Prajñaptir upādāya

See also: Pratītyasamutpāda

Dependent designation (from Sanskrit: prajñaptir upādāya; Tibetan: བརྟེན་ནས་གདགས་པ, Wylie: rten ne dag pa; Chinese: 假名; pinyin: jia-ming) is an important doctrine of Madhyamika Buddhism.

The term was coined (or appeared to be coined) by Nagarjuna in 28:18 of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. It became important, and was championed by, Candrakirti and his followers.

Whatever is dependently co-arisen

That is explained to be emptiness.
That, being a dependent designation,

Is itself the middle way.

— Nagarjuna, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 24:18

Dependent designation is one of the 'three dependencies' asserted by the Madhaymikas, the others being dependent arising, which relates to the concept that all existents arise from causes, and dependence upon parts - that all existents are composite. Each of these dependencies are used, separately and together, to help establish an understanding of sunyata, the absence of inherent existence, which is the third of the three marks of existence.

Phenomena are merely imputed by terms and conceptuality in dependence upon their basis of imputation. (Dalai Lama (1992). The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins. Wisdom. p. 36)