April 2011 (and up to July 2012), around 20 military flights have been conducted to and from Tehran, via Iraqi airspace. Further information exposes that since around 2012, Syrian Il-76s have regularly flown to Moscow's Vnukovo Airport to fetch shipments of Syrian banknotes that have been useful to Bashar al-Assad's regime to survive international sanctions.[15][16][17]

On 14 June 2014, a Ukrainian Air Force IL-76 was shot down by ground fire from pro-Russian separatists while on approach to landing at Lugansk, resulting in the deaths of 40 soldiers and 9 crew members on board.[18][19][20][21]

Variants

Prototypes and developmental variants

Izdeliye-176
prototype Il-76PP.
Izdeliye-576
Izdeliye-676
Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes (prototype).
Izdeliye-776
Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes (prototype).
IZdeliye-976 ("SKIP")[22] - (СКИП - Самолетный Контрольно-Измерительный Пункт, Airborne Check-Measure-and-Control Center)
Il-76/A-50 based Range Control and Missile tracking platform. Initially built to support Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile tests.
Izdeliye-1076
Special mission aircraft for unknown duties.
Izdeliye-1176
ELINT electronic intelligence aircraft, or Il-76-11
Il-76TD-90 / Il-76MD-90
Engine upgrades to Perm PS-90s.
Il-76 firebomber
Fire-fighting aircraft to drop exploding capsules filled with fire retardant.
Il-76PSD
SAR version of Il-76MF
Il-96
Early development of convertible passenger/cargo aircraft, (project only, designation re-used later)
Il-150
proposed Beriev A-50 with Perm PS-90 engines.
Beriev A-60
Airborne laser weapon testbed. (Il-76 version 1A)

Military variants

Il-76TD glass nose
Il-76MD cargo cabin
Il-76-Tu160 tailplane transporter
One-off temporary conversion to support Tu-160 emergency modification programme.
Il-76D
('D' for "Desantnyi", Десантный - "Paratrooper transport") has a gun turret in the tail for defensive purposes.
Il-76K/Il-76MDK/Il-76MDK-II
Zero-g cosmonaut trainer (dlya podgotovki kosmonavtov), for Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center.
Il-76LL
Engine testbed, (ooniversahl'naya letayuschchaya laboratoriya).
Il-76M
Military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy - modified).
Il-76MD
Improved military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy Dahl'ny - modified, long-range).
Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT
- Mobile Hospital
Il-76M / Il-76MD
Built without military equipment but designated as Ms and MDs (Gordon - 'Falsies')
Il-76MD-90
An Il-76MD with quieter and more economical Aviadvigatel PS-90 high-bypass turbofan engines.
Il-76MF
Stretched military version with a 6.6 m longer fuselage, PS-90 engines, maximum take-off weight of 210 tonnes and a lift capability of 60 tonnes. First flew in 1995, not built in series so far,[1] just built for Jordan.
Il-76PP
ECM aircraft, major problems with ECM equipment on the Izdeliye-176 only.
Il-76MDM
modernized Il-76MD for the Russian Air Force.
Il-76MD-90A
An updated version with a new glass cockpit, updated avionics, new internal wing structure and Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines. It was also known as Il-476 while in development.[23][24]
Il-76T/Il-76TD
Built as military aircraft but given civilian designations. (Gordon - 'Falsie')
Ilyushin Il-78 / Il-78M
Aerial refuelling tanker.
Il-78 MKI
A customized version of the Il-78 developed for the Indian Air Force.
Il-82
Airborne Command Post/communications relay aircraft, (alternative designation - Il-76VKP-'version65S').
Il-84
Maritime Search and Rescue aircraft, (alternative designation - Il-76PS-poiskovo-spasahtel'nyy), not produced.
Beriev A-50/Beriev A-50M/Beriev A-50I/Beriev A-50E
- Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft. Beriev given control over the program.
Beriev A-100
An AEW&C version of the Il-76MD-90A.

Civil variants

A commercial variant of the Ilyushin Il-76, loading cargo at Ali Air Base, Iraq.
An Il-76TD belonging to the IRGC, used as a firefighting aircraft.
Il-76MGA
Initial Commercial freighter. (2 prototypes and 12 production)
Il-76MD to Il-76TD conversions
Complete removal of Military equipment, identified by crude cover over OBIGGS inlet in Starboard Sponson.
Il-76P / Il-76TP / Il-76TDP / Il-76MDP
Firefighting aircraft. The Il-76 waterbomber is a VAP-2 1.5 hour install/removal tanking kit conversion. The Il-76 can carry up to 13,000 U.S. gallons (49,000 liters) of water; 3.5 times the capacity of the C-130 Hercules. Since this kit can be installed on any Il-76, the designation Il-76TP, Il-76TDP are also used when those versions of the Il-76 are converted into waterbombers. The Il-76P was first unveiled in 1990.
Il-76T
('T' for Transport, Транспортный) unarmed civil cargo transport version. NATO code-name "Candid-A". It first flew on November 4, 1978.
Il-76TD
The civil equivalent of the Il-76MD, first flew in 1982.
Il-76TD-90VD
An Il-76TD with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines and a partial glass cockpit. It was developed specially for Volga-Dnepr cargo company, which operates 4 aircraft as of 2012.
Il-76TD-S
Civilian mobile Hospital, similar to Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT.
Il-76TF
Civil transport stretched version with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines. It is the civil version of the Il-76MF (none produced).

Foreign variants

The A-50E/I Mainstay of the Indian Air Force
Beriev A-50E/I
For the Indian Air Force. Hosts Israeli Phalcon radar for AEW&C and Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines.[25]
Il-76MD tanker
Iraqi Air Force tanker conversions.
KJ-2000
Domestic Chinese airborne early warning and control conversion of Il-76, developed after A-50I was cancelled and currently in service with the armed forces of China.
CFTE engine testbed
The China Flight Test Establishment (CFTE) currently operates a flying testbed converted from a Russian-made Il-76MD jet transport aircraft to serve as a flying testbed for future engine development programmes. The first engine to be tested on the aircraft is the WS-10A “Taihang” turbofan, currently being developed as the powerplant for China's indigenous J-10 and J-11 fighter aircraft. Il-76MD #76456, acquired by the AVIC 1 from Russia in the 1990s, is currently based at CFTE’s flight test facility at Yanliang, Shaanxi Province.
Baghdad-1
Iraqi development with a radar mounted in the cargo hold, used in the Iran-Iraq war.
Baghdad-2
Iraqi development (with French assistance) with fibreglass-reinforced plastic radome over the antenna of the Thomson-CSF Tiger G surveillance radar with a maximum detection range of 350 km (189 nmi, 217.5 mi). One was destroyed on the ground during the 1991 Persian Gulf War; two others were flown to Iran where they remained.[26] At least one went into service with the IRIAF. One aircraft crashed following a midair collision with a HESA Saeqeh fighter, during the annual, Iranian military parade in Teheran.[27] It can be distinguished from the Beriev A-50 by having the Il-76 navigator windows in the nose, which the A-50 does not.

Operators

Present and ex-Il-76 operators. (Red=Military only. Green=Civilian only. Blue=Both)
Indian air force pilots walk away from their Il-76 medium cargo jet after landing at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii.
Il-76 of the Indian Air Force lands in Leh, Ladakh.
IAF IL-76 MD K2902 at Leh
Air Almaty Il-76T

Military and civil operators in 38 countries have operated 850+ Il-76 in large numbers. While Russia is the largest military operator of the Il-76, followed by Ukraine and India, Belarus' TransAVIAexport Airlines is the largest civilian operator.

 Algeria
  • The Algerian Air Force operates 18 Il-76 aircraft, including 3 Il-76MD, 9 Il-76TD, and 6 Il-78 Midas.
 Angola
  • The Angolan Air Force operated one Il-76 which crashed on 27/08/09 near 4 de Fevereiro Internacional Airport
  • Gira Globo operates 1 Il-76.
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Bahrain
 Belarus
 Burkina Faso
 Cambodia
 China
  • The People's Liberation Army Air Force operates 17 Il-76 aircraft, including 3 KJ-2000 AEW&C versions and some Il-78 tankers, with a further 30 due for delivery. However, the deal for new IL-476 is canceled, instead China received 10 refurbished IL-76 from Russia and is currently developing its own transport the Xian Y-20.[31][32]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Republic of the Congo
  • The Republic of the Congo operates an Il-76.
 Cuba
  • Cubana used to operate 2 Il-76s.
 Equatorial Guinea
 Georgia
  • Sun Way has operated the Il-76TD.
 Hungary
 India
 Iran
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Laos
  • Imtrec aviation of Cambodia operates Laos registered Il-76TD.
 Latvia
  • Inversija operates 3, including 2 Il-76T and 1 Il-76TD.
 Libya
 Mali
 Moldova
 North Korea
 Russia
 Serbia
 Sierra Leone
  • Aerolift Sierra Leone operates Il-76 aircraft for special charter and cargo lift operations.[41]
 Soviet Union
  • The Soviet Air Force operated hundreds of the aircraft, with an inventory of 310 in 1987. Most were dispersed to the successor states upon the breakup of the Soviet Union.
  • Aeroflot was the main civil user of the aircraft during the period of the Soviet Union, although many of its aircraft were operated on behalf of the military.
  • Jet Air Cargo was one of the first civil operators of the Il-76 in Russia other than Aeroflot.
 Sudan
 Syria
 Turkmenistan
 Ukraine
 United Nations
 United States
 United Arab Emirates
 Uzbekistan
 Yemen

Accidents

As of August 2015 a total of 75 Il-76 series aircraft have been written-off in crashes and other incidents,[43] including the following:

  • On 23 November 1979, a Soviet Air Force Il-76, registration CCCP-86714, banked left during an approach to Vitebsk Airport. Control of the aircraft was lost and the aircraft crashed, killing the crew of seven; this was the first loss of an Il-76.[44]
  • On 11 December 1988, an Aeroflot Il-76 crashed on approach to Leninakan, Armenia killing all 78 on board. The aircraft was on an air relief operation following the 1988 Spitak earthquake.[45]
  • On 19 August 1996, an Il-76T crashed while trying to land at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, killing all 14 occupants on board.[46]
  • On 12 November 1996, Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907, an Il-76 had a mid-air collision near New Delhi, India with a Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747, resulting in the loss of all 349 lives aboard both aircraft. The accident was ruled as pilot error, with the Il-76 aircraft failing to follow air-traffic controller instructions.
  • On 27 November 1996, a Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76MD, registration RA-78804, flew into the hillside of a mountain minutes after it departed Abakan Airport, and crashed 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) off the airport. All 21 occupants on board lost their lives in the accident.[47][48]
  • On 2 December 2001, Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Flight 9064 crashed at Novaya Inya, Russia, following an on-board fire, killing 18 on board.
  • On 19 February 2003, an Ilyushin Il-76 crashed near Kerman, Iran under unspecified reasons (possibly weather-related). The crash killed 275 people, including hundreds of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.
  • On 8 May 2003, the rear loading ramp of an Il-76 leased by the Congolese government unexpectedly opened at 10,000 feet after taking off from the capital Kinshasa. Initial reports were that over 120 policemen and their families had been sucked out in 45 minutes,[49] but actual losses were only 14.[50]
  • On 15 January 2009, two Russian Ministry of Interior Il-76MDs were involved in a ground collision at Makhachkala Airport. One of the aircraft, registration RA-76825, was ready to depart and was positioned at the runway end when the other one, RA-76827, came into land. The wing of the landing aircraft struck the flight deck of RA-76825 and a fire erupted. There were three fatalities in the departing aircraft, out of seven occupants on board. None of the 31 occupants aboard RA-76827 were hurt. RA-76825 was written off as a consequence of the accident.[51][52]
  • On 9 March 2009 Aerolift Il-76 S9-SAB crashed into Lake Victoria just after takeoff from Entebbe Airport, Uganda, killing all 11 people on board. Two of the engines had caught fire on take-off. The aircraft was chartered by Dynacorp on behalf of AMISOM. The accident was investigated by Uganda's Ministry of Transport, which concluded that all four engines were time-expired and that Aerolift's claim that maintenance had been performed to extend their service lives and the certification of this work could not be substantiated.[53]
  • On 22 September 2009, Il-76MD "5-8208" of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force crashed near Varamin killing all seven people on board.[54] The crash was the result of a mid air collision with a Northrop F-5E Tiger II.[55]
  • On 28 November 2010 Sun Way Flight 4412, Il-76 4L-GNI, crashed in a populated area of Karachi, Pakistan, shortly after taking off from Jinnah International Airport. All eight people on board were killed, along with two people on the ground. The aircraft was reported to have been trying to return to Jinnah after suffering an engine fire.[56]
  • On 6 July 2011 a Silk Way Il-76, tail number 4K-AZ55, crashed into a mountain in Afghanistan, while on final to Bagram Air Force Base. Eight people on board were initially confirmed as killed, with one unaccounted.[57][58]
  • On 30 November 2012 an Aéro-Service[28] Il-76T (also reported as being operated by Trans Air Congo in the days after the accident[59]) crashed 850 meters short of runway 5L of the Congo's Maya-Maya Airport in Brazzaville while landing during a violent storm, killing 32, including the 5 aircrew, another person on board and 26 people on the ground.[60]

Preserved aircraft

  • UR-UCI (cn 083414444) preserved in the State Museum of Aviation, Kiev-Zhulyany.

Specifications (Il-76TD-90)

Ilyushin Il-76.svg

Data from Ilyushin,[61] Aviadvigate,[62] Volga-Dnepr Airlines.[63]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

  • Guns: 2× 23 mm cannon in radar-directed manned turret at base of tail
  • Bombs: Some military models have 2 hardpoints under each outer wing capable of supporting 500 kg bombs.

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

Notes

  1. 60,000 kg for the Il-76MF/TF
  2. 92,000 kg (Il-76MD/TD), 104,000 kg (Il-76MF/TF)
  3. for other models: 170,000 kg (Il-76M/T), 190,000 kg Il-76MD/TD), 210,000 kg (Il-76MF/TF)
  4. 4,000 km (Il-76M/T), 4,400 km (Il-76MD/TD), 4,200 km (Il-76MF/TF)
  5. 633.3 kg/m² (Il-76MD/TD)
  6. 0.282 (Il-76M/T), 0.252 (Il-76MD/TD), 0.228 (Il-76MF/TF)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Butowski, Piotr. Iliuszyn Ił-76 powraca. Lotnictwo nr. 9/2004, p. 28-32 (Polish)
  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. [ Ilyushin Il-76: Russia's Versatile Jet Freighter]
  4. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Butowski, Piotr. Rosyjski kontrakt na Ił-76 i Ił-78 dla Chin. Lotnictwo nr. 1/2007, pp. 54-55 (Polish)
  6. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[unreliable source?]
  7. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 1 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  9. 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. A-60 brief description
  12. Canadian Parliament Website Archived October 13, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  13. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. http://www.propublica.org/article/flight-records-list-russia-sending-tons-of-cash-to-syria
  17. http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Politics/032600032347en.htm#.Ud5Cym15uJI
  18. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. "49 killed when Ukraine military plane downed: defence spokesman". xin.msn.com
  21. http://rt.com/news/165880-ukraine-lugansk-jet-paratroopers/
  22. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. IL-476: Russia’s New Medium-Heavy Transport Jet
  24. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. Aviation and Aerospace
  26. AEW&C and Hawkeyes - The Complete History of Airborne Early Warning
  27. IRIAF IL-76MD "Simorgh" (Phoenix) AWACS Crash (Sep 22, 2009) on YouTube
  28. 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. [1] Archived October 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  30. Retrieved 2 December 2015. FlightStats. Global Aviation Services 509 Flight Status
  31. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/il-76-production.htm
  32. http://theaviationist.com/2014/11/07/y-20-at-zhuhai/
  33. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. Jordan International Air Cargo
  36. "Lease". AirAlmaty.kz
  37. Jet Line
  38. http://www.jamierochepr.co.uk/newsletters/volga-dnepr/august2008/download/Volga-Dnepr_Big_News_Issue_15.pdf
  39. http://www.heavyliftpfi.com/content/NewsItem.aspx?id=3747
  40. 40.0 40.1 Trgovao oružjem sa bivšim agentima KGB at Blic Online, 17-12-2009, retrieved 19-11-2013 (Serbian)
  41. "Ilyushin 76", Aerolift
  42. JUBA Cargo
  43. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. Accident description for CCCP-86714 at the Aviation Safety Network
  45. Accident description for CCCP-86732 at the Aviation Safety Network
  46. Accident description for RA-76513 at the Aviation Safety Network
  47. Accident description for RA-78804 at the Aviation Safety Network
  48. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. "Safety Review", Flight International 20–26 January 2004 page 39
  51. Accident description for RA-76827 at the Aviation Safety Network
  52. Accident description for RA-76825 at the Aviation Safety Network
  53. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. "IL-76TD-90." Ilyushin.
  62. "PS-90A-76 Aircraft Engine." Aviadvigate.
  63. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. http://www.generalequipment.info/IL76TD%20PS90.htm
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links