John Kotelawala
General The Right Honourable Sir John Lionel Kotelawala MP, CH, KBE, KStJ, PC |
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File:Sir John Lionel Kotelawala (1897-1980).jpg | |
Prime Minister of Ceylon | |
In office 12 October 1953 – 12 April 1956 |
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Monarch | Elizabeth II |
Preceded by | Dudley Senanayake |
Succeeded by | S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike |
Member of the Ceylon Parliament for Dodangaslanda |
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In office 14 October 1947 – 19 March 1960 |
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Succeeded by | A.U. Romanis |
Personal details | |
Born | Ceylon |
4 April 1895
Died | Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist. Colombo, Sri Lanka |
Political party | United National Party |
Alma mater | Christ's College, Cambridge, Royal College, Colombo |
Profession | Politician, Soldier, Planter |
Religion | Theravada Buddhism |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Ceylon |
Service/branch | Ceylon Defence Force, Sri Lanka Army |
Years of service | 23 Years |
Rank | General (Sri Lanka Army), Colonel (Ceylon Defence Force) |
Unit | Ceylon Light Infantry |
General Sir John Lionel Kotelawala, CH KBE PC KStJ (Sinhalese: ශ්රිමත් ජෝන් ලයනල් කොතලාවල; 4 April 1895 – 2 October 1980) was a Sri Lankan soldier and politician, most notable for serving as the 3rd Prime Minister of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from 1953 to 1956.
Contents
Family and early life
Sir John Kotelawala was born into a wealthy family, his father John Kotelawala Snr was an Inspector in the Ceylon Police Force and his mother was Alice Kotelawala nee Attygalle. Following accusations of murder John Kotelawala Snr committed suicide when his son was 11. Following this their family was ruined, Alice Kotelawala who was originally a Buddhist converted to Christianity after this. Through careful management of their land holdings and plumbago mines she made her family prosperous. For her social work she was awarded a CBE. He had a younger brother Justin Kotalawela and a sister Freda, who married C.V.S. Corea.
Young Kotelawala attended Royal College, Colombo, but had to leave after he became involved in pro-independence activities during the riots in 1915. Thereafter he embarked on a trip to Europe after leaving school, which was very dangerous because World War I was being fought there. He remained in Europe for five years, spending most of that time in England and France and attended Christ's College, Cambridge University to study agriculture.
Kotelawala was known as an aggressive and outspoken man who loved sports, horseback riding and cricket and, particularly as a young man, got into physical fights when he was insulted. He was fluent in Sinhala, English and French. After returning to Ceylon, he took up managing his family plantation estates and mines.
He married Effie Manthri Dias Bandaranaike and later divorced. Effie Bandaranaike was the niece of Don Stephen Senanayake the first prime minister of Sri Lanka. They together had one daughter Lakshmi Kotelawala.[1]
Military career
Kotelawala briefly served with the mounted section of the Colombo Town Guard without enlisting, since he was under age at the time. However, after returning from Europe he was commissioned into the Ceylon Light Infantry as a Second Lieutenant in 1922 being promoted to the ranks of Lieutenant in 1924, Captain in 1929 and Major in 1933. He went on to serve 23 years mostly as a reservist since the Ceylon Defence Force was a volunteer unit of the British Army. In 1939 he became the commanding officer of the Ceylon Light Infantry and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1940. With the start of World War II he became a member of the Ceylon's War Cabinet and was made a Colonel in 1942, the highest rank that a Ceylonese could achieve.
A strong supporter of the military, he was the first Chairman of the Ceylon Light Infantry Association in 1974. He was promoted to the rank of general on his deathbed, the night before he died by President J. R. Jayewardene in recognition for his long service to the country.
He bequeathed his home and estate Kandawala to the government to establish a national defence academy.[2]
Political career
As early as 1915 Kotelawala had become involved with political leaders such as Don Stephen Senanayake and his brother F.R. Senanayake, who was married to Kotelawala's mother's sister. They criticized many of the actions of the British colonial officials.
He entered mainstream politics by being elected to the Legislative Council as the member of Kurunegala. Thereafter he entered the State Council as a backbencher and was re-elected in 1936. In his second term he was appointed Minister of Communications and Works and later as the Minister of Agriculture.
Post independence
When Ceylon received independence and dominion status in 1948, Kotelawala, was appointed to the Senate,he had become an important member of D. S. Senanayake's United National Party and served in several important positions in the cabinet, during Senanayake's tenure as prime minister (1948–1952), including being Minister of Communications, Minister of Public Works and Minister of Transport. When the prime minister died in 1952, many expected Kotelawala to succeed him, but D. S. Senanayake's son and Kotelawala's younger cousin, Dudley Senanayake was appointed instead by the Governor-general. By the following year, Kotelawala was elected to parliament was the Leader of the House in parliament, and was chosen as prime minister when Dudley resigned after the Hartal 1953.
Prime minister
As prime minister, Kotelawala led Sri Lanka into the United Nations and contributed to Sri Lanka's expanding foreign relations, particularly with other Asian countries. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1954. In 1955 he led his country's delegation to the Bandung conference in Indonesia, where his performance earned him the epithet Bandung Booruwa (Bandung Donkey) in Sri Lanka. At the conference he stated his belief that fashionably Marxist anti-colonialist rhetoric ignored Communist atrocities. In a private conversation with the prime ministers of Pakistan, India, Burma, and China, he asked Chinese premier Zhou Enlai if he wanted to bring Communism to Tibet. Zhou replied that it was impractical and undesirable, and that the PRC had gone to Tibet because it was "an integral part of the Chinese state" and because it had been threatened by "imperialist intrigues" from the British and Russian empires.[3]
His government had to deal with economic problems and ethnic conflicts, and he and his party were defeated in the 1956 elections by a group of more radically chauvinistic Sinhalese parties under the leadership of Solomon Bandaranaike.
Later life
Kotelawala retired from politics shortly after his electoral defeat and lived for several years in Kent. He eventually returned to Ceylon. When the post of Governor-General appeared vacant with completion of William Gopallawa's first term, he was hopeful that he would be nominated to the post by the United National Party which was in the government at the time. However Dudley Senanayake in his second term as Prime Minister did not name a successor for Gopallawa and allowed him to have a second term.
On 29 September 1980 he suffered a stroke at his home Kandawala. Sir John Kotelawala died at the Colombo General Hospital on 2 October 1980, and his remains were cremated at Independence Square on October 5 with full military honours.
Legacy
In 1985 a national defence academy for training of officers for all three Sri Lankan defence services was established at his estate Kandawala, which he had left to the country in his will for this purpose. It has been named General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University (KDU) is a defence university offering undergraduate and post graduate study courses to officers of the defence services in Sri Lanka in various disciplines.
Though he strongly criticized the racist attitudes of many westerners, particularly British colonial officials, he did support the continued military presence of the British in Ceylon. He advocated the adoption of some western customs in Sri Lanka. He was knighted and received several other honors from the Ceylonese/British monarch as well as other foreign governments.
Honours
His Orders, Decorations and Medals and other memorabilia are on display at the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University.
- Appointments
Member of the Privy Council (1954)
- Decorations and Medals
Order of the Companions of Honour (1956)
Knight of the Order of the British Empire (Civil Division) (1948)
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal (1935)
King George VI Coronation Medal (1937)
Defence Medal (1946)
War Medal 1939–1945 (1946)
Efficiency Medal (Ceylon) (1949)
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953)
Ceylon Armed Services Long Service Medal (1956)
Ceylon Armed Services Inauguration Medal (1968)
Republic of Sri Lanka Armed Services Medal (1972)
Sri Lanka Army 25th Anniversary Medal (1974)
- Foreign honours
Grand Cross of the Légion d´honneur (1954)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1954)
Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1955)
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Elephant (1956)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Order of the Rising Sun, 1st Class (1954)
Knights of Justice of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (1965)
- Educational
LLD (honorary) - University of Ceylon
- Honorary military appointments
Honorary General of the Sri Lanka Army (1980)
See also
- Kotelawala cabinet
- List of political families in Sri Lanka
- General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University
- Ceylon Light Infantry
References
- ↑ How Kotelawala (Snr) got young brother-in-law killed
- ↑ Commander Pays Tribute to Late Sir John Kotelawala
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "Ceylon Today," December 1954
External links
- The Kotelawala Ancestry
- Attygalle Family Tree
- Website of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
- Official Website of General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University
- Official Website of United National Party
- PLAYING THE GAME WITH - SIR JOHN
- Sir John Kotelawala's early years
- Amara Samara in Sinhala
- Sir John Kotelawala in Sinhala
- Sir John Kotelawala in Sinhala
- Sir John Kotelawala in Sinhala
- General The Rt.Hon. Sir John Lionel Kotelawala PC CH KBE KStJ LLD
Government offices | ||
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Preceded by | Prime Minister of Ceylon 1953–1956 |
Succeeded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike |
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