Ploutonion at Hierapolis

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Pluto's Gate
Πλουτωνειον (Ancient Greek)
Plutonium (Latin)
Plutonium-2.jpg
The ruins of the Ploutonion at Hierapolis
Ploutonion at Hierapolis is located in Turkey
Ploutonion at Hierapolis
Shown within Turkey
Location Pamukkale, Denizli Province, Turkey
Region Phrygia
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Type Sanctuary of Pluto
Part of Hierapolis
History
Material Stone
Founded 2nd century BC
Abandoned 6th century AD
Cultures Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman
Site notes
Excavation dates ? - March 2013
Archaeologists Francesco D'Andria
Condition Ruined

The Ploutonion at Hierapolis (Ancient Greek: Πλουτωνειον, lit "Place of Pluto"; Latin: Plutonium) or Pluto's Gate[1] was a ploutonion (a religious site dedicated to the god Pluto) in the ancient city of Hierapolis near Pamukkale in modern Turkey's Denizli Province. The site was discovered in 1965 by Italian archaeologists, who published reports on their excavations throughout the decade.[2] In 2013, it was further explored by Italian archaeologists led by Francesco D'Andria, a professor of archaeology at the University of Salento.[3]

History

Though the exact age of the site is currently unknown, the nearby city of Hierapolis was founded around the year 190 BC by the King of Pergamum, Eumenes II.[3]

The site is built on top of a cave which emits toxic gases, hence its use as a ritual passage to the underworld. Ritual animal sacrifices were common at the site. Animals would be thrown into the cave and pulled back out with ropes that had been tied to them. Archaeologists noted that the fumes emitted from the cavern still maintain their deadly properties as they recorded passing birds, attracted by the warm air, suffocated after breathing the toxic fumes.[3]

The Ploutonion was described by several ancient writers including Strabo,[4] Cassius Dio and Damascius[citation needed]. It is a small cave, just large enough for one person to enter through a fenced entrance, beyond which stairs go down, and from which emerges suffocating carbon dioxide gas caused by underground geologic activity. Behind the 3 square metres (32 sq ft) roofed chamber is a deep cleft in the rock, through which fast flowing hot water passes releasing a sharp smelling gas.[3][5] Because people died in the gas, people thought that the gas was sent by Pluto, god of the underworld.[citation needed]

During the early years of the town, the castrated priests of Cybele known as the Galli descended into the Ploutonion, crawled over the floor to pockets of oxygen or held their breath. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and so tends to settle in hollows. They then came up to show that they were immune to the gas. People believed a miracle had happened and that therefore the priests were infused with superior powers and had divine protection.[citation needed][4][6]

An enclosed area of 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) stood in front of the entrance.[citation needed] It was covered by a thick layer of suffocating gas, killing everyone who dared to enter this area. The priests sold birds and other animals to the visitors, so that they could try out how deadly this enclosed area was. Visitors could (for a fee) ask questions of the oracle of Pluto. This provided a considerable source of income for the temple. The entrance to the Ploutonion was closed off during the Christian times.[3]

The ancient historian Strabo described the gate as follows:

"Any animal that passes inside meets instant death. I threw in sparrows and they immediately breathed their last and fell"[4]

Destruction

Archaeological evidence suggests that the site was fully functional until the 4th century AD, but remained a place of sporadic visitation by visitors for the next two centuries. The temple was destroyed in the 6th century AD by Christians, while later earthquakes may have further damaged the site.[3]

References

  1. D'Andria, Francesco. "Gate to Hell Found in Turkey". Discovery News 29 March 2013. Accessed 1 June 2013.
  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Strabo, Geographica 13.4.14
  5. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historiae 2.95

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Francesco D´Andria, Cehennem'den Cennet'e Hierapolis (Pamukkale). Ploutonion. Aziz Philippus'un Mezarı ve Kutsal Alanı. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2014. ISBN 978-605-4701-45-2