Laguna (province)

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Laguna
Province
Laguna Provincial Capitol
Laguna Provincial Capitol
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Flag
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Seal
Nickname(s): "The Resort Capital, Detroit and Silicon Valley of The Philippines"[1][2]
Motto: Rise High, Laguna!
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Location in the Philippines
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Country [[{{#property:P17}}]]
Region [[{{#property:P131}}]] (Region IV-A)
Founded July 28, 1571[3][4]
Capital Santa Cruz
Government
 • Type Province of the Philippines
 • Governor Ramil L. Hernandez (Nacionalista)
 • Vice Governor Katherine Agapay (UNA)
Area[5]
 • Total 1,917.85 km2 (740.49 sq mi)
Area rank 63rd out of 81
Population (2010)[6]
 • Total 2,669,847
 • Rank 6th out of 81
 • Density 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
 • Density rank 3rd out of 81
Divisions
 • Independent cities 0
 • Component cities 6
 • Municipalities 24
 • Barangays 674
 • Districts 1st to 5th districts of Laguna
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups Tagalog (91%), Others (4%), Bicolano (3%), Bisaya (2%)
Time zone PHT (UTC+8)
ZIP Code 4000 to 4033
Dialing code {{#property:P473}}
(Except San Pedro City, which is primarily area code for the area is 02)
ISO 3166 code {{#property:P300}}
Spoken languages Tagalog, English
Website {{#property:P856}}

Laguna, officially known as the Province of Laguna (Filipino: Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish: Provincia de La Laguna), is a province in the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila, south of the province of Rizal, west of Quezon, north of Batangas and east of Cavite. Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. The city with the highest population (based on 2010 census) is Calamba, while the least populated is the Municipality of Famy.[7]

Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal, the country's national hero. It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls, the University of the Philippines Los Baños campus, the hot spring resorts of Los Baños and Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling, Pila historic town plaza, Taytay Falls in Majayjay, the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté, the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro, the turumba of Pakil, the tsinelas footwears from Liliw, the Pandan Festival of Luisiana, the Seven Lakes of San Pablo (the first city in the province), and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan

Province of Laguna is the second ISO 9001:2008 certified province in the Philippines.[8]

History

Liliw Catholic Church

The Province of Laguna, which was formerly called La Laguna and La Provincia de la Laguna de Bay, was named after Laguna de Bay, the body of water that forms its northern boundary.[9] Laguna de Bay, in turn, was named after the town of Bay (Laguna de Bay is Spanish which means "Lake of Bay"), the first provincial capital. Captain Juan de Salcedo with a band of one hundred Spanish-Mexican soldiers and many Bisayan allies conquered the province and its surrounding regions for Spain in 1571. Seven years later, two Franciscan friars started the work of Christianization.

In 1577, the Franciscan missionaries arrived in Manila, and in 1578 they started evangelizing Laguna, Morong (now Rizal), Tayabas (now Quezon) and the Bicol Peninsula. Juan de Plasencia and Diego de Oropesa were the earliest Franciscans sent to these places. From 1580, the towns of Bay, Caliraya, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Liliw, Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil and Siniloan were founded. In 1678, Fray Hernando Cabrera founded San Pablo de los Montes (now San Pablo City) and built a wooden church and convent considered as the best and finest in the province.[10]

In 1670, delimitation of borders were made between Lucban, Majayjay and Cavite. The populous town at that time was Bay, the capital of the province until 1688, when the seat of the provincial government was moved to Pagsanján, and later in 1858, to Santa Cruz. In 1754, the Province of Laguna and Tayabas were divided, with the Malinao River separating the towns of Majayjay and Lucban.[10]

The province became a bloody battle ground for the Chinese during the two instances that they rose in revolt against Spain.[9] In 1603s, the Chinese made their last stand in the mountains of San Pablo, and in 1639, they fortified themselves in the highlands of Cavinti and Lumban, surrendering in Pagsanjan a year later.

The natives of Laguna proved loyal to the Spanish crown during the British invasion (1762–1764) when thousands rallied to its defense. When a detachment of British troops under Captain Thomas Backhouse entered the province in search of the silver cargo of the galleon Filipino, Francisco de San Juan of Pagsanján led a band of volunteers that fought them in several engagements in and around the town which was then the provincial capital (1688–1858). Backhouse plundered the town and burned its newly reconstructed church but San Juan succeeded in escaping with the precious hoard to Pampanga where the treasure greatly bolstered the defense effort of Simón de Anda, leader of the resistance movement. For his heroism, San Juan was made a brigade commander and alcalde mayor of Tayabas (now Quezon) province.[10]

The people's loyalty gradually degenerated into bitter hostility. Grave abuses by the colonizers, especially those of the clergy, caused the resentment of the natives to be fanned into a rising flood of insurrection. In 1840 for instance, religious intolerance led the people of Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Bay, and Biñan to join the revolt of Hermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz) of Lucban, Tayabas.[10]

Laguna was also exposed to the aspirations of its most famous son, Dr. José Rizal, who was born in Calamba. The persecution of the Rizal family, along with their fellow landowners toward the end of the century further aggravated the situation. In 1896, thousands of inhabitants, especially of Bay, Los Baños, Nagcarlan, Magdalena, Santa Cruz, and Pagsanjan had joined the revolutionary Katipunan.[10]

Laguna was one of the eight provinces to rise in revolt against the Spanish misrule led by Generals Paciano Rizal of Calamba, Severino Taino of Pagsanjan, Agueda Kahabagan of Calauan, and Miguel Malvar of Batangas.[9] The ill-equipped revolutionaries fought the well-armed enemy until on August 31, 1898, when the last Spanish garrison surrendered to the victorious patriots in Santa Cruz. The province was cleared of Spaniards. There had been only one respite, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14 to 15, 1897.[10]

Laguna actively supported the First Philippine Republic proclaimed at Malolos on January 23, 1899. Its two delegates to the Malolos Congress were Don Higino Benítez and Don Graciano Cordero, both natives of Pagsanján.[10]

Upon the outbreak of the Filipino-American War (1899–1901), Generals Juan Cailles and Paciano Rizal led the defense of Laguna until June 30, 1901, when surrender became inevitable. Cailles became the first Filipino Governor of Laguna under the American flag.

Laguna was also the birhtplace of a famous revolutionary hero Teodoro Asedillo during the American colonization period. He was considered as bandit during those times by the Americans but hailed as hero by the local town folks of Laguna. He fought for labor and civil rights of the Filipino people.

The Province of Laguna progressed rapidly in peace. Roads were built, schools were established, and in 1917, the Manila Railroad Company extended its line to Laguna as far as Pagsanjan.

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945), Laguna was a center of Filipino resistance despite the presence of Makapili collaborators.[10]

The establishment of the military general headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the Philippine Constabulary is a military unit organization was founded on 1942 to 1946 in the province of Laguna, and aided of the local military regular units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army 4th and 42nd Infantry Division and the Philippine Constabulary 4th Infantry Regiment. Started the engagements of the Anti-Japanese Military Operations in Southern Luzon, Mindoro and Palawan from 1942 to 1945 against the Japanese Imperial forces.

Beginning in 1945, attacks by the Filipino soldiers of the 4th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd, 45th, 46th and 47th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army, 4th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary and the recognized guerrillas against Japanese forces in Laguna increased in anticipation of the Liberation of the Philippines by joint Filipino & American forces.

Geography

Laguna lies on the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. On the southern border of the province are Mt. Makiling and Mt. Banáhaw, both are long dormant volcanoes, but still sources of geothermal energy. Mt. Makiling is popular for the numerous hot spring resorts that are found on its slopes. Pagsanjan Falls, is a popular waterfall that tumbles down a deep gorge in the hills.

The eastern portion of Laguna straddles the southernmost portions of the Sierra Madre mountain range.

Climate

The province is relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year for a small portion near the southern boundary. The other parts, west of Santa Cruz municipality, experience a dry season from November to April and rainy season during the rest of the year. The eastern and southern most portions do not have distinct season, with rainfall more evenly distributed throughout the year.

Administrative divisions

Laguna is subdivided into 24 municipalities and 6 cities.

City or
municipality
District[11] Area
(km²)[11]
Population
(2010)[11][7]
Density
(per km²)
No. of
barangays
Income
class
(DOF)[11]
Coordinates

Alaminos 3rd 57.46 43,526 757.5 15 3rd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bay 2nd 42.66 55,698 1305.6 15 2nd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Biñan 5th 43.50 283,396 6514.9 24 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cabuyao 2nd 43.30 248,436 5737.6 18 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Calamba 2nd 149.50 389,377 2604.5 54 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Calauan 3rd 65.40 74,890 1145.1 17 2nd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cavinti 4th 203.58 20,809 102.2 19 3rd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Famy 4th 53.06 15,021 283.1 20 5th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Kalayaan 4th 46.60 20,944 449.4 3 3rd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Liliw 3rd 39.10 33,851 865.8 33 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Los Baños 1 2nd 54.22 101,884 1879.1 14 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Luisiana 4th 73.31 20,148 274.8 23 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lumban 4th 96.08 29,470 306.7 16 3rd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mabitac 4th 80.76 18,618 230.5 15 5th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Magdalena 4th 34.88 22,976 658.7 24 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Majayjay 4th 69.58 26,547 381.5 40 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Nagcarlan 3rd 78.10 59,726 764.7 52 2nd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Paete 4th 39.47 23,523 596 9 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pagsanjan 4th 26.36 39,313 1491.4 16 2nd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pakil 4th 46.50 20,822 447.8 13 5th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pangil 4th 45.03 23,201 515.2 8 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pila 4th 31.20 46,534 1491.5 17 3rd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Rizal 3rd 27.90 15,518 556.2 11 5th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
San Pablo 3rd 197.60 248,890 1259.6 80 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
San Pedro 1st 24.05 294,310 12237.4 27 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Santa Cruz 4th 38.59 110,943 2874.9 26 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Santa Maria 4th 108.40 26,839 247.6 25 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Santa Rosa 1st 54.13 284,670 5259 18 1st Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Siniloan 4th 64.51 35,363 548.2 20 2nd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Victoria 3rd 22.35 34,604 1548.3 9 4th Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
 †  Capital municipality      Component city      Municipality

1 Los Baños was declared as the "Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines" through Presidential Proclamation No. 349.[12] This proclamation does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities.

Demographics

Population census of Laguna
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1903 148,606 —    
1918 195,546 +1.85%
1939 279,505 +1.72%
1948 321,247 +1.56%
1960 472,064 +3.26%
1970 699,736 +4.01%
1975 803,750 +2.82%
1980 973,104 +3.90%
1990 1,370,232 +3.48%
1995 1,631,082 +3.32%
2000 1,965,872 +4.08%
2007 2,473,530 +3.22%
2010 2,669,847 +2.82%
Sources: National Statistics Office[6]

Religion

Most of Laguna people are Roman Catholic followed by a large majority of the population at 70% (San Pablo (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy], 2010). Several Christian groups are also present such as Aglipayan Church with 20% of the population and the rest are Baptists, Iglesia Ni Cristo, Methodists, Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, Presbyterians, Seventh-day Adventist and other Mainline Protestants. Non Christians are usually Muslims.

Economy

Present-day Laguna shows a thriving economy. With a population of 2,669,847 (2010 Census),[7] and a total area of 1,760 km2 (680 sq mi) of land, Laguna produces millions of pesos worth of coconuts, rice, sugar, citrus fruits, lanzones and other products. Tourists flock to its beauty spots, especially Pagsanjan Falls, Calamba and Los Baños hot springs, Mount Makiling, Caliraya Lake and many others. Levels of development vary. The towns near Metro Manila have become industrialized whereas the inner towns continue to engage in agricultural production or pursue agri-based industries and cottage and small-scale industries.[10]

Natural resources

Laguna is located in the foothills of three mountains namely, Mount Makiling, Mount Banahaw, and the Sierra Madre Range.

There are about forty rivers in Laguna with a total area of almost 0.5 square kilometres.[citation needed] The Laguna de Bay has an approximate area of 3800 km² broken down into 2900 km² of land and 900 km² of lake proper with 220 km shoreline.[citation needed]

Laguna has an estimated 300 million US gallons (1,100,000 m³) of underground water. At least seven principal water basins in the province with a total of 5,773 km² drainage area and 1,316 km² level area provide an estimated 9.238 km³ total run-off annually.[2]

Agricultural activities

Laguna has 60,624 hectares of alienable and disposable agricultural land. About 41,253 ha or 23.44% of Laguna’s total land area is forest land.

Laguna de Bay, with a surface area of 900 km, is the province's main fishing ground producing 410,000 mt(?) of fish. Carp and tilapia fingerlings are also being grown in inland ponds and freshwater fish pens. The research institutions located in Los Baños are: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), ASEAN Center for Biodiversity (ACB) and the Southeast Asian Regional center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), among others.[2]

Infrastructure

Laguna is labeled as the Detroit of the Philippines because of the presence of major vehicle manufacturers in the city of Santa Rosa. It is also considered as the Silicon Valley of the Philippines because of the vast number of electronic and semi-conductor companies operating in the province. Laguna is also the Resort Capital of the Philippines for it houses more than 700 hot spring resorts in the areas of Calamba and Los Baños.[1][2]

Road network

The South Luzon Expressway (SLEx) passes through Laguna. A public-private partnership initiative of the national government include plans to build a circumferential road along Laguna de Bay shoreline, the Laguna de Bay Flood Control Dike Expressway (or C-6 Extension),[13] from San Pedro to Siniloan. Some of the proposed road networks is the Calamba-Los Baños Expressway[2][14] and the Cavite–Laguna Expressway that will connect the provinces of Cavite and Laguna.

Power

Three power generating plants are operating in the province.[2]

  • Botocan Hydro-electric Plant (25MW) - Majayjay
  • Caliraya Hydro-electric Plant (23.5 MW) - Kalayaan
  • Mak-Ban Geothermal Plant (20MW) - Bay

Meralco, the main electricity distributor of Metro Manila, has also the franchise for most of Laguna.[2]

Government

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Elected Officials:

  • Governor Ramil L. Hernandez (Nacionalista)
  • Vice-Governor: Katherine Agapay (UNA)

Board Members:

  • 1st District:
    • Dave Almarinez (NP)
    • Carlo Almoro (LP)
    • Gabnulang Alatiit (UNA)
  • 2nd District:
    • Neptali Bagnes (UNA)
    • Pursino Oruga (UNA)
    • Juan Unico (LP)
  • 4th District:
    • Joseph Kris Benjamin Aragao III (LP)
    • Rai-ann Agustine San Luis (Ind.)

House of Representatives

On May 21, 2014, the COMELEC En Banc unseats E.R. Ejercito in a unanimous decision for overspending of campaign funds for his running for the 2013 Laguna gubernatorial elections, Vice Governor Ramil Hernandez will take over the position of Ejercito.[15] And on May 27, 2014, Vice Governor Ramil Hernandez took oath and became the acting governor of the province, making Ejercito the first local official in the Philippines to be formally ousted in office due to overspending.

Tourism

Historical

Rizal Shrine
Rizal Shrine
Underground Cemetery
Underground Cemetery
Paete Church
A Spanish colonial church in Paete, Laguna, with the Sierra Madre mountain range at the background.
City/Municipality Name of Landmark Roads from Manila Description
Calamba Rizal Shrine South Luzón Tollway - Calamba Exit via National Road to J.P. Rizal Avenue The Rizal Shrine is located in Calamba and features the home of José Rizal.
Biñan Alberto House South Luzón Tollway - Batangas City Exits, via National Road Ancestral House of Teodora Alonzo's (Jose Rizal's mother) clan.
Pagsanjan Pagsanjan Municipal Hall Calamba Exit via National Road Served as the first site of public High School in Laguna
Los Baños Homma-Yamashita Shrine South Luzón Tollway - Calamba Exit via National Road to Los Baños
Cavinti Japanese Garden South Luzón Tollway - Calambâ Exit via National Road to Famy-Panty Road
Nagcarlán Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery South Luzón Tollway - Calamba Exit via National Road to San Pablo-Nagcarlan Road
Pagsanjan Pagsanjan Arch/ Puerta Real of Pagsanjan Calamba Exit via National Road
Mabitac The Battle of Mabitac Mural, Mabitac Ortigas Avenue heading to Manila East Road (Rizal)
Pila Pila Town Plaza and Ancestral Homes South Luzón Tollway- Calamba Exit via National Road to Pila
Pinagbayanan Crematorium South Luzón Tollway- Calamba Exit via National Road to Pila The Philippines' oldest crematorium.
Los Baños Baker Hall, UP Los Baños South Luzón Tollway - Calamba Exit via National Road to Los Baños
Santa Cruz Emilio Jacinto Shrine Burial Site, Villa Valenzuela and Santa Cruz Town Plaza South Luzón Tollway- Calamba Exit via National Road to Santa Cruz

Natural

City/Municipality Name of Landmark Roads from Manila Description
Cavinti Pagsanjan Falls SLEX - Calamba Exit via National Road The Magdapio Falls used to be called the Magdapio Falls but have become popularly known as the Pagsanjan Falls because the trip starts in Pagsanjan.
Calamba and Los Baños Mount Makiling Hot Springs
Los Baños Crocodile Lake
Luisiana Hulugan Falls
Nagcarlán Eight mountains It includes Mt. Atimla, Mt. Mabilog, Mt. Nagcarlán, Mt. Malauban, Mt. Lansay, Mt. Bayaquitos, Mt. Cristóbal and Mt. Banaháw.
San Pablo Seven Lakes of San Pablo It includes like Sampaloc Lake, Lake Bunot, Lake Calibato, Lake Pandin, Lake Yambo, Lake Palakpakin, and Lake Muhikap.
Botocan, Majayjay Dalitiwan River, Taytay Falls
Famy Natural Drinking Water, Mayatba & Spill Way Resort Natural Drinking Water in the middle of the town proper, near Famy Municipal Hall
Siniloan Buruwisan Falls
Cavinti Cavinti Underground River and Caves Complex A newly discovered tourist attractions that according to native Cavintinians is composed of more than a hundred Caves.

Man-made

Nuvali Calamba Republic Wakepark
Nuvali Calamba Republic Wakepark
St. Gregory Catholic Church
City/Municipality Name Road from Manila Remarks
Santa Rosa Enchanted Kingdom SLEX - Calamba Exit via National Road
Santa Rosa, Cabuyao, Calamba Nuvali Evoliving
Los Baños Boy Scouts of the Philippines Camp, University of the Philippines, Los Baños
Calamba Private and Public Resorts Calamba has 661 resorts making the city as the "Resort Capital of the Philippines".[citation needed]
Calamba The Plaza Calamba and Rizal Monument A park along the Calamba City Hall Complex
Calamba St. John the Baptist Church One of the oldest churches in Laguna. Jose Rizal has been baptized in this church by Fr. Pedro Casañas.
Los Baños Immaculate Conception Parish Church A centuries-old church at the town proper (Poblacion/Bayan)
Pila Pila Municipal Museum
Cabuyao St. Polycarp Church
Cavinti Transfiguration of Our Lord Parish Church The oldest Transfiguration of Our Lord Church in the Philippines, established in March 1606
Mamatid, Cabuyao Diocesan Shrine of San Vicente Ferrer SLEX - Cabuyao Exit via Mamatid Road
Majayjay St. Gregory the Great Parish Church Declared as a National Culture Treasure
Paeté St. James the Apostle Parish Church
Pakil San Pedro de Alcantara Church Also known as the Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Turumba
San Pedro Salvador Laurel Museum, Laurel Hills SLEX - Via Magsaysay Road
San Pedro San Pedro Apostol Parish Church SLEX - Via Magsaysay Road- Mabini St.
Landayan, San Pedro Diocesan Shrine of Santo Sepulchre National Road
Calamba Nuvali Republic Wakepark SLEX - Canlubang Exit via National Road Newest and Most Innovative Wakepark in the World. Located at Nuvali, Canlubang, Calamba City.
Mabitac Our Lady of Candelaria Church National Road Known as church above the hill
Pagsanjan Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe
Biñán Splash Island, San Isidro Labrador Church, Biñan City Plaza
San Pablo Saint Paul the First Hermit Cathedral
Santa Cruz Immaculate Concepcion Parish Church
Liliw St. John the Baptist Parish Church

Education

Universities

University of the Philippines Los Baños
The College of Development Communication building inside the University of the Philippines campus in Los Baños, Laguna
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao Main Building in Cabuyao City

Colleges

MCL Rizal Hall at Malayan Colleges Laguna

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2

Institutes

  • AMA
    • AMA Computer College - Biñan
    • AMA Computer College - Calamba
    • AMA University Santa Cruz
  • Calamba Institute
  • International Electronics and Technical Institute Inc. (I.E.T.I.)-San PedroMain Campus
  • MSC Institute of Technology
  • Rizal Institute – Canlubang
  • Southeast Asia Institute of Science, Arts and Technology
  • STI
    • STI Calamba
    • STI San Pablo
    • STI San Pedro
    • STI Santa Cruz
    • STI Santa Rosa
    • STI Southwoods

Arts and culture

Laguna is a major contributor to the development of arts in the Philippines. Paintings and sculptures from Paete, which is the Woodcarving Capital of the Philippines, won national and international awards. Famous artists include Manuel Baldemor, Fred Baldemor, Felix "Kid" Baldemor and Dominic Rubio.

Church Paintings in Paete
Church Mural
Church Mural
Church Mural

Notable people

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See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "Laguna, pangunahing lugar na puntahan, tirhan, at pangalakalan". Philippine Information Agency.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Province Profile". Provincial Government of Laguna.
  3. "28 JULY 1571: The Foundation date of the Province of Laguna". Academia.edu.
  4. Young historian finds Laguna birth date|Inquirer News
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  8. PGL now ISO 9001:2008 certified
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Caliraya Lake - History of Laguna
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 History - Laguna, Philippines
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  13. dpwh.gov.ph "Private-Public Partnership - Laguna de Bay Flood Control Dike Expressway (C-6 Extension)"
  14. dpwh.gov.ph "Private-Public Partnership - Calamba-Los Baños Expressway"
  15. Comelec unseats ER Ejercito for overspending

External links

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