Kyshtym
| Kyshtym (English) Кыштым (Russian) |
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 Church of the Nativity of Christ, Kyshtym |
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 Kyshtym
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| Administrative status (as of September 2011) | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Chelyabinsk Oblast |
| Administratively subordinated to | Town of Kyshtym[1] |
| Administrative center of | Town of Kyshtym[1] |
| Municipal status (as of September 2011) | |
| Urban okrug | Kyshtymsky Urban Okrug[1] |
| Administrative center of | Kyshtymsky Urban Okrug[1] |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census) | 38,942 inhabitants[2] |
| Time zone | YEKT (UTC+05:00)[3] |
| Founded | 1757[citation needed] |
| Town status since | 1934[citation needed] |
| [[:commons:Category:{{#property:Commons category}}|Kyshtym]] on Wikimedia Commons | |
Kyshtym (Russian: Кышты́м) is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern slopes of the Southern Ural Mountains 90 kilometers (56 mi) northwest of Chelyabinsk, near the town of Ozyorsk. Population: 38,942 (2010 Census);[2] 41,929 (2002 Census);[4] 42,852 (1989 Census);[5] 36,000 (1970).
Contents
History
It was established by the Demidovs in 1757 around two factories for production of cast iron and steel.[citation needed] It was granted town status in 1934.[citation needed]
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with twelve rural localities, incorporated as the Town of Kyshtym—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the Town of Kyshtym is incorporated as Kyshtymsky Urban Okrug.[1]
Nuclear disaster
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Kyshtym is near the Ozyorsk nuclear complex, also known as "Mayak" ("lighthouse" in Russian), where on September 29, 1957, a violent explosion involving dry nitrate and acetate salts in a waste tank containing highly radioactive waste, contaminated an area of more than 15,000 square kilometers (Ozyorsk was the town built around the Mayak combine, but it was a closed city, which was not marked on maps, thus making Kyshtym the nearest town to the location of the disaster). The explosion resulted from a failure of the cooling system of the tank.[6]
There was a release of 740 PBq of fission products, approximately 10% of which was dispersed into the atmosphere.[7] Cerium-144 and Zirconium-95 (both relatively short lived isotopes with a half life of 285 and 64 days respectively) made up 91% of the release. There was 1 PBq of Sr-90, and 13 TBq of Cs-137. The contaminated zone, called East Urals Radioactive Trace (EURT), measuring 300 x 50 km was contaminated by more than 4 kBq/m² of Sr-90. The global fallout of Sr-90 was about 2 kBq/m². An area measuring 17 km² was contaminated by about 100 MBq Sr-90/m².
There were 270,000 inhabitants of the area. Mass evacuation was carried out as the critical contamination resulted from Sr-90 with a half-life of 28.8 years. About 800 km² of land were taken out of use, and 82% of this area has now been taken into use again for forestry and farming. However, evacuation was limited to the nearest settlements leading to more than 1000 acknowledged victims. It was estimated in 1990 that at this time, around 10,000 people lived in areas where the level of ambient radiation was more than quadruple that of the average in Chernobyl's restricted area after 1986.[8]
The Kyshtym accident was largely concealed by the Soviet government until 1980, when the Soviet biologist Zhores Medvedev revealed its existence.
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Mount Yegoza near Kyshtym
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Kyshtym radio and TV tower
References
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Resolution #161
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 21 июля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "Kyshtym accident" TED Case Studies: An Online Journal American University
- ↑ Jones (2007) Windscale and Kyshtym: a double anniversary Journal of Environmental radioactivity 99:1-6
- ↑ Eesti Ekspress 2 May 2009 9:29: Maailma kõige ohtlikum paik
Sources
- Законодательное Собрание Челябинской области. Постановление №161 от 25 мая 2006 г. «Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований (административно-территориальных единиц) Челябинской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав», в ред. Постановления №2255 от 23 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в перечень муниципальных образований (административно-территориальных единиц) Челябинской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Южноуральская панорама", №111–112, 14 июня 2006 г. (Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Resolution #161 of November 25, 2006 On Adoption of the Registry of the Municipal Formations (Administrative-Territorial Units) of Chelyabinsk Oblast and of the Inhabited Localities They Comprise, as amended by the Resolution #2255 of October 23, 2014 On Amending the Registry of the Municipal Formations (Administrative-Territorial Units) of Chelyabinsk Oblast and of the Inhabited Localities They Comprise. Effective as of the official publication date.).
External links
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