John Galt (novelist)

John Galt
Born	(1779-05-02)2 May 1779 Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland
Died	Greenock, Scotland
Occupation	Writer, colonial businessman
Nationality	Scottish
Period	1812–1839
Genre	poetry, drama, short stories, travel writing
Notable works	Annals of the Parish The Chronicle of Dalmailing
Spouse	Elizabeth Tilloch

John Galt (/ɡɔːlt/; 2 May 1779 – 11 April 1839) was a Scottish novelist, entrepreneur, and political and social commentator. Because he was the first novelist to deal with issues of the Industrial Revolution, he has been called the first political novelist in the English language.

He was the founder of the city of Guelph in Canada, and father of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt of Montreal.

Life

Born in Irvine, in Ayrshire, Galt was the son of a naval captain. He was a first cousin of Captain Alexander Allan. His family moved between Irvine and Greenock several times, and when they settled in Greenock in 1789, Galt became an apprentice and junior clerk, writing essays and stories for local journals in his spare time. He moved to London in 1804 to seek his fortune and in 1809 began studying law at Lincoln's Inn.

While subsequently traveling in Europe, Galt met and befriended Lord Byron. On his return to London, Galt wrote an account of his travels, which met with moderate success. Decades later, he would also publish the first full biography of Lord Byron. He also published the first biography of the painter Benjamin West, The Life and Studies of Benjamin West (1816, expanded 1820).

In 1813, Galt attempted to establish a Gibraltarian trading company, in order to circumvent Napoleon's embargo on British trade; however, Wellington's victory in Spain made this no longer necessary. Galt then returned to London and married Elizabeth Tilloch, daughter of Alexander Tilloch. In 1815, he became Secretary of the Royal Caledonian Asylum in London. He also privately consulted in several business ventures.

Concentrating on his writing for the next several years, Galt lived at times in London, Glasgow, Edinburgh and elsewhere, writing fiction and a number of school texts under the pseudonym Reverend T. Clark. In addition to moving his residence frequently during this period, Galt also switched publishers several times, moving from Blackwood's Magazine to Oliver and Boyd and then back again.

In 1824, Galt was appointed Secretary to the Canada Company, a charter company established to aid in the colonization of the Huron Tract in Upper Canada. While in Canada, Galt lived in Upper Canada (now Ontario), where he founded the city of Guelph in 1827, then co-founded the town of Goderich with Tiger Dunlop that same year. The community of Galt in Ontario was named after him. His three sons played prominent roles in Canadian politics; one of them, Alexander, was one of the 'Fathers of the Confederation', and Canada's first Minister of Finance.

During his tenure with the Canada Company, Galt ran afoul of several colonial authorities, including Sir Peregrine Maitland, who was Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada at the time. He was heavily criticised by his employers for his lack of basic accounting skills and failure to carry out their established policies. This resulted in his dismissal and recall to Great Britain in 1829.

Soon after his return to England he was imprisoned for several months for failure to pay his debts. One of Galt's last novels, The Member, has political corruption as its central theme.

Despite failing health, Galt was involved in another colonial business venture, the British American Land Company, which was formed to develop lands in the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada (now Quebec). Galt served as secretary but was forced to resign in December 1832 because of his health.

The old Greenock cemetery entrance from Inverkip Street, with plaque commemorating John Galt, and in the immediate background John Galt House.

The Galt family tomb, inscribed to John Galt, "Author of The Annals of the Parish &c &c."

He retired back to Greenock, publishing his two-volume Autobiography in 1833. Galt had met the travel writer Harriet Pigott. Pigott persuaded Galt to edit her Records of Real Life in the Palace and the Cottage. She received some criticism for this as it was suspected that she was just taking advantage of Galt. However her unfinished biography of him which is in the Bodleian library implies that it was more of a mutual respects than her critics allowed. Records of Real Life in the Palace and the Cottage had an introduction by Galt and this three volume work was published in 1839. Galt died on 11 April 1839.

Legacy

In Greenock, John Galt is commemorated by the John Galt memorial fountain on the Esplanade, and by a plaque at the old cemetery where he is buried. Sheltered housing (for seniors) built next to the cemetery in 1988, on the site of the old Royal Hospital, is named John Galt House in his honour.

He is also commemorated in Makars' Court, outside The Writers' Museum, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh and In 2006, the community of Guelph proclaimed the first Monday in August, "John Galt Day."

The city of Galt, Ontario was named after John Galt, but was absorbed into Cambridge, Ontario in 1973.

His original home in Guelph was known as the "The Priory", which stood on the banks of the Speed River near the current River Run performing arts centre.

Works

Galt's novels are best known for their depiction of Scottish rural life, tinged with ironic humour. Galt wrote the following works:

• Cursory Reflections on Political and Commercial Topics (1812)
• The Life and Administration of Cardinal Wolsey (1812)
• The Tragedies of Maddelen, Agamemnon, Lady Macbeth, Antonia and Clytemnestra (1812)
• Voyages and Travels (1812)
• Letters from the Levant (1813)
• The mermaid (1814)
• The Life and Studies of Benjamin West (1816)
• The Majolo (2 volumes) (1816)
• The Appeal (1818)
• The History of Gog and Magog: The Champions of London (children's book, 1819)
• The Wandering Jew (1820)
• The Earthquake (3 volumes) (1820)
• Glenfell (1820)
• The Life, Studies and Works of Benjamin West (1820)
• Annals of the Parish (1821)
• The Ayrshire Legatees (1821)
• Sir Andrew Wylie (3 volumes) (1822)
• The Provost (1822)
• The Steam-Boat (1822)
• The Entail (3 volumes) (1823)
• The Gathering of the West (1823)
• Ringan Gilhaize (The Covenanters) (3 volumes) (1823)
• The Spaewife (3 volumes) (1823)
• The Bachelor's Wife (1824)
• Rothelan (3 volumes) (1824)
• The Omen (1825)
• The Last of the Lairds (1826)
• Lawrie Todd (1830)
• The Life of Lord Byron (1830)
• Southennan (3 volumes) (1830)
• Bogle Corbet or The Emigrants (3 volumes) (1831)
• The Lives of the Players (1831)
• The Member: An Autobiography (1832) – novel
• The Radical (1832) – novel, sequel to The Member
• Stanley Buxton (3 volumes) (1832)
• Autobiography (2 volumes) (1833)
• Eben Erskine or The Traveller (3 volumes) (1833)
• The Ouranoulagos or The Celestial Volume (1833)
• Poems (1833)
• The Stolen Child (1833)
• Stories of the Study (3 volumes) (1833)
• Literary Life and Miscellanies (3 volumes) (1834)
• A Contribution to the Greenock Calamity Fund (1834)
• Efforts by an Invalid (1835)
• The Demon of Destiny and Other Poems (1839)

External links

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Works by John Galt at Project Gutenberg
• The University of Guelph Library provides page images and full text for many of Galt's works. The collection is available at http://www2.lib.uoguelph.ca/resources/ebooks/galt_list/
• Wellington Guelph Community Portal
•  : contains a 113-page 'Biographical Memoir' of John Galt's life.