List of American conservatives

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. American conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States characterized by respect for American traditions, republicanism, support for Judeo-Christian values,[1] moral absolutism,[2] free markets and free trade,[3][4] anti-communism,[4][5] individualism,[4] advocacy of American exceptionalism,[6] and a defense of Western culture from the threats, whether real or perceived, posed by socialism, authoritarianism, and moral relativism.[7] The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movement's history.[8][9]

The following list is made up of prominent American conservatives from the public and private sectors. The list also includes political parties, organizations and media outlets which have made a notable impact on conservatism in the United States. Entries on the list must have achieved notability after 1932, the beginning of the Fifth Party System. Before 1932, terminology was different. Positions that are called conservative after 1932, were typically called "liberal" (ie classical liberal) before then. Likewise European liberals, such as Friedrich Hayek, were called conservatives when they came to America, which puzzled Hayek.[10]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

People

Intellectuals, writers, and activists

William F. Buckley Jr., conservative writer
File:William Kristol (33193185016).jpg
Bill Kristol, conservative writer
File:Phyllis Schlafly by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg
Phyllis Schlafly speaking at CPAC 2011
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Garet Garrett 1878–1954 financial journalist [11]
Clarence Manion 1896–1979 direct-mailer [12]
Whittaker Chambers 1901–1961 author of Witness [13][14]
James Burnham 1905–1987 anti-communist defender of Senator Joseph McCarthy [15]
Frank Meyer 1909–1972 editor of the Books, Arts and Manners section of National Review [16]
Richard M. Weaver 1910–1963 author of Ideas Have Consequences [17][18]
George J. Stigler 1911–1991 economist [19]
Milton Friedman 1912–2006 economist [20]
Russell Kirk 1918–1994 author of The Conservative Mind [17][21]
William A. Rusher 1923–2011 publisher of National Review [22]
Phyllis Schlafly 1924–2016 activist [23]
William F. Buckley Jr. 1925–2008 author, television host, and founder of National Review [24][25]
L. Brent Bozell Jr. 1926–1997 speechwriter for Senator Joseph McCarthy [25]
Tim LaHaye 1926–2016 author and political activist [26]
Beverly LaHaye 1929- activist and founder of Concerned Women for America [27][28][29][30]
Thomas Sowell 1930– author, columnist, professor, and economist at the Hoover Institution [31]
James Q. Wilson 1931–2012 social scientist [32]
Richard Viguerie 1933– media pioneer [33][34]
Walter E. Williams 1938–2020 author, columnist, and economics professor [35][36][37]
Morton Blackwell 1939– president of the Leadership Institute [38]
Arthur Laffer 1940– economist [39]
George Will 1941– columnist for the Washington Post [40][41]
Edwin Feulner 1941– founder of the Heritage Foundation [42]
Paul Weyrich 1942–2008 president of the Heritage Foundation [43]
Joseph Sobran 1946–2010 writer for National Review [44]
Charles Krauthammer 1950–2018 public intellectual [45]
Peggy Noonan 1950– columnist for the Wall Street Journal [31]
Bruce Bartlett 1951– economist [46]
Irving Kristol 1920-2009 godfather of Neoconservatism
Bill Kristol 1952– editor of The Weekly Standard [38]
Mary Matalin 1953– Republican operative who worked in both Bush administrations [38]
L. Brent Bozell III 1955– founder of the Parents Television Council and Media Research Center [47]
Grover Norquist 1956– president of Americans for Tax Reform [38]
Dinesh D'Souza 1961– author and filmmaker. [48][49]
Charlie Kirk 1993– Founder and President of Turning Point USA, author and political commentator [50]

Politicians, office holders, and jurists

Donald Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)
File:Mike Pence (29270325142).jpg
Pence speaks at a campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona, August 2016.
Sarah Palin speaking at the CPAC
Vice President Dick Cheney (right) with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld (left) and President George W. Bush (center)
File:C26304-6.jpg
Senator Barry Goldwater (right) meeting with President Ronald Reagan (left) in the oval office in 1984
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg 1884–1951 Known for his opposition to the New Deal [51]
Senator Robert A. Taft 1889–1953 First chairman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee [52]
Senator John W. Bricker 1893–1986 Thomas E. Dewey's running mate in the 1944 presidential election [53]
Senator Everett Dirksen 1896–1969 Republican senator who helped get the Civil Rights Act passed [54]
Ambassador Clare Boothe Luce 1903–1987 Politician, writer, and ambassador [55]
Senator Joseph McCarthy 1908–1957 Known for his principal role in the Red Scare of the 1950s [56][57]
Senator Barry Goldwater 1909–1998 1964 Republican presidential nominee [17]
President Ronald Reagan 1911–2004 40th President of the United States [58][59]
Chief Justice William Rehnquist 1924–2005 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [60]
UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick 1926–2006 Ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan [61]
Attorney General Edwin Meese 1931– Attorney General during the Reagan Administration [62]
Congressman Jack Kemp 1935–2009 1996 Republican vice presidential nominee known for his support of supply-side economics and urban renewal [63]
Congressman David Dreier 1952– Chairman of the House Rules Committee, main proponent of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) [citation needed]
Congressman Larry McDonald 1935–1983 Served as president of the John Birch Society [64]
Congressman Ron Paul 1935– Presidential candidate (1988 Libertarian Party nominee, 2008 Republican candidate, 2012 Republican candidate) who promoted a libertarian agenda within the Republican Party [38]
Justice Antonin Scalia 1936–2016 Supreme Court justice known as a leading exponent of originalism and textualism [65]
White House Communications Director Pat Buchanan 1938– White House communications director under President Ronald Reagan, paleoconservative advisor to multiple presidents; prominent commentator and co-founder of The American Conservative; Republican presidential candidate in 1992 and 1996; Reform Party nominee for president in 2000 [66][67][68]
House Majority Leader Dick Armey 1940– One of the chief authors of the Contract with America [69]
Vice President Dick Cheney 1941– Known for his hawkish views on national security [70]
Senator Mitch McConnell 1942– Senate Minority Leader [71]
Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich 1943– Chief author of the Contract with America, 2012 Presidential candidate known for his criticism of the Clinton, G. W. Bush, and Obama administrations [70]
President Donald Trump 1946– 45th President of the United States [72][73][74][75][76][77][78]
President George W. Bush 1946– 43rd President of the United States [79][70]
Senator Mitt Romney 1947– Senator from Utah since 2019, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, 2008 Republican presidential candidate, Governor of Massachusetts (2003-2007), [70]
UN Ambassador John R. Bolton 1948– National Security Advisor, U.N. ambassador, and foreign policy hawk [80]
Justice Clarence Thomas 1948– Supreme Court Justice, most prominent African-American conservative jurist in American history [38]
Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove 1950– Political strategist to George W. Bush [81]
Senator Jim DeMint 1951– Tea Party-affiliated U.S. Senator, president of the Heritage Foundation [82]
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice 1954– Secretary of State during the George W. Bush administration [83]
Chief Justice John Roberts 1955– Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [70]
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann 1956– Sought the 2012 Republican nomination for president [84]
Vice President Mike Pence 1959– Vice President under Donald Trump, governor of Indiana, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana [85][70]
Senator Rand Paul 1963– U.S. Senator from Kentucky, libertarian-leaning conservative, 2016 GOP Presidential candidate and son of Ron Paul [86]
Governor Sarah Palin 1964– Governor of Alaska, 2008 Republican Vice Presidential nominee|
Senator Tim Scott 1965– Senator from South Carolina, only African-American Republican senator [87]
Senator Ted Cruz 1970– Tea Party-affiliated U.S. senator who finished second in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries [88][89]
Speaker of the House Paul Ryan 1970– Speaker of the House, 2012 Republican vice-presidential nominee [90][70]
Senator Marco Rubio 1971– U.S. Senator from Florida, 2016 GOP Presidential candidate [91][31][89]

Business and religious leaders involved in conservative politics

File:Billy Graham bw photo, April 11, 1966 (cropped).jpg
Billy Graham, evangelical minister
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Roger Milliken 1915–2010 businessman [92]
Joseph Coors 1917–2003 businessman [93]
Billy Graham 1918–2018 evangelist known for his support of capitalism [94]
Sun Myung Moon 1920–2012 founder of the Unification Church [95]
Richard DeVos 1926–2018 co-founder of Amway [96]
Rupert Murdoch 1931– CEO of News Corp and 21st Century Fox [97]
Richard Mellon Scaife 1932–2014 billionaire donor to conservative organizations [98]
Sheldon Adelson 1933–2021 billionaire donor to conservative political candidates [99]
Jerry Falwell 1933–2007 televangelist [100][101]
Charles G. Koch 1935– billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates [96][102]
Foster Friess 1940– billionaire donor to conservative organizations [103]
David H. Koch 1940–2019 billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates [96][102]
Richard Land 1946– former lobbyist for the Southern Baptist Convention [104]
Robert Mercer 1946– donor to conservative organizations such as Breitbart News [105]
Franklin Graham 1952– evangelist and political activist [106]
Tony Perkins 1963– chairman of the Family Research Council [31]
Peter Thiel 1967– venture capitalist and political activist [107]
Russell Moore 1971– president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention [108]

Media personalities: publishers, editors, radio hosts, columnists and bloggers

File:Michael Medved in 2016.jpg
Michael Medved, conservative radio show host
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Raymond Moley 1886–1975 columnist [109]
David Lawrence 1888–1973 author of Beyond the New Deal [110]
Clarence Manion 1896–1979 talk radio host [111]
Henry Luce 1898–1967 founder of Time [112]
Fulton Lewis 1903–1966 radio host [113]
Henry Regnery 1912–1996 activist [114]
Paul Harvey 1918–2009 radio commentator [115]
Bob Grant 1929–2013 talk show host [116]
William Safire 1929–2009 commentator for the New York Times [41][117]
Roger Ailes 1940–2017 president of Fox News [70]
Michael Savage 1942– talk radio host [38]
Herman Cain 1945–2020 radio host, syndicated columnist, and candidate in the 2012 Republican presidential primaries [118]
Lou Dobbs 1945– television newscaster [119]
Michael Medved 1948– talk radio host [120]
Dennis Prager 1948– talk radio host [121][122]
Bill O'Reilly 1949– Television and radio host [123][31]
Rush Limbaugh 1951–2021 talk radio host [70]
Larry Elder 1952– filmmaker [124]
Charlie Sykes 1954– talk-show host [125]
Hugh Hewitt 1956– talk radio host [121][126]

Sean Hannity

 1961– host of "Hannity" and "The Sean Hannity Show" [127]
Ann Coulter 1961– political commentator [128][129]
Laura Ingraham 1964– Fox News and talk radio commentator [40][130]
Elizabeth Cheney 1966– Fox News commentator, activist, Congresswoman, and daughter of former Vice President Dick Cheney [31]
Matt Drudge 1966– Creator, and editor of the Drudge Report [131][132]
Andrew Breitbart 1969–2012 blogger, author, journalist, and creator of Breitbart News [17][133]
Jonah Goldberg 1969– commentator [40]
Tucker Carlson 1969– talk show host [71][134]
Michelle Malkin 1970– newspaper columnist, author, and blogger [135]
Erick Erickson 1975– RedState.com blogger [136]
Dana Loesch 1978– talk show host [137]
Ben Shapiro 1984– Commentator and media host

Organizations

Think tanks

Hoover Tower at Stanford University, location of the Hoover Institution Library and Archives
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Acton Institute 1990– promotes "individual liberty ... sustained by religious principles" [138]
American Enterprise Institute 1938– promotes limited government [138]
Cato Institute 1974– promotes Right-libertarianism [138]
Claremont Institute 1979– promotes limited government [138]
Competitive Enterprise Institute 1984– promotes limited government [138]
Discovery Institute 1990– promotes teaching religious viewpoints in science classes [138]
The Heartland Institute 1984– promotes climate change denial [139][140]
The Heritage Foundation 1973– promotes "[c]onservative social values" [138]
Hoover Institution 1919– promotes "a free and peaceful society" [138]
Hudson Institute 1961– promotes conservatism [141]
Ludwig von Mises Institute 1982– promotes conservatism [139]
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research 1977– promotes privatization and limited government [139][142]
Mercatus Center 1980– promotes conservatism [139]
Reason Foundation 1978– promotes Right-libertarianism [139]

Foundations

Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Bradley Foundation financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [143][144]
John Templeton Foundation [143]
Koch family foundations gives millions of dollars to a variety of organizations [143][145]
Lovett and Ruth Peters Foundation [146]
Mercer Family Foundation gives millions of dollars to conservative organizations [147]
Olin Foundation defunct in 2005 financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [148][144]
Richard and Helen DeVos Foundation gives millions of dollars to conservative organizations [96]
Scaife Foundations financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [149][144]
Searle Freedom Trust financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [144][149]
Smith Richardson Foundation financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [143][144]

Political, social and economic organizations

File:Focus on the Family Administration Building (Colorado Springs).jpg
Headquarters of Focus on the Family
United States Chamber of Commerce building in Washington, D.C. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Alliance Defending Freedom 1994– Christian legal organization [150][151]
American Conservative Union 1964– organization "with the aim of coordinating and guiding American conservatism" [152]
American Family Association lobbying organization [153]
American Legislative Exchange Council organization that helps state legislators write bills [154][155]
Americans for Prosperity Tea Party movement organization [156]
Club for Growth political action committee [157]
Concerned Women for America 1979– conservative women's organization formed by Beverly LaHaye [158][159]
Council for National Policy 1981– elite organization that meets three times a year [160]
Faith and Freedom Coalition Republican fundraising organization [161]
Family Research Council 1983- conservative Christian organization [162]
Federalist Society legal organization [163]
Focus on the Family Christian organization [96]
Freedomworks grassroots organization [164]
Independent Women's Forum conservative women's organization [165]
John Birch Society far-right organization [166]
Judicial Watch educational foundation [167]
State Policy Network 1986– organization of state-based groups [168][169]
Turning Point USA 2012– Grassroots organization based on College, High School and Church Campuses [170][171]
US Chamber of Commerce pro-business lobbying organization [172]
Young Americans for Freedom 1960– organization formed by William F. Buckley Jr. [67]

Media

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Main article: Alternative media (U.S. political right)
Fox News Studios in 2009
File:2008 07 The Washington Times newsroom 02.jpg
The Washington Times newsroom
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
The American Conservative Paleoconservative magazine founded by Patrick J. Buchanan [173]
The American Spectator publication known for its investigations of Bill Clinton during his presidency [174]
Blaze Media news outlet from 2018 merger of Glenn Beck's TheBlaze and Mark Levin's CRTV [175]
Breitbart News website formerly headed by Steve Bannon [176][177][178][179][180]
Chronicles monthly magazine that promotes "Western civilization" [173]
CNSNews.com 1998– website founded by L. Brent Bozell III [181]
Commentary neoconservative monthly magazine edited by John Podhoretz [182]
The Daily Caller website founded by Tucker Carlson [183]
The Detroit News one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan [184]
Drudge Report website founded by Matt Drudge [185][131][186]
Fox News cable outlet [187]
Free Republic website that promotes "front-line conservative activism" [188][189]
FrontPage website edited by David Horowitz [190]
Human Events weekly news magazine [173]
National Review 1955– magazine founded by William F. Buckley [182]
New Hampshire Union Leader daily newspaper of Manchester, New Hampshire [191]
New York Post daily newspaper owned by News Corp [173]
Newsmax Media media firm headed by Christopher Ruddy [192]
One America News Network cable channel [193]
Reader's Digest 1922– magazine founded by George and Lila Acheson Wallace [194]
RedState website owned by Salem Media [195]
Regnery Publishing 1947– publishing house [196]
Sinclair Broadcast Group 1971– telecommunications company founded by Julian Sinclair Smith [197]
Townhall.com 1995– website that hosts conservative commentary [198]
The Bulwark 2018- founded by Charlie Sykes and Bill Kristol
The Wall Street Journal daily newspaper owned by Rupert Murdoch [173]
The Washington Free Beacon news website [199]
The Washington Times daily newspaper that covers politics [173]
The Weekly Standard 1995-2018 weekly magazine that covered politics [173]
WorldNetDaily news website [200][201]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  8. ↑ Merle Black, "The transformation of the southern Democratic Party." Journal of Politics 66.4 (2004): 1001–1017.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Hayek, "Why I am Not a Conservative" online
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Krugman, Paul. The Conscience of a Liberal. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print. p. 115
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  14. ↑ Tanenhaus, Sam. "Review: 'Exit Right: The People ....'" The Atlantic. March 2016. 13 July 2018.
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  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Wyler, Grace and Paul Szoldra. "13 Books That Every Conservative Must Read." Business Insider. 29 March 2013. 17 May 2017.
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  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  24. ↑ John B. Judis, William F. Buckley Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (1990).
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  26. ↑ Farmer, American Political Ideologies, p. 45.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Harnden, Tom. "The most influential US conservatives: 100-81." The Telegraph. 11 January 2010. 17 May 2017.
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  33. ↑ "Donald Trump -- Conservatives ...." National Review. 21 January 2016. 17 May 2017.
  34. ↑ "Richard A. Viguerie Biography." PBS. 29 October 2004. 13 July 2018.
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  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 Harnden, Toby. "The most influential US conservatives: 60-41." The Telegraph. 13 January 2010. 23 May 2017.
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  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Draper, Robert. "How Donald Trump Set Off a Civil War Within the Right-Wing Media." New York Times. 29 September 2016. 21 May 2017.
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  43. ↑ Conservative Leader Paul Weyrich Dies; First to Lead Heritage Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on December 05, 2017.
  44. ↑ Grimes, William. "Joseph Sobran, Writer Whom Buckley Mentored, Dies at 64." New York Times. 1 October 2010. 6 July 2020.
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  46. ↑ Krugman, 163
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  48. ↑ "President Trump granted a full pardon Thursday to conservative commentator Dinesh D’Souza and said he was strongly considering clemency for other celebrity felons." Rucker, Philip, et al. "Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D’Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency." Washington Post. 31 May 2018. 22 June 2018.
  49. ↑ "President Donald Trump said Thursday he plans to issue a pardon to Dinesh D'Souza, a prominent conservative commentator and filmmaker who was convicted of making an illegal campaign contribution." Breuninger, Kevin and Tucker Higgins. "Trump will pardon conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, who was convicted of campaign finance violation." CNBC. 31 May 2018. 16 October 2018.
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  52. ↑ "Senate Leaders." U.S. Senate. 12 July 2018.
  53. ↑ "John W. Bricker." Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 July 2018.
  54. ↑ Grossman, Ron. "Unlikely civil rights hero." Chicago Tribune. 28 June 2014. 12 July 2018.
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  56. ↑ Farmer, Brian R. American Political Ideologies: An Introduction to the Major Systems of Thought in the 21st Century. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2006. p. 90.
  57. ↑ "Joseph McCarthy." Biography. 17 May 2017.
  58. ↑ "Ronald Reagan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 July 2018.
  59. ↑ Medved, Michael. "Republicans of conscience: Michael Medved." USA Today. 19 October 2016. 17 May 2017.
  60. ↑ Lindsey, Robert. "Rehnquist in Arizona - A ...." New York Times. 4 August 1986. 19 May 2017.
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  66. ↑ Farmer, American Political Ideologies, p. 58
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Dallek, Matthew. "The Conservative 1960s." The Atlantic. December 1995. 21 May 2017.
  68. ↑ Podhoretz, Norman. "Buchanan and the Conservative Crackup." Commentary Magazine. 1 May 1992. 13 July 2018.
  69. ↑ "Dick Armey Calls It Quits." CBS News. 10 December 2001. 12 July 2018.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.7 70.8 Harnden, Tom. "The most influential US conservatives: 20-1." The Telegraph. 15 January 2010. 17 May 2017.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Graham, David A. "The COVID-19 Delta Variant ...." The Atlantic. 30 July 2021. 30 July 2021.
  72. ↑ Duignan, Brian, et al. "Donald Trump - Politics." Encyclopedia Britannica. 11 June 2020. 19 June 2020.
  73. ↑ Collinson, Stephen. "Donald Trump's Cabinet a boon for conservatives." CNN. 20 December 2016. 6 September 2018.
  74. ↑ Pete Kasperowicz, Mark Meadows: 'Donald Trump is a Conservative,' Washington Examiner (Mar. 17, 2017)
  75. ↑ OnTheIssues, "Donald Trump is a Libertarian-Leaning Conservative"
  76. ↑ Matthew Continetti, The Return of 'Street Corner Conservatism:' Donald Trump and the Political Philosophy of the Deplorables,' National Review (Dec. 24, 2016)
  77. ↑ Scott Wong, McCarthy: Trump is a Conservative, The Hill (Feb. 1, 2016)
  78. ↑ Chait, Jonathan. "Donald Trump Is the Most Pure Conservative President Ever." NYMag. 23 February 2018. 20 September 2018.
  79. ↑ Farmer, American Political Ideologies, p. 47
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  81. ↑ Krugman, 183
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  85. ↑ Mayer, Jane. "The Danger of President Pence." The New Yorker. 23 October 2017. 12 July 2018.
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  90. ↑ Berman, Russell. "Paul Ryan's Unrealized Conservative Vision." The Atlantic. 11 April 2018. 12 July 2018.
  91. ↑ Salam, Reihan. "Marco Rubio's Lonely Fight for ...." The Atlantic. 23 February 2018. 12 July 2018.
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ The Guardian, Mar. 19, 2003
  94. ↑ Kruse, Kevin M. "Billy Graham, ‘America’s pastor’?" Washington Post. 22 February 2018. 12 July 2018.
  95. ↑ Eng, Monica, et al. "Sushi and Rev. Moon." Chicago Tribune. 11 April 2006. 19 May 2017.
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.4 Bennett, Laurie. "The Ultra-Rich, Ultra-Conservative DeVos Family." Forbes. 26 December 2011. 19 May 2017.
  97. ↑ Folkenflik, David. "Rupert Murdoch and Donald Trump ...." NPR. 14 March 2017. 12 July 2018.
  98. ↑ Wang, Hansi Lo. "Richard Mellon Scaife, Champion Of Conservative Causes, Dies At 82." NPR. 4 July 2014. 12 July 2018.
  99. ↑ McGreal, Chris. "Where is Republican billionaire 'kingmaker' Sheldon Adelson?" The Guardian. 22 February 2016. 12 July 2018.
  100. ↑ Farmer, American Political Ideologies, p. 57
  101. ↑ Merritt, Jonathan. "The Rise of the Christian Left in America." The Atlantic. 25 July 2013. 21 May 2017.
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Peters, Jeremy W. "David Koch Steps Down From Business and Conservative Political Group." New York Times. 5 June 2018. 13 July 2018.
  103. ↑ Redden, Molly. "Rick Santorum's ...." The New Republic. 7 February 2012. 12 July 2018.
  104. ↑ "TIME Names the 25 Most Influential EVANGELICALS in America." Time. 30 January 2005. 17 May 2017.
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  106. ↑ Dias, Elizabeth. "The Evangelical Fight to Win Back California." New York Times. 27 May 2018. 12 July 2018.
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  111. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  123. ↑ Rutenberg, Jim. "Bill O’Reilly’s Ouster Will Test Loyalties of Fox Viewers." New York Times. 19 April 2017. 16 July 2018.
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  125. ↑ Chait, Jonathan. "A Defector From Conservatism With a Clear Vision of Trump’s Rise." NYMag. 19 October 2018.
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  127. ↑ Sheffield, Matthew. "Fox News Conservative Media ...." National Review. 4 August 2016. 21 May 2017.
  128. ↑ "Conservative commentator Ann Coulter said Wednesday that her planned speech at the University of California at Berkeley this week was canceled amid mounting concerns about potentially violent protests." Svrluga, Susan, et al. "Ann Coulter speech at UC Berkeley canceled, again, amid fears for safety." Washington Post. 26 April 2017. 22 June 2018.
  129. ↑ "New York Times bestselling author and conservative political commentator Ann Coulter's new book ..." "Ann Coulter: Conservative ...." ABC News. 7 June 2011. 22 June 2018.
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  134. ↑ Alter, Charlotte. "Tucker Carlson Became ...." Time. 15 July 2021. 22 July 2021.
  135. ↑ "The world's 50 most powerful blogs." The Guardian. 9 March 2008. 21 May 2017.
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  137. ↑ Johnson, Andrew. "Dana Loesch Shares Why She Became a Conservative on The View." National Review. 3 February 2018. 12 July 2018.
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 138.4 138.5 138.6 138.7 Goldberg, Bernard. "Arrogance: Rescuing America from the Media Elite." Google Books. 17 May 2017.
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 139.3 139.4 Chafuen, Alejandro. "The Most Influential Think Tanks In The United States: A New Social Media Ranking." Forbes. 16 December 2015. 21 May 2016.
  140. ↑ Stager, Curt. "Sowing Climate Doubt Among Schoolteachers." New York Times. 27 April 2017. 13 July 2018.
  141. ↑ Krugman, 165
  142. ↑ Redburn, Tom. "Conservative Thinkers Are Insiders; It's Now Their City Hall, and Manhattan Institute Is Uneasy." New York Times. 1993. 13 July 2018.
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  145. ↑ Levinthal, Dave. "Why the Koch Brothers are ...." The Atlantic. 30 October 2015. 13 July 2018.
  146. ↑ Horowitz, David and Jacob Laksin. "The New Leviathan: How the Left-Wing Money-Machine Shapes American Politics ...." Google Books. 12 July 2018.
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  151. ↑ "Alliance Defending Freedom." Southern Poverty Law Center. 13 July 2018.
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  153. ↑ "Finding Aid for the American Family Association Collection." The University of Mississippi Libraries. 1990–2005. 13 July 2018.
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  155. ↑ Scola, Nancy. "Exposing ALEC: How Conservative-Backed State Laws Are All Connected." The Atlantic. 14 April 2012. 13 July 2018.
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  158. ↑ "Concerned Women for America." Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 July 2018.
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  160. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick, "The 2004 Campaign: The Conservatives: Club of the Most Powerful Gathers in Strictest Privacy", New York Times, August 28, 2004
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  166. ↑ "[L]eaders of the Wisconsin-based ultra-conservative John Birch Society ... claim they are still very much alive ... [and] still active." Collar, Jim. "Political climate puts John Birch Society back in focus." USA Today. 16 September 2016. 21 May 2017.
  167. ↑ "Rating for Judicial Watch." Charity Navigator. 1 March 2018. 13 July 2018.
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  169. ↑ Edsall, Thomas B. "The Republican Party’s 50-State Solution." New York Times. 13 January 2016. 13 July 2018.
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  172. ↑ Hamby, Peter. "Company men: The U.S. Chamber flexes its new political muscle." CNN. 13 July 2018.
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 173.2 173.3 173.4 173.5 173.6 "Perspectives in Publications." City Colleges of Chicago. 17 May 2017.
  174. ↑ Krugman, 119
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  176. ↑ "Breitbart News was always conservative." Borchers, Callum. "When Mitt Romney and Breitbart News were friends." Washington Post. 6 December 2017. 22 June 2018.
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  178. ↑ "Breitbart News was already contending with an exodus of advertisers. Now the public face of the conservative outlet is gone." Smith, Gerry. "Breitbart Rift With Bannon Gives Conservative Rivals an Opening." Bloomberg.com. 10 January 2018. 22 June 2018.
  179. ↑ "President Donald Trump's growing feud with Steve Bannon is threatening the former White House strategist's leadership of the conservative Breitbart News website." Bykowicz, Julie, et al. "Breitbart Owners Debate Ousting Bannon Amid Trump Feud." The Wall Street Journal. 4 January 2018. 25 June 2018.
  180. ↑ "Former White House political strategist Steve Bannon has stepped down from Breitbart News Network, a conservative website for which he had served as executive chairman." Gonzales, Richard. "Steve Bannon Out At Breitbart News." NPR. 9 January 2018. 25 June 2018.
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  184. ↑ https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2020/10/29/conservative-detroit-news-cant-get-behind-trumps-re-election
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  187. ↑ Flock, Elizabeth. "Sun Myung Moon's Death Leaves Conservative Newspaper at a Crossroads." U.S. News & World Report. 4 September 2012. 19 May 2017.
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  191. ↑ https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/politics/2020/10/26/conservative-nh-newspaper-endorses-biden
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  195. ↑ Stelter, Brian. "'Mass firing' at conservative site RedState." CNN. 27 April 2018. 13 July 2018.
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