St Patrick's College, Maynooth

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Saint Patrick's College, Maynooth
Coláiste Phádraig, Má Nuad
View of St Joseph's Square
Saint Patrick's College
Latin: Collegium Sti Patricii Apud Maynooth
Other name
Maynooth College
Former names
Royal College of Saint Patrick Maynooth
Type Roman Catholic, Private
Established 1795
President Hugh Connolly
Vice-president Michael Mullaney
Dean Padraig Corkery
Undergraduates 250
Postgraduates 80
Other students
120
Location ,
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Registrar Michael Mullaney
Affiliations NUIM (1997–present),
NUI (1910-1997),
Royal University of Ireland(1882–1909)
Catholic University of Ireland(1876-1882),
IFCU,[1]
Maryvale Institute,
Scotus College
Website http://www.maynoothcollege.ie/
File:Maynooth College Logo.png

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St Patrick's College, Maynooth (Irish: Coláiste Naoimh Phádraig, Maigh Nuad), is the "National Seminary for Ireland" (a Roman Catholic college), and a Pontifical University, located in the village of Maynooth, 24 km from Dublin, Ireland. In 2015-16 there were approximately 80 men studying for the priesthood at Maynooth, 60 resident seminarians and approximately 20 non residents. The college and seminary are often referred to as Maynooth College. The college was officially established as the Royal College of St Patrick by an Act of Grattan's Parliament in 1795. Thomas Pelham, the Secretary of State, introduced his Bill for the foundation of a Catholic college, and this was enacted by Parliament.

Degrees are awarded by the Pontifical University at Maynooth, which was established by a Pontifical Charter of 1896. The Pontifical Charter entitles the university to grant degrees in canon law, philosophy and theology.

The college is associated with the separate Maynooth University.

History

The town of Maynooth, County Kildare, was the seat of the Fitzgeralds, Earls of Kildare. The ivy-covered tower attached to St Mary's Protestant Church is all that remains of the ancient college of St Mary of Maynooth which was founded and endowed by Gerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 1518, the 9th Earl presented a petition to the then Archbishop of Dublin (William Rokeby), for a license to found and endow a college at Maynooth: the College of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[2]

The present college was created in the 1790s against the background of the upheaval during the French Revolution and the gradual removal of the penal laws. Until this time a significant number of Irish Catholic priests were educated on the European continent, particularly in France.

The college was established on 5 June 1795 (35 Geo III, cap. 21) as The Royal College of St Patrick, by act of the Parliament of Ireland, to provide "for the better education of persons professing the popish or Roman Catholic religion". The College in Maynooth was originally established to provide a university education for Catholic lay and ecclesiastical students,[3] the lay college was based in Riverstown House on the south campus from 1802. With the opening of Clongowes Wood in 1814, the lay college (which had lay trustees)[4] was closed[5] and the college functioned solely as a Catholic seminary for almost 150 years.

Ireland's oldest tree, the Silken Thomas Yew, is 700–800 years old.

The college was particularly intended to provide for the education of Catholic priests in Ireland, who until this Act had to go to the continent for training. The added value in this was the reduction of the number of priests returning from training in revolutionary France (with whom Britain was at war) thus hindering potential revolution. The value to the government was proved by the condemnation by the Catholic Church hierarchy of the 1798 rebellion and later support for the Act of Union.

In 1800, John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne, died and left a substantial fortune to the College. Butler had been a Roman Catholic, and Bishop of Cork, who had embraced Protestantism in order to marry and guarantee the succession to his hereditary title. However, there were no children to his marriage and it was alleged that he had been reconciled to the Catholic Church at his death. Were this the case, a Penal Law demanded that the will was invalid and his wealth would pass to his family. Much litigation followed before a negotiated settlement in 1808 that led to the establishment of a Dunboyne scholarship fund.[6]

The land was donated by William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster, who had argued in favour of Catholic Emancipation in the Irish House of Lords. He lived nearby at Carton and also at Leinster House. The building work was paid for by the British Government; parliament continued to give it an annual grant until the Irish Church Act 1869. When this law was passed the College received a capital sum of £369,000. The trustees invested 75% of this in mortgages to Irish landowners at a yield of 4.25% or 4.75% per annum. This would have been considered a secure investment at that time but agitation for land reform and the depression of the 1870s eroded this security. The largest single mortgage was granted to the Earl of Granard. Accumulated losses on these transactions reached £35,000 by 1906.[7]

The first building to go up on this site was designed by, and named after, John Stoyte; Stoyte House, which can still be seen from the entrance to the old campus, is a well-known building to Maynooth students and stands very close to the very historic Maynooth Castle. Over the next 15 years, the site at Maynooth underwent rapid construction so as to cater for the influx of new students, and the buildings which now border St Joseph's Square (to the rear of Stoyte House) were completed by 1824.

The Rev. Laurence F. Renehan (1797–1857, a noted antiquarian, church historian, and cleric, served as president of St Patrick's from 1845 until 1857. Under Renehan, many of the college's most important buildings were constructed by Augustus Pugin.[8]

Maynooth Grant

Following the controversy regarding the Maynooth Grant, the College received a higher annual grant from the British Government, as well as a sum for repairs. In 1845, the British government under Robert Peel increased the annual grant to Maynooth College from £9,000 to £26,000, and provided a capital grant of £30,000 for building extensions again. However this was controversial as Roman Catholics saw it as a bribe, while most Protestants were not in favour of the government funding Roman Catholic education.[9][10] For example, the Anti-Maynooth Conference was hosted in London in May 1845 by Conservatives, evangelical Anglicans and the Protestant Association to campaign against the Maynooth Grant.[11]

Oath of Allegiance

As part of the Act on which Maynooth College was founded, students and trustees of the college were expected to take an Oath of Allegiance to the Crown,.[12] Some clerical students did not attend since they objected pledging allegiance to the head of the Anglican church.

The Famine

Maynooth College seemed to fare quite well during famine times with only one death reported. The good agricultural land and revenue acquired helped the college, and as a result many ordinary people resented their apparent prosperity whilst most of the country was devastated by potato blight and starvation.[citation needed]

Michael O'Hickey

Irish language activist and scholar Michael O'Hickey(1860–1916) was dismissed in 1909 from his position as Professor of Irish for his conduct in the controversy over Irish as a matriculation subject for the new National University of Ireland.[13] He was supported by such Maynooth figures as the college president, Daniel Mannix, and the Professor of Theology, Walter McDonald (1854–1920).

In An Linn Bhuí, the Irish language journal of Co Waterford, O'Hickey's home county, Mícheál Briody, lecturer at the Languages Centre, Helsinki University, Finland, says that O'Hickey was a prominent member of the Gaelic League and fiercely in favour of compulsory Irish for the new University of Ireland, whereas Mannix, who was then President of St Patrick's College, Maynooth, together with most of the Catholic bishops, was opposed. This was the cause of O'Hickey's sacking. Briody says that the senate of the new university, one year after O'Hickey's sacking, agreed to Irish being compulsory for matriculation and not long after that Mannix was posted as the Archbishop of Melbourne in Australia against his own will. Mannix, however, later became a strong supporter of Irish republicanism and something of a thorn in the side of the authorities both ecclesiastical and civil, in Australia as well as Britain.[14]

Expansion

In 1876 the college became a constituent college of the Catholic University of Ireland, and later offered Royal University of Ireland degrees in arts and science. Even after the granting of the Pontifical Charter in 1896 the college became a recognised college of the National University of Ireland in 1910, and from this time its arts and science degrees were awarded by the National University of Ireland. However, during this time the Pontifical University of Maynooth continued to confer its degrees, as theology degrees were prohibited in the Royal University of Ireland, and its successor the National University of Ireland until 1997.

In 1966 after a gap of nearly 150 years lay students entered the college again, these being the members of lay religious institutes, and in 1968 all laity where accepted; by 1977 they outnumbered religious students. Finally in 1997 the Universities Act, 1997 was passed by the Oireachtas. Chapter IX of the Act provided for the creation of the separate National University of Ireland, Maynooth. This new university was created from the college's faculties of Arts, Celtic Studies and Philosophy, and Science.

In 1994, W. J. Smyth was appointed to the position of Master of St Patrick's College Maynooth (NUI). In 1997 this position was converted into President of NUIM. After his 10-year term ended in 2004, he was replaced by John Hughes as president of the National University of Ireland, Maynooth.

Timeline

  • 1518 – Garret Óg Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, founded the College of St Mary, in Maynooth
  • 1535 – College of St. Mary confiscated as part of Henry VIII's religious policies
  • 1795 – The Royal College of St Patrick established on 5 June 1795 (35 Geo III, cap. 21)
  • 1798 – United Irishmen Rebellion, out of 69 students, 18 were expelled for taking the Oath to the United Irishmen
  • 1800 – Act of Union 1800 results in the transfer of Maynooth grant from Dublin to London
  • 1800 – John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne died
  • 1801 – First lay college suppressed
  • 1802 – Second lay college opens in Riverstown Lodge
  • 1808 – Dunboyne Establishment case settled between the Maynooth Trustees and Butler family
  • 1817 – Second lay college closed
  • 1833 – Logic and Rhetoric house built (housing the Junior College)
  • 1845 – Maynooth grant increased
  • 1847 – The Great Famine
  • 1849 – Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited. They stayed in Carton House.
  • 1862 – Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown no longer compulsory for students and staff
  • 1869-71 – Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland by the British parliament (promoted by Gladstone), Maynooth was disendowed, and the lay trustees left the board.[15]
  • 1875 – Second National Synod held in Maynooth
  • 1876 – Maynooth became a constituent college of the Catholic University of Ireland
  • 1880 – Royal University of Ireland founded
  • 1891 – College Chapel built by J. J. McCarthy opened
  • 1895 – Centenary Celebrations
  • 1896 – Maynooth granted Pontifical University status by Papal Charter from Pope Leo XIII
  • 1903 – King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra visited the college on 24 July 1903
  • 1908 – National University of Ireland founded
  • 1909 – Royal University of Ireland dissolved
  • 1910 – St. Patrick's College. Maynooth officially became a recognised college of the National University of Ireland
  • 1911 – Coronation Visit of King George V to the Royal College of St Patrick, Maynooth[16]
  • 1918 - Maynooth Mission to China founded
  • 1927 – Synod Held in Maynooth
  • 1937 – Department of Sociology founded[17]
  • 1951 – Salamanca Archive of the Irish Colleges in Spain deposited in Maynooth[18]
  • 1966 – Lay students in religious orders admitted
  • 1968 – All lay students admitted
  • 1970 – Department of Biology founded as part of the Faculty of Science
  • 1976 – Higher Education Central Applications Office (CAO) founded
  • 1979 – Visit of Pope John Paul II
  • 1984 – Opening of John Paul II Library
  • 1987 – Department of Computer Science founded as part of the Faculty of Science
  • 1995 – Bi-Centenary Celebrations
  • 1996 - National Centre for Liturgy moves to Maynooth from Carlow College.[19]
  • 1996 – Third level fees abolished by the Irish Government
  • 1997 – National University of Ireland, Maynooth founded from the faculties of Science, Arts and Celtic studies, with the faculties of Philosophy, Canon Law and Theology remaining as St. Patrick's College, degrees awarded by the Pontifical University.
  • 2001 – Clonliffe College closed as a seminary with students transferred to Maynooth
  • 2002 – St. Patrick's College, Thurles closed as a seminary with students transferred to Maynooth
  • 2011 – Alignment of all Pontifical University of Maynooth academic awards with the National Framework of Qualifications by the NQAI.[20]
  • 2012 – Opening of the extension to the John Paul II Library in Maynooth
  • 2013 – Diploma in Catholic Education commences in association with University of Notre Dame and NUIM.[21]

Student activities

Students of Maynooth have participated in a variety of inter-varsity competitions. In 1972 Maynooth entered the Gaelic Football Sigerson Cup for the first time and won it in 1976. They also participate in the Hurling competition, the Fitzgibbon Cup and won it in 1974 and 1974.[clarification needed] The Soccer team competes in the Collingwood Cup. The College won the inaugural Irish higher education quiz show on RTÉ, Challenging Times (based on University Challenge), winning again in 1992 and as NUIM in 1999.

Maynooth Students' Union represents students of St Patrick's College, Maynooth and NUI Maynooth.

Maynooth Alumni Association provides graduates of the St. Patrick's College, Maynooth and NUI Maynooth, with a channel to keep in touch with their alma mater as well as with friends and classmates from their time in Maynooth[22] it is based in Riverstown Lodge on the south campus.

Emblem

St. Patrick's Flag is used as the emblem of the college, and the flag has flown above Stoyte House, a new logo was used for the buildup and since the bicentennial of the college based on the Gothic buildings.

Governance

From its foundation 1795 Maynooth had been governed by a board of Clerical (the catholic bishops of Ireland) and lay trustees appointed by the government. The lay trustees were prominent Catholic Lords, such as the Earl of Fingall Arthur James Plunkett and the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. One of the side effects of the act to disestablish the Church of Ireland, was that Maynooth's governance and funding changed, leaving only the Bishops on the board of trustees.(Vic., C.25)

Buildings

The historic buildings of Maynooth.

  • Stoyte House – dating from 1780, originally the home of the steward of the Leinster estate.[23]
  • St. Joseph's Square – the square is laid out as a formal garden. The eastern side of the square contains Callan Hall, Physics Hall and Music Hall.
  • Dunboyne House – North wing of St. Joseph's Square.
  • Humanity House – South wing of St. Joseph's Square.
  • New House – completed in 1809 (rebuilt after burning down during the 1940s)
  • St. Mary's Square
  • St. Mary's
  • St. Patrick's
  • Russell Library – designed by Augustus Welby Pugin and completed in 1861.
  • Pugin Hall
  • Aula Maxima – opened in 1893, was the gift to his Alma Mater of the Right Rev. Mgr. James McMahon of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.
  • Riverstown House – used by the lay college from 1801-1817. Now Alumni office for both St. Patrick's College, and NUIM.
  • Logic House – Mathematics Department (NUIM) and Mathematical Physics Department (NUIM).
  • Rhetoric House – History,Geography and Economic Departments.
  • Loftus Halls (usually where examinations take place)
  • Columba Centre – offices of the Irish Bishops' Conference, Accord and CURA.
  • Staff Dining Hall
  • Museum – the museum houses many beautiful ecclesiastical and scientific artifacts.
  • John Paul II Library – was opened in 1983, extension opened 2012
  • St Mary's (Church of Ireland) – was the chapel for the Fitzgeralds, later incorporated into the outer wall of the College.[24]

Library

Prior to the establishment of the college, students had to travel to the continent to one of the many Irish colleges based principally in France, Spain, and the Low Countries. The continental background of early members of staff, some of whom were native French refugees from the revolution, is reflected in the Library's holdings. A large proportion of the 22,000 pre-1850 books were published abroad.[25] Several professors and eminent churchmen were great collectors, and their collections ultimately came to the Library. At the beginning, the Library was small and there were no text books for the students. Many professors decided to go into print and to write their own, having their students subscribe in advance. Printing by subscription was a common practice and the subscription lists still show the names of students and staff from this early period in the college's history.[25]

When the annual grant received by the college was increased threefold in 1845, the president at the time, Laurence Renehan, started much needed renovations.[25] Augustus Welby Pugin was brought in to design new buildings, which included a library with high gothic windows and an open timbered roof, completed in 1861. The tall wooden stacks and long center tables hardly changed for over a century, and daylight was considered sufficient to work by until 1970, when electric lighting was finally introduced.[25] It now houses the pre-1850 books and manuscripts and is known as the Russell Library. It is home to a fine collection of Gaelic manuscripts, as well as non-Gaelic manuscripts that are largely the literary contributions of staff and students. When the last Irish college in Spain (Salamanca) closed in 1951, the archives were transferred to Maynooth. These included documents from other Irish colleges (Alcalá, Santiago, and Seville) and administrative records dating back to the end of the sixteenth century.[25] The Russell Library housed two thirds of the book stock and most readers until 1984.

Prior to October 1984, the Library of Maynooth College occupied eight locations. Two of these had been principal locations: the Main Library, located in the building complex built by Pugin for the Seminary in the mid-nineteenth century, and the New Arts Library in the new campus, created in the middle of the twentieth century.[25] A shortage of space in the Library and the lack of modern facilities led the college and its then President Monsignor Olden to build a new library from donations in Ireland and abroad, mainly the United States.[25] The foundation stone of the new building was blessed by Pope John Paul II during his visit to Ireland in 1979 and in 1983 the John Paul II Library opened its doors. The former eight locations were reduced to three: the old "Main Library" became, in 1984, the Russell Library for old and rare books and manuscripts, the new John Paul II Library became the main working academic library, and there is a separate Chemistry Store for a surfeit of chemistry periodicals.[25] In November 2010, the construction of an extension to the existing library was begun,[26] which opened in 2012.

National Science Museum and Museum of Ecclesiology

The museum in Maynooth College established in 1934 contains many items from the college's history, including ecclesiastical artifacts and scientific apparatus such as that of the physicist Nicholas Callan.[27] Nicholas Callan figure in the study of electromagnetism, inventing the induction coil and Maynooth Battery. Callan is buried in the college grounds. Apparatus associated with telegraphy, notably items used by Marconi are also stored in the Museum.

Presidents of Maynooth College


In its early years, Maynooth was involved in many controversies with the Government, initially over the education of Catholics, then over funding and the influence or otherwise perceived to accrue to being beholden to the English government. Since Irish Independence, the converse would be somewhat through as to the influence of Maynooth and its trained clergy in the Irish Society, Maynooth would have been seen as being the venue of power of the clergy since the bishops held their conferences there. The foundation of the NUI also excluded members of Maynooth from its governing body, as to limit the control of the Clergy over education.

Current status

Any student of the college, prior to the passing of the Universities Act, 1997, upon whom a degree of the National University of Ireland was conferred is now legally considered to be a graduate of the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. The college continues to share its campus with National University of Ireland, but Maynooth remains a separate legal entity with training in canon law, philosophy and theology and awards the degrees of the Pontifical University and is associated with several other colleges. Pontifical University BA undergraduate students can take their degree in Theology along with an Arts subject from the National University. BA in Theology and BA in Theology with Arts is available on the CAO system.

Students of graduate from the NUIM in philosophy can on submittal of a subsequent different thesis can be conferred with a B.Phil by the Pontifical University.[29]

From October 2011 all academic awards from the Pontifical University of Maynooth are aligned to the Irish National Framework of Qualifications by the NQAI.[20]

As part of the Erasmus university exchange programme, Saint Patrick's College, Maynooth has bilateral agreements with Faculties of Theology in Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland,[30] France, Germany, Malta, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain (Salamanca) and Switzerland (Freiburg).

In 2014–2015 the College had 69 resident seminarians and a significant number of non-resident seminarians travelling in by day for lectures. There are approximately 80 post-graduate students of theology and 250 undergraduate philosophy and theology students who are registered as full-time students of the college. Up to 120 further students are registered on courses validated by the college including permanent diaconate programmes and partnership programmes with the National Liturgy Institute,[31] Dominican Biblical Institute Limerick, St. Patrick's College, Thurles, ACCORD, Kairos and others. A further 5 Irish seminarians currently study in St. Malachy's Seminary in Belfast (the only other Catholic seminary in Ireland) and maintain close links with their counterparts in Maynooth.

St. Patrick's College, Maynooth accredits a number of certificate courses at the NUIM Kilkenny Campus at St. Kieran's College, 2011 saw the commencement of a Certificate in Theological Studies[32] in association with the Catholic Diocese of Ossory.[33] Since 2010 at the Kilkenny campus a Certificate in Christian Studies[34] for lay Anglicans, in association with the Church of Ireland Diocese of Cashel and Ossory has also been accredited.[35]

2013 sees the start of a Diploma in Catholic Education in association with NUIM Dept. of Education and the University of Notre Dame,[21] 2014 seen the Diploma being delivered in St. Kieran's College, Kilkenny.[36]

Annual events

The graduation ceremony for the conferral of Pontifical University degrees normally takes place on the first Saturday after the October Reading Week each year in the college chapel.

One of the major events in the college calendar is the annual Christmas carol service in the college chapel. Started in 1969 this is a now a joint event between the two universities and seminary.[37]

Every year open days are held in conjunction with NUI Maynooth, when students can view the facilities of the common campus, student services and see what courses are available at both institutions.

Publications

  • Maynooth Theological Journal: Biannual Journal of Theological Studies.
  • The Furrow: founded in 1950, is a monthly journal for the contemporary Church.[38]
  • The Bridge: Biannual magazine for Maynooth and NUIM alumni.
  • Kalendarium: Is the annual publication of Maynooth College for the Seminary and Pontifical University.
  • Archivium Hibernicum: founded in 1911 is an annual historical journal published by St.Patrick's College, and the Dept. of Modern History, National University of Ireland Maynooth.[39]
  • Irish Theological Quarterly: Quarterly journal of theology, and scripture.[40]

See also

References

  1. Ireland International Federation of Catholic Universities
  2. St. Mary's Church Parish History
  3. Maynooth College History www.maynoothcollege.ie official website
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  5. Lay Catholics Educated at Maynooth College Hansard (1908)
  6. O'Connor, T. (2004) "Butler, John, styled twelfth Baron Dunboyne (1731–1800)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 9 Aug 2007 (subscription required)
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  8. St. Mary's Oratory, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth History (RHA)
  9. Anti-Catholicism in Mid-Victorian Britain – Theory and Discipline; by Frank Wallis
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  11. Proceedings of the Anti-Maynooth conference of 1845 By Rev. A.S. Thelwall M.A., London(1845)
  12. Maynooth College New Advent.
  13. Drums under the Windows by Sean O'Casey, the third volume of O'Casey's memoirs, The Macmillan Company (New York 1950)
  14. An Linn Bhuí, Uimhir 13, 2009, Leabhar Na Linne, An Rinn, Co Waterford, Ireland – Micheál Briody "Briseadh an tAthar Ó hIceadha, Samhradh 1909"
  15. "Maynooth College" from the Catholic Encyclopedia
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  17. President Michael D. Higgins Celebrates 75th Anniversary of NUI Maynooth Department of Sociology Press Release, NUIM website.
  18. New Catalogue of Salamanca Papers, Maynooth College Archivium Hibernicum
  19. National Centre of Liturgy - Who we are www.liturgy-ireland.ie
  20. 20.0 20.1 Final report on alignment of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth awards made in Ireland to the National Framework of Qualifications www.nqai.ie, September 2011.
  21. 21.0 21.1 Diploma in Catholic Education Joint Managerial Body
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  23. Carton House, Maynooth Historic Houses website
  24. St Mary's Church of Ireland, Maynooth, Kildare – Irish Architecture
  25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 Kabdebo, Thomas, and Penelope Woods. (1989). Maynooth College Library. North Irish Roots, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 86-88, North of Ireland Family History Society (NIFHS).
  26. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. Maynooth College Museum Nicholas Callan
  28. Bishop Robert Browne The Friends of St. Colman's Cathedral online.
  29. Baccalaureate in Philosophy, The Pontifical University, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth Dept. of Philosophy, NUIM.
  30. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. Courses - National Centre for Liturgy
  32. SPCM Certificate in Theological Studies NUIM Kilkenny Campus
  33. Cardinal Brady's address at graduation in St Patrick's College, Maynooth Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference, 19 November 2011.
  34. Education – Diocese of Cashel and Ossory
  35. SPCM Certificate in Christian Studies NUIM Kilkenny Campus.
  36. Diploma in Catholic Education – St Kieran's College in joint initiative with Notre Dame and Maynooth St, Kierans College Website, 24 May 2014.
  37. Christmas Carol Service Maynooth College, 14 December 2011
  38. The Furrow official website of the magazine.
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Further reading

  • Healy, John (1895) Maynooth College; its centenary history. xxiv, 774 p. Dublin: Browne & Nolan

External links