Neum

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For other uses, see Neum (disambiguation).
Neum
Неум
Town and municipality
Neum
Neum
Flag of Neum
Flag		 Official seal of Neum
Seal
Location of Neum municipality within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Location of Neum municipality within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Country  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canton  Herzegovina-Neretva
Geographical region Herzegovina
Government
 • Municipal mayor Dragan Jurković (HDZ BiH)
Area
 • Total 246.03 km2 (94.99 sq mi)
Population (2013 census)
 • Total 4,653
 • Density 22/km2 (60/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Area code(s) +387 36
Website www.neum.ba

Neum (Cyrillic: Неум, pronounced [něum]) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the only town to be situated along the Bosnia and Herzegovina's coastline, making it the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea. As of 2013, Neum municipality has a population of 4,653 inhabitants, while the town of Neum has a population of 3,013 inhabitants.

Geography

Neum[1] is the only town to be situated along the Bosnia and Herzegovina's around 25 km (16 mi)[2][3] or 29.61 km (18 mi)[4] of coastline, making it the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea.[5]

Neum is 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Dubrovnik (80 km (50 mi) from Dubrovnik Airport), 70 km (43 mi) from Mostar and Medjugorje and 30 km (19 mi) from Ploče and Metković, both of which have railway stations.[2]

The Bosnia and Herzegovina coastal strip of Neum cuts off the southernmost Croatian exclave from the rest of Croatia. This is a result of the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699. Since 1991 and the breakup of Yugoslavia, the borders between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Neum region have been international borders.[2]

  • R0000460 Neum.jpg

    Neum

  • AdriaticWar.jpg

    12km-long promenade along Neum's shoreline

  • Waterpolo court in

  • Zenička beach in Neum

  • Neum-Bosnia.Herzegovina.jpg

    Residential Neum

  • Dalmatia Neum city IMG 9859.JPG

    Aerial view of Neum

  • Lighthouse in Neum.jpg

    Neum Lighthouse

Subdivision

The municipality includes the town of Neum (municipal seat) and several villages:[6]

Babin Do, Borut, Brestica, Broćanac, Brštanica, Cerovica, Cerovo, Crnoglav, Dobri Do, Dobrovo, Donji Drijen, Donji Zelenikovac, Dubravica, Duži, Glumina, Gornje Hrasno, Gradac, Hotanj Hutovski, Hutovo, Kiševo, Moševići, Prapratnica, Previš, Rabrani, Vinine and Žukovica.

Border crossings

Neum has two border crossing checkpoints with Croatia on the European route E65 or Adriatic Highway which connects the two parts of Croatia's Dalmatian coast. Neum 1 is located to the northwest of the city, with the Klek border checkpoint on the Croatian side. Neum 2 is located to the southeast, with the Croatian border checkpoint at Zaton Doli.

History

The Neum corridor dates back to the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, whereby the Republic of Ragusa was separated from the Dalmatian possessions of its rival Venice by two buffer zones ceded by Ragusa to the Ottoman Empire to prevent the possibility of Venice invading via land:[7][8] north of its territory is Neum and the bay of Klek, and south of its territory is Sutorina with the port of Herceg Novi on the Bay of Kotor, now part of Montenegro since 1947 (later the topic of the now-resolved Sutorina dispute).

The Karlowitz borders were reaffirmed in 1718 by the Treaty of Passarowitz, but then the Ottomans, tired of negotiating in vain with Venice for a widening of their maritime access, simply usurped the territory of Gornji Klek and most of Klek from Ragusa, which it had bought from King Dabiša of Bosnia at the end of the 14th century. After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797, and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Austrian Empire, which had annexed both the Dalmatian possessions of Venice and the territory of Ragusa, tried to buy back the Neum and Sutorina enclaves from the Ottomans, but in vain. Instead, it stationed a warship to block access to the port of Neum until the Treaty of Berlin, which gave the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary in 1878. Neum had been under Ottoman control for 179 years.

200px
Huszár-class destroyer of Austro-Hungarian Navy (Neum 1916)
200px
Torpedo boat guarding steamers in 1916

Consideration was given to a plan to build a new advanced naval base at Neum-Klek by the Austro-Hungarian Navy. General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf considered fortifying Neum with coastal batteries and torpedo craft to supplement seafront defenses (in order to prevent Italian raids, or worse a large scale Italian landing). The project never got past the planning stage prior to the outbreak of World War I in 1914.[9]

In 1918, as a consequence of Austro-Hungarian defeat, Neum joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes which would start being called "Yugoslavia" in 1929. Under the Karađorđević dynasty, the Yugoslav Government ignored the borders inherited from history twice: in 1929, when the Neum area was included in the Littoral Banovina, and in 1939 when, following the Cvetković–Maček Agreement, it was included in the Banovina of Croatia. Josip Broz Tito's federal Yugoslavia was founded on the principle, declared at the 1943 AVNOJ session in Jajce and comparatively well-respected by the Đilas commission in 1945, of establishing the federative republics in their borders of 1878, which is why the Neum enclave is now part of independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, including most of Klek (Ponta Kleka, Rep Kleka), the two islets Veliki and Mali Školj and the rock of Lopata in the Bay of Klek.[10]

Since the 1990s, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have been in negotiations on how to handle traffic across the Neum region, including signing a Neum Agreement. When Croatia was admitted to the European Union in 2013, the border crossings in the Neum region became governed as external borders of the EU.[citation needed] The construction of the Pelješac Bridge, which bypasses Neum entirely, has significance for Croatia's integrity and also for its future Schengen Area membership and the EU as a whole. It significantly improves traffic flow and the traffic connection of Dubrovnik to the rest of mainland Croatia, avoiding negotiating long, costly queues at Neum, and strict customs checks twice within the space of 20 kilometres (12 mi).

Encouraged by the recent developments in Croatia–Slovenia border disputes (June 2017), the ruling Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA) and other Bosniak political parties decided to obstruct[citation needed] the construction.

The construction cost was €420 million, to which the EU contributed by allocating €357 million from Cohesion Policy funds. The bridge is among the largest infrastructures in Croatia currently and one of the most substantial EU infrastructural investment ever. The work was completed in mid 2022. The EU is also funding supporting infrastructure, such as the construction of access roads, including tunnels, bridges and viaducts, the building of an 8 km-long bypass near the town of Ston and upgrading works on the existing road D414.[11]

There are Bosniak plans to convert Neum to a freight port, contrary to the wishes of the local population and international laws and agreements concerning the ecologically significant and protected Bay of Mali Ston, of which Bay of Neum is a part. There are plans to build a seaport, rail and a motorway and thus the Croatian bridge must have a high clearance according to the view of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Bosniak political parties. Due to the above, the Republic of Croatia has significantly increased the height of the bridge by adapting it to ships whose dimensions cannot enter the Bay of Neum at all. Today the main freight port for Bosnia and Herzegovina is Ploče (in Croatia) further north, which has a railway to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[citation needed]

  • BiH coast guard / border police

  • US Navy 030927-N-2716P-123 USS Nicholas (FFG 47).jpg

    Frigate USS Nicholas anchored at Neum

  • Fregatte Schleswig-Holstein.jpg

    German frigate Schleswig-Holstein anchored at Neum

  • Turkish ships anchored at Neum (2011)

Climate

The climate of the area is Mediterranean, characterized by mild winters and dry summers, with three times more rain in the rainier than in the drier months, during which the mean precipitation does not exceed 40 mm (1.6 in). The mean yearly precipitation observed is of 1,316 mm (51.8 in). The dominant winds come from the north, north-east and north-west. The average sea temperature (as observed in Neum) ranges from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 28 °C (82 °F) in July and August.

Vegetation is the evergreen Mediterranean type, and subtropical flora (palm trees, agaves, cacti) grow in Neum and its surroundings.

Climate data for Neum
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 9.7
(49.5)		 11.3
(52.3)		 14.3
(57.7)		 17.5
(63.5)		 22.5
(72.5)		 26.2
(79.2)		 29.7
(85.5)		 29.4
(84.9)		 25.9
(78.6)		 20.6
(69.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 11.2
(52.2)		 19.43
(66.97)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9)		 7.9
(46.2)		 10.2
(50.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 17.6
(63.7)		 21.2
(70.2)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.2
(75.6)		 20.9
(69.6)		 16.3
(61.3)		 11.4
(52.5)		 8.2
(46.8)		 15.2
(59.4)
Average low °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)		 4.5
(40.1)		 6.1
(43)		 8.6
(47.5)		 12.7
(54.9)		 16.3
(61.3)		 19.2
(66.6)		 19.0
(66.2)		 16.0
(60.8)		 12.1
(53.8)		 8.0
(46.4)		 5.2
(41.4)		 10.94
(51.71)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 135
(5.31)		 123
(4.84)		 106
(4.17)		 100
(3.94)		 75
(2.95)		 59
(2.32)		 38
(1.5)		 52
(2.05)		 88
(3.46)		 127
(5)		 174
(6.85)		 172
(6.77)		 1,249
(49.17)
[citation needed]

Demographics

All demographic data per Statistica.ba website:[6]

Population

Population of settlements – Neum municipality
Settlement 1971. 1981. 1991. 2013.
Total 4,781 4,030 4,325 4,960
1 Gradac 345 234
2 Hutovo 319 201
3 Neum 360 602 1,651 3,013

Ethnic composition

Ethnic composition – Neum town
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971.
Total 3,013 (100%) 1,651 (100%) 602 (100%) 360 (100%)
Croats 2,938 (97.51%) 1,338 (81.04%) 499 (82.89%) 335 (93.06%)
Bosniaks 33 (1.161%) 89 (5.391%) 17 (2.824%) 3 (0.833%)
Serbs 21 (0.697%) 98 (5.936%) 25 (4.153%) 10 (2.778%)
Unaffiliated 6 (0.199%)
Albanians 3 (0.1%) 4 (0.664%)
Unknown 3 (0.1%)
Others 3 (0,100%) 36 (2.180%) 3 (0.498%) 5 (1.389%)
Yugoslavs 2 (0.066%) 90 (5.451%) 47 (7.807%) 7 (1.944%)
Montenegrins 2 (0.066%) 6 (0.997%)
Macedonians 1 (0.166%)
Ethnic composition – Neum municipality
2013. 1991. 1981.
Total 4,960 (100%) 4,325 (100%) 4,030 (100%)
Croats 4,543 (97.64%) 3,792 (87.68%) 3,575 (88.71%)
Bosniaks 63 (1.397%) 190 (4.393%) 157 (3.896%)
Serbs 21 (0.451%) 207 (4.786%) 179 (4.442%)
Unaffiliated 7 (0.15%)
Unknown 7 (0.15%)
Albanians 3 (0.064%) 5 (0.124%)
Others 3 (0.064%) 46 (1.064%) 17 (0.422%)
Yugoslavs 2 (0.043%) 90 (2.081%) 89 (2.208%)
Montenegrins 2 (0.043%) 7 (0.174%)
Macedonians 1 (0.025%)

Culture and sport

The linđo is traditionally danced in the Neum region.[12] Neum celebrates the feast of Our Lady of Good Health as its municipal day. As part of the celebrations, Neum hosts the Music Festival Etnofest Neum. The town also hosts the Neum Animated Film Festival.[13]

Neum is home to local branches of the cultural organizations Matica hrvatska and HKD Napredak.[14][15]

Popular activities include swimming and sun bathing, beach-going, boating, and various other water-sports. Neum has a water polo club VK Jadran Neum, which is a member of the Croatian Water Polo Federation.

  • Folk costumes from Neum

  • Nova crkva u Neumu i Hotel "Sunce".JPG

    Roman Catholic church in Neum

  • Hutovo, trosky.jpg

    Hutovo fortress ruins

  • Stećak from Neum

Tourism

Neum area has steep hills, stone-sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Neum has about 5,000 beds for tourists, 1,810 in hotels with the remaining capacity in motels, villas, and private accommodation. Tourism in Neum is active only in the coastal region. Prices tend to be lower than in neighbouring Croatia, making it popular with shoppers. Tourism, and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area.

The inland area behind Neum has a rich archeological history and wilderness with centuries-old olive groves.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Bosnia-and-Herzegovina Neum britannica.com, britannica.com, 2015-09-09
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Neum Animated Film Festival Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[permanent dead link]

External links

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