Kazimierz

Kazimierz neighbourhood of Kraków
320px Kazimierz Town Hall, the section on the right with the tower from the 15th century. The left section was added later District Stare Miasto on the map of Kraków after the latest subdivisions

For the name Kazimierz, see Casimir. For other uses, see Kazimierz (disambiguation).

Kazimierz (Polish pronunciation: [kaˈʑimʲɛʂ]; Latin: Casimiria; Yiddish: קוזמיר‎) is a historical district of Kraków and Kraków Old Town, Poland. Since its inception in the fourteenth century to the early nineteenth century, Kazimierz was an independent city, a royal city of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, located south of Kraków Old Town and separated by a branch of the Vistula river. For many centuries, Kazimierz was a place of coexistence and interpenetration of Christian and Jewish cultures, its north-eastern part of the district was historic Jewish, whose Jewish inhabitants were forcibly relocated in 1941 by the German occupying forces into the Krakow ghetto just across the river in Podgórze . Today Kazimierz is one of the major tourist attractions of Krakow and an important center of cultural life of the city.

The boundaries of Kazimierz are defined by an old island in the Vistula river. The northern branch of the river (Stara Wisła – Old Vistula) was filled-in at the end of the 19th century during the partitions of Poland and made into an extension of ul. Stradomska Street connecting Kazimierz district with Kraków Old Town.

Early history

Casmirvs (left) in a 1493 woodcut from Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle (view facing west).

Three early medieval settlements are known to have existed on the island defining Kazimierz. The most important of these was the pre-Christian Slavic shrine at Skałka (“the rock”) at the western, upstream tip of the island. This site, with its sacred pool, was later Christianised as the Church of St. Michael the Archangel in the 11th century and was the legendary site of the martyrdom of St. Stanisław. There was a nearby noble manor complex to the southeast and an important cattle-market town of Bawół, possibly based on an old tribal Slavic gród, at the edges of the habitable land near the swamps that composed the eastern, downstream end of the island. There was also a much smaller island upstream of Kazimierz known as the “Tatar Island” after the Tatar cemetery there. This smaller island has since washed away.

On 27 March 1335, King Casimir III of Poland (Kazimierz Wielki) declared the two western suburbs of Kraków to be a new town named after him, Kazimierz (Casimiria in Latin). Shortly thereafter, in 1340, Bawół was also added to it, making the boundaries of new city the same as the whole island. King Casimir granted his Casimiria location privilege in accordance with Magdeburg Law and, in 1362, ordered defensive walls to be built. He settled the newly built central section primarily with burghers, with a plot set aside for the Augustinian order next to Skałka. He also began work on a campus for the Kraków Academy which he founded in 1364, but Casimir died in 1370 and the campus was never completed.

Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the Pons Regalis, the only major, permanent bridge across the Vistula (Polish: Wisła) for several centuries. This bridge connected Kraków via Kazimierz to the Wieliczka Salt Mine and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last bridge at this location (at the end of modern Stradomska Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the filling-in of the Old Vistula river bed under Mayor Mikołaj Zyblikiewicz made it obsolete.

Jewish Kazimierz

File:Old Synagogue Krakow 35.jpg

Renaissance Old Synagogue (Kraków).

Jews had played an important role in the Kraków regional economy since the end of the 13th century, granted the freedom of worship, trade and travel by Bolesław the Pious in his General Charter of Jewish Liberties issued already in 1264. The Jewish community in Kraków had lived undisturbed alongside their Christian neighbours under the protective King Kazimierz III, the last king of the Piast dynasty. Nevertheless, in early 15th century pressured by the Synod of Constance some dogmatic clergy began to push for less official tolerance. Accusations of blood libel by a fanatic priest in Kraków led to riots against the Jews in 1407 even though the royal guard hastened to the rescue.

As part of the re-founding of the Kraków university, starting in 1400, the Academy began to buy out buildings in the Old Town. Some Jews moved to the area around modern Plac Szczepański. The oldest synagogue building standing in Poland was built in Kazimierz at around that time, either in 1407 or 1492 (the date varies with several sources). It is an Orthodox fortress synagogue called the Old Synagogue. In 1494 a disastrous fire destroyed a large part of Kraków. In 1495 the Polish king Jan I Olbracht transferred the Jews from the ravaged Old Town to the Bawół district of Kazimierz. The Jewish Qahal petitioned the Kazimierz town council for the right to build its own interior walls, cutting across the western end of the older defensive walls in 1553. Due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia, the walls were expanded again in 1608. Later requests to expand the walls were turned down as redundant.

The area between the walls was known as the Oppidum Judaeorum, the Jewish City, which represented only about one fifth of the geographical area of Kazimierz, but nearly half of its inhabitants. The Oppidum became the main spiritual and cultural centre of Polish Jewry, hosting many of Poland’s finest Jewish scholars, artists and craftsmen. Among its famous inhabitants were the Talmudist Moses Isserles, the Kabbalist Natan Szpiro, and the royal physician Shmuel bar Meshulam.

File:Kazimierz Alte Schul 07799.jpg

Interior of the Old Synagogue of Kazimierz before 1939.

The golden age of the Oppidum came to an end in 1782, when the Austrian Emperor Joseph II disbanded the kahal. In 1822, the walls were torn down, removing any physical reminder of the old borders between Jewish and Christian Kazimierz.

In 1791, Kazimierz lost its status as a separate city and became a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families quickly moved out of the overcrowded streets of eastern Kazimierz. Because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, however, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues in the old Oppidum, maintaining Kazimierz’s reputation as a “Jewish district” long after the concept ceased to have any administrative meaning. By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses scattered across the city and much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze.

File:Kazimierz 07797.jpg

Jewish children in front of Corpus Christi church sometime before 1939.

In a tourist guide published in 1935, Meir Balaban, a Reform rabbi and professor of History at the University of Warsaw, lamented that the Jews who remained in the once vibrant Oppidum were “only the poor and the ultra-conservative.” However, this same exodus was the reason why most of the buildings in the Oppidum are preserved today in something close to their 18th century shape.

During the Second World War, the Jews of Krakow, including those in Kazimierz, were forced by the Nazis into a crowded ghetto in Podgórze, across the river. Most of them were later killed during the liquidation of the ghetto or in death camps.

Further information: Kraków Ghetto, Operation Reinhard in Kraków, and Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

Post-War Jewish Kazimierz

File:Ariel restaurant.JPG

Ariel Jewish restaurant, Szeroka Street, Kazimierz 2009

After the Second World War, devoid of Jews, Kazimierz was neglected by the communist authorities. However, since 1988, now a popular annual Jewish Cultural Festival has drawn Cracovians back to the heart of the Oppidum and re-introduced Jewish culture to a generation of Poles who have grown up without Poland’s historic Jewish community. In 1993, Steven Spielberg shot his film Schindler's List largely in Kazimierz (in spite of the fact that very little of the action historically took place there) and this drew international attention to Kazimierz. Since 1993, there have been parallel developments in the restoration of important historic sites in Kazimierz and a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. Not only that, there are also some Jews returning to Kazimierz from Israel and America. Kazimierz with Krakow, is having a small growth in Jewish population recently.

A Jewish youth group now meets weekly in Kazimierz and the Remuh Synagogue actively serves a small congregation of mostly elderly Cracovian Jews.

Each year at the end of June, the Jewish Culture Festival takes place in Kazimierz. It is Europe's largest Jewish festival of culture and music and attracts visitors from around the world. Music at the festival is very diverse and played by bands from the Middle East, USA and Africa, amongst others.

Sights

File:Kazimierz-map.jpg

Map of Kazimierz

Christian part

See map:

1. Market Square (Wolnica) with a town hall, now housing an ethnographic museum

2. Gothic St Catherine's Church

3. Gothic Corpus Christi Church

4. Baroque Church on the Rock (Skałka), the site of Saint Stanislaus's martyrdom

5. Municipal Engineering Museum

Jewish part

See map:

6. Old Synagogue, now housing a Jewish History museum

7. Remuh Synagogue

8. High Synagogue

9. Izaak Synagogue

10. Kupah Synagogue

11. Tempel Synagogue, still active

12. Old Jewish Cemetery in Krakow

See also

• Kraków Ghetto
• Galicia Jewish Museum

References

• Bałaban, Majer Przewodnik po żydowskich zabytkach Krakowa Krakow: B'nei B'rith, 1935.
• Bałaban, Majer Historja Żydów w Krakowie i na Kazimierzu, 1304-1868 (Vol. I, II) Krakow: KAW, 1991. (reprint)
• Burek, Edward (ed.) Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000.
• Michalik, Marian (ed.) Kronika Krakowa. Krakow: Kronika, 2006.
• Simpson, Scott Krakow Cambridge: Thomas Cook, 2006.
• Świszczowski, Stefan Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem Krakow: WLK, 1981.
• Jakimyszyn, Anna Żydzi krakowscy w dobie Rzeczypospolitej Krakowskiej Krakow-Budapeszt 2008.

Gallery

Churches

• Kościół Bożego Ciała w Krakowie za murem od ulicy Wawrzyńca.jpg

  Corpus Christi Church, 1405

• 

  St. Catherine Church, 1426

• 

  Skałka, 1751

• Krakow St.Trinity Church 20060806 1638.jpg

  Trinity Church, 1758

Synagogues

• Krakow Synagoga Stara 20070920 xxyy.jpg

  Old Synagogue, 15th century

• RemuhSynagogue1.JPG

  Remuh Synagogue, 1557

• Krakow Synagoga Wysoka 20071010 1659.jpg

  High Synagogue, 1563

• Krakow synagoga 20071010 1711 2.jpg

  Popper Synagogue, 1620

• Krakow synagogue 20070805 1109.jpg

  Kupa Synagogue, 1643

• Krakow Synagoga 20070930 1539.jpg

  Izaak Synagogue, 1644

• 

  Tempel Synagogue, 1862

• Remuh Jewish Cemetery in Kraków (Poland)8.jpg

  Remuh Cemetery established in 1535

• Krakow synagogue 20060805 1639.jpg

  Bne Emuna Prayerhouse, 1886

External links

• The Jewish Cultural Festival in Krakow
• The Galicia Jewish Museum
• Jewish Community in Kazimierz on Virtual Shtetl