Prem Rawat

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Prem Rawat
Prem Rawat 2007 cropped.jpg
Prem Rawat in Lisbon, Portugal 2007
Born Prem Pal Singh Rawat
(1957-12-10) 10 December 1957 (age 66)
Haridwar, India
Other names Maharaji*
Guru Maharaj Ji*
Balyogeshwar*
Occupation inspirational speaker*
Years active 1966–present
Organization The Prem Rawat Foundation
Known for Peace Bomb satsang*
Techniques of Knowledge
Millennium '73
Lord of the Universe (film)
Peace Is Possible (book)
Notable work Who Is Guru Maharaj Ji?*
Words of Peace
Title Satguru* (Perfect Master*)
Movement Divine Light Mission*
Elan Vital*
Spouse(s) Marolyn Rawat
Children 4
Parent(s) Shri Hans Ji Maharaj, Rajeshwari Devi
Relatives Satpal Maharaj
Awards Ambassador of Peace
Website premrawat.com
Notes

Prem Pal Singh Rawat (Hindi: प्रेम पाल सिंह रावत), born 10 December 1957, is an Indian American also known as Maharaji, and formerly as Guru Maharaj Ji and Balyogeshwar. Rawat's teachings include a meditation practice he calls "Knowledge",[1] and peace education based on the discovery of personal resources such as inner strength, choice, appreciation and hope.[2]

Rawat is the youngest son of Hans Ji Maharaj, an Indian guru and the founder of the Divya Sandesh Parishad (later known as Divine Light Mission, or DLM) After his father's death, eight-year-old Rawat became the new "Satguru" (True Master). At age 13 Rawat travelled to the West, soon taking up residence in the United States. Many young adults took interest in the claim that Rawat could impart direct knowledge of God to his followers. News media were nonplussed by his youth and supposed divine status, and he was criticized for a lack of intellectual content in his public discourses,[3][4] and for leading an opulent lifestyle.[5][6] Tens of thousands were initiated in Knowledge techniques, and hundreds of DLM centers opened worldwide. Some Western followers took up communal life in dozens of ashrams, guided by DLM "Mahatmas".

In November 1973, the Millennium '73 festival was held in the Houston Astrodome, and although this was near the height of Rawat's media fame, attendance was far lower than expected. When he turned 16, Rawat became emancipated and got married. He cut ties to his mother and eldest brother, and with the original Indian DLM organization. He retained control of the DLM everywhere else (at this point it was established in 55 countries).

In the early 1980s, he began to discard direct references to religion in his speeches and closed the ashrams. The name of the DLM was changed to Elan Vital. From 1980 to the present, Rawat has continued to travel extensively.

In 2001 he established "The Prem Rawat Foundation" to fund his work and humanitarian efforts. Rawat continues to speak for large and/or select audiences worldwide, and on several occasions has received significant recognition for his work and message of peace.

History

1960s

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Prem Rawat in traditional mourning clothes, speaking after the death of his father in July 1966

Rawat was born in Haridwar, northern India, on 10 December 1957, the fourth and youngest son of guru Shri Hans Ji Maharaj and his second wife, Jagat Janani Mata Shri Rajeshwari Devi. Rawat attended St. Joseph's Academy elementary school in his hometown of Dehra Dun.[7] At the age of three he began speaking at his father's meetings, and at six his father taught him the "techniques of Knowledge." His father died in 1966, and during the customary 13 days of mourning his mother and senior officials of the organization discussed the succession. Both his mother, Mata Ji, and eldest brother, Satpal Rawat (known then as Bal Bhagwan Ji, and currently as Satpal Maharaj), were suggested as potential successors, but before either could be nominated, Rawat addressed the crowd of mourners, reminding them that their master was immortal and was still among them.[7] In response, his mother, brother and the senior disciples accepted Rawat as their Satguru, bowed to his feet and received his blessing.[7] Previously known to his father's followers as Sant Ji, Rawat now assumed the title "Guru Maharaj Ji" and was called "Balyogeshwar" by others (roughly "born saint" or "born lord of Yogis") on account of his youth and spiritual precocity.[7][8][9][10][11] From that time, Rawat spent his weekends and school holidays travelling as his father had, addressing audiences on the subject of Knowledge and inner peace. Because of his youth, effective control of the DLM was shared by the whole family.[3][12]

During the 1960s, Westerners in India searching for spiritual guidance met members of his father's Divine Light Mission and a few became initiates or premies (from the Hindi prem, meaning "love".) British initiates invited him to visit the West, and in 1969 he sent one of his closest Indian students (known as Mahatmas) to London to teach on his behalf.[13] In 1970, many of his new Western followers flew to India to see him, and were present at India Gate, Delhi, when, still only twelve years old, he delivered an address known as the "Peace Bomb," which marked the start of his international work.[14][15]

Arriving in the US, Prem Rawat at Los Angeles Airport

1970–1973

In 1971, Rawat travelled to the West against his mother’s wishes.[16][17] His first western address was given in June 1971 at the first Glastonbury Fayre, he then went to Los Angeles, New York, Washington, Canada and South Africa. His arrival in the United States was met with some ridicule, as the teenaged Rawat was seen as immature and hence unfit to be a religious leader.[3][18] He also created an extraordinary amount of interest among young adults who were willing to examine his claimed ability to give a direct experience of God.[3] Many were attracted by the sense of joy, peace and commitment shown by Rawat's followers.[19] One witness said that Rawat "played the whole time he was there ... he played with squirt guns, flashed pictures of himself for all to see, and took movies of everybody ... Love flowed back and forth between him and his devotees."[20] Enthusiastic new members spread the message that the 13-year-old Rawat could reveal God.[21] He returned to India later that year with 300 westerners, who chartered an Air India Boeing 747 to accompany him and stayed in the mission's ashrams.[13]

Rawat took flying lessons beginning when he was 13,[22] and had begun training in a jet by age 15.[23] In 1972 two Cessna airplanes were obtained for his use.[24][25] Travelling almost constantly, he was reported to have residences in London, New York, Colorado, California, India, and Australia.[24][26]

The 1972 Hans Jayanti, an annual festival celebrating the birthday of Rawat's guru was attended by over 500,000 people.[27] Six Jumbo jets were chartered by American followers who paid extra so that South Americans could fly from New York to India for free. Other countries made similar arrangements to help the less financially able.[28] On arrival, Indian customs impounded a suitcase containing cash, jewelry and wristwatches worth between US$27,000 and $80,000 which they said had not been properly declared.[29][30] Rawat said, "It has nothing to do with me, it is an attempt to harm the Divine Light Mission. When someone grows, others get jealous of him, and the Divine Light Mission has just blasted like an atomic bomb all over the world."[31] A DLM spokesman said that the money had been pooled by 3,000 followers to cover expenses, and that the valuables were gifts.[32] The finances of Rawat and the DLM in India and overseas were investigated by the Indian government.[33] In June 1973 the investigation was still under way, and Rawat had to post a $13,300 bond in order to leave the country.[34] Charges were never filed, and the Indian government later issued an apology.[35][36]

A reporter who attended an event in Boston in August 1973 which drew 9,000 attendees wrote that Rawat appeared humble and human, and seemed to intentionally undercut the claims of divinity made by followers.[37] Sociologist James Downton said that from his beginnings Rawat appealed to his followers to give up concepts and beliefs that might impede them from fully experiencing the Knowledge (or life force), but this did not prevent them from adopting a fairly rigid set of ideas about his divinity, and to project millennial preconceptions onto him and the movement.[38]

Followers stressed "love, peace and happiness" in their lives, but public attitudes were often unsympathetic.[18] Sociologist Stephen A. Kent wrote that as a 22-year-old hippie, he found Rawat's message to be banal and poorly delivered, though his companions spoke about it glowingly.[39]

In August 1973 while Rawat was in Detroit to receive an award, he was slapped in the face with a shaving cream pie by Pat Halley, a radical journalist. Rawat said that he did not want his attacker arrested or hurt, but Halley was himself attacked a few days later and seriously injured.[35][40][41] When local members heard of the incident they notified Rawat who requested that DLM conduct a full investigation. Two followers were identified as the assailants and the police were immediately notified but the Detroit police declined to initiate extradition proceedings. There was speculation that the lack of action by the Detroit police may have been connected with Halley's radical politics.[42]

Rawat's publicity campaign was unparalleled. One journalist reported,

Thousands of people follow him wherever he goes; posters of his round, cheerful face adorn the walls of buildings in every major Western city; newspaper reporters and TV cameras cover his every public appearance – particularly his mass rallies, which attract hundreds of thousands of followers each.[43]

A tour of US cities was cut short in early September 1973, when Rawat was hospitalized with an intestinal ulcer. His personal physician said that his body, weakened by the pace of continual travel, showed the stresses of a middle-aged executive.[44]

Millennium '73

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Main article: Millennium '73

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See also: Lord of the Universe

The Hans Jayanti of 1973, which was named "Millennium '73", was held in the Houston Astrodome. Press releases said that the event would mark the beginning of "a thousand years of peace for people who want peace."[35][45] The main organizers were Rawat's eldest brother Satpal and activist Rennie Davis, who predicted an attendance of 100,000 or more. The event attracted only about 20,000. It was not covered by the national television news, although it received extensive coverage in the print media and was depicted in the award-winning US documentary "Lord of the Universe".[46] The premies were described as "cheerful, friendly and unruffled" and seeming "nourished by their faith". To the 400 premie parents who attended, Rawat was "a rehabilitator of prodigal sons and daughters", though some reporters found "a confused jumble of inarticulately expressed ideas."[26][47] The event was called the "youth culture event of the year".[48]

The failure of the event to meet expectations hurt the Divine Light Mission and left it heavily in debt, forcing changes within the movement. By 1976, the DLM was able to reduce the debt to $80,000.[49] According to Thomas Pilarzyk, the Millennium economic deficit was partly the result of poor management by the "holy family" (Rawat's mother and three older brothers), and partly the much lower than anticipated attendance.[50]

December 1973

Because of Prem Rawat's youth, his mother, Mata Ji, and eldest brother, Satpal, managed the affairs of the worldwide DLM. When Rawat reached sixteen years of age he wanted to take a more active part in guiding the movement. According to the sociologist James V. Downton, this meant he "had to encroach on his mother's territory and, given the fact that she was accustomed to having control, a fight was inevitable".[13][51] In December 1973, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission's US branch, and his mother and Satpal returned to India.[52]

By the end of 1973, the DLM was active in 55 countries.[53] Tens of thousands had been initiated, and several hundred centers and dozens of ashrams formed. 1973 has been called the "peak of the Mission's success".[8]

Lifestyle

Rawat's affluent lifestyle was a source of controversy in the early 1970s.[54] Some media reports said that Rawat "lived more like a king than a Messiah".[18] Critics said that his lifestyle was supported by the donations of followers and that the movement appeared to exist only to support Rawat's "opulent existence".[6][55] Supporters said there is no conflict between worldly and spiritual riches, and that Rawat did not advise anyone to "abandon the material world", but said it is our attachment to it that is wrong.[56] Press reports listed expensive automobiles such as Rolls-Royces, Mercedes-Benz limousines[26] and sports cars, some of them gifts.[57][58] Rawat said, "I have something far more precious to give them than money and material things – I give peace".[59] "Maharaj Ji's luxuries are gifts from a Western culture whose fruits are watches and Cadillacs," a spokesman said.[56] Some premies said that he did not want the gifts, but that people gave them out of their love for him.[60] They saw Rawat's lifestyle as an example of a lila, or divine play, which held a mirror to the "money-crazed and contraption-collecting society" of the West.[48]

1974–1983

In May 1974, a judge gave Rawat his consent to marry without parental permission.[61] His marriage to Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year-old follower from San Diego, California, was celebrated at a non-denominational church in Golden, Colorado.[62] Rawat's mother, Mata Ji, had not been invited.[63]

Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed his relationship with his mother.[6][52] She retained control of the Indian DLM and appointed Satpal as its leader.[52] Mata Ji said she was removing Rawat as Perfect Master because of his "unspiritual" lifestyle and lack of respect for her wishes.[52][64][65] Rawat retained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed.[51] Rawat had become wealthy as a result of contributions from his Western devotees, and led the life of an American millionaire. He ran a household for his wife, his brother (Raja Ji) and his sister-in-law (Claudia), and financed travel for the close officials and mahatmas who accompanied him on his frequent trips around the globe to attend the Mission's festivals.[51][66] By early 1974 the number of full-time DLM staff had increased from six to over one thousand.[28]

In November 1974, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a 4-acre (16,000 m2) property in Malibu, California.[67][68] Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters.[67][68][69] Controversy around a helipad on the property[70] was resolved by installing emergency water storage for the Los Angeles County Fire Department and by limiting the number of permitted flights.[71]

By 1976, most students viewed Rawat primarily as a spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration.[72] In January 1976 Rawat encouraged them to leave the ashrams and discard Indian customs and terminology.[73] He said that the organization had come between his devotees and himself.[74] He decentralized some decision making to local premie communities, while he maintained his status as the ultimate authority over spiritual and secular matters. The staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80.[73] He described the managerial mentality that had grown in the Mission as "only cosmetic and totally unnecessary. It's like trying to take a cow and put lipstick on it. You can do it, but it's unnecessary in practical terms".[75]

His appearance on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion. During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs.[73][76] In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen.[77]

In October 1978, the hillsides surrounding Rawat's Malibu estate were burned by a brushfire.[68] His family and the DLM headquarters subsequently moved to Miami Beach, Florida.[27] The family, which grew to four children, returned to Malibu in 1984.[27]

File:Maharaji Royal Albert Hall-cropped.jpg
12 October 1981. Prem Rawat speaking at the Royal Albert Hall, London

During the 70s and 80s, the movement attracted substantial adverse publicity when it was thought to be a cult.[78] In January 1979 the Los Angeles Times reported that Rawat was maintaining his Malibu following despite a rising mistrust of cults.[68] Bob Mishler and Robert Hand, a former vice president of the movement, complained that money was increasingly diverted to Rawat's personal use and that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill. The charges found little support and did not affect the progress of the Mission.[3]

In 1980, Rawat removed all the "religious" aspects of the movement and declared he now wanted "no movement whatsoever".[79] The Hindu references and religious parables that had been prominent in his teachings gave way to a focus on the meditation techniques. Once called "Perfect Master", Rawat abandoned his "almost divine status as guru" [3][6] but affirmed his status as a master. Scholars such as Kranenborg and Chryssides describe the departure from divine connotations.[80][81] In 1983 the Divine Light Mission was renamed Elan Vital and Rawat closed the last western ashrams, marking the end of his use of Indian methods for international objectives.[82]

1983 – present

Throughout this period, Rawat has toured extensively. In one two-year period he spoke at over 100 programs in 37 international cities, including New York, London, Paris, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Delhi, Sydney, Tokyo, Caracas and Los Angeles.[79][83]

In 1990 there were said to be 1.2 million followers worldwide, with 50,000 in the United States.[81] 1999 saw the commencement of regular satellite broadcasts to North America and other countries.[84]

In 2001, Rawat founded The Prem Rawat Foundation (TPRF),[85] a Public Charitable Organization for the production and distribution of materials promoting his message, and also for funding worldwide humanitarian efforts. TPRF has provided food, water and medical help to war-torn and impoverished areas.[86]

Between January 2004 and June 2005, Rawat delivered 117 addresses in Asia, Europe, and North America focusing on a universal message of peace and self-fulfillment. His message is currently distributed in eighty-eight countries in print and on video, and his program "Words of Peace" is broadcast on TV channels such as Canal Infinito in South America, Channel 31 in Australia, and Dish Network in the USA.[87][88]

30 June 2003. Prem Rawat addressing the first "Conference on Peace" at the University of Salamanca

Elan Vital states that the only effective way of reaching out to the over 80 countries where his message is now promoted is by leased private jet, which Rawat self-pilots, flying around a quarter million miles a year.[13] In 2007 during a two-month tour of India, Sri Lanka and Nepal, Rawat spoke at 36 events, addressing over 800,000 people, and by live satellite broadcasts reached an additional 2.25 million.[89]

A biography of Rawat, Peace is Possible, by Andrea Cagan, was published in 2006 with a foreword by Emilio Colombo, a former President of the European Parliament and former Prime Minister of Italy.[90] In 2007 Rawat started the Peace Education Program for inmates which, as of 2012, operates in 25 prisons across 10 countries. Michael Gilbert, UTSA associate professor of criminal justice, stated that "The constructive changes in behavior among participants have been noticed in our local Dominguez prison".[91]

In 2009, Rawat was made "Ambassador of Peace" for the Basilicata region of Italy. In 2010, he spoke at the "Words of Peace for Europe" conference in Brussels, at the invitation of European Parliament Vice-President Gianni Pittella.[92][93] In 2011, he again spoke in Brussels at the conference, "Peace and Prosperity. Founding Values of the European Union."[94] In September 2012, in Malaysia, Rawat was awarded the Asia Pacific Brands Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award, "for his contributions in championing and promoting global peace."[95][96][97][98]

On 2 February 2014, Prem Rawat addressed a crowd of more than 200,000 young people at the 9th Youth Peace Fest in Delhi.[99]

Teachings

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Main article: Teachings of Prem Rawat

The core of Prem Rawat's teaching is that the individual’s need for fulfillment can be satisfied by turning within to contact a constant source of peace and joy. Rather than a body of dogma, he emphasizes a direct experience of transcendence that he says is accessible through the meditation techniques he teaches.

A number of scholars have said that Rawat's teachings began in the North Indian Sant Mat or Radhasoami tradition,[3] which dismisses ritual and claims that true religion is a matter of loving and surrendering to God who dwells in the heart.[100][101] Geaves argues that this is not quite correct; referring to Rawat's own statements about his lineage,[102][103] he places Rawat and his father within the tradition established by Totapuri, which also gave rise to the Advait Mat movement.[103] Geaves argues that while the teachings within Totapuri's lineage have similarities with those of the Radhasoami tradition and developed in the same geographical area,[104] they are nevertheless distinct. He adds that Rawat "is unusual in that he does not consider his lineage to be significant and does not perceive his authority as resting in a tradition."[102]

Rawat has been criticized for a lack of intellectual content in his public discourses.[3][4][39]

Techniques of Knowledge

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Main article: Techniques of Knowledge

Prem Rawat claims that light, love, wisdom and clarity exist within each individual, and that the meditation techniques which he teaches, and which he learned from his teacher, are a way of accessing them. These techniques are known as the 'Knowledge'. In his public talks he quotes from Hindu, Muslim and Christian scriptures, but he relies on this inner experience for his inspiration and guidance.[105][106][107][6] [check quotation syntax] Before they receive the "Knowledge", Rawat asks practitioners to promise to give it a fair chance and to stay in touch with him. He also asks that they not reveal the techniques to anyone else, but allow others to prepare to receive the experience for themselves.[108]

Practitioners describe "Knowledge" as internal and highly individual, with no associated social structure, liturgy, ethical practices or articles of faith.[6] According to sociologist Alan E. Aldridge, Rawat says he offers practical ways to achieve spiritual tranquillity that can be used by anyone. Aldridge writes that Rawat originally aspired to bring about world peace, but now he places his attention on helping individuals rather than society.[109]

George Chryssides describes what Rawat terms 'Knowledge' as based on self-understanding and an inner self, identical with the divine.[110] [check quotation syntax]

Organizations

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See also: Bibliography of Prem Rawat and related organizations

Rawat inherited the first organization he was associated with (Divine Light Mission) from his father. Moving away from the trappings of Indian culture and religion, he later established Elan Vital and Words of Peace International, independent of culture, beliefs and lifestyles, and not bound to the traditions of India. The Prem Rawat Foundation (TPRF) founded in 2001, added more focus to humanitarian efforts.

Divine Light Mission

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Main article: Divine Light Mission

The Divine Light Mission (Divya Sandesh Parishad; DLM) was an organization founded in 1960 by guru Shri Hans Ji Maharaj for his following in northern India. During the 1970s, the DLM gained prominence in the West under the leadership of his fourth and youngest son, Guru Maharaj Ji (Prem Rawat). Some scholars noted the influence of the Bhagavad Gita and the Sant Mat tradition, but the western movement was widely seen as a new religious movement, a cult, a charismatic religious sect or an alternative religion.[111] DLM officials said the movement represented a church rather than a religion.[112]

Elan Vital and Words of Peace International

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Main article: Elan Vital (organization)

DLM was disbanded when Prem Rawat renounced the trappings of Indian culture and religion, making his teachings independent of culture, beliefs and lifestyles.[113] The DLM in the United States changed its name to Elan Vital in 1983, by filing an entity name change.[114] Elan Vital became the name shared by several organizations supporting the work of Rawat. Independent Elan Vital organizations in several countries engaged in raising funds, organising speaking engagements by Rawat and in some cases broadcast his public addresses. Elan Vital no longer connected to its originally Hindu or Sikh religious background. Elan Vital, Inc. in the U.S. is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. It has been labelled a "church" in reference to its tax status.[115] Its 2005 articles of incorporation described its purpose as performing "religious, charitable and educational activities". The Elan Vital website states that Elan Vital ceased operations in 2010, and has been succeeded by new entities such as Words of Peace International, Inc.[116]

The Prem Rawat Foundation and others

In 2001, Rawat founded The Prem Rawat Foundation (TPRF),[85] a Public Charitable Organization for the production and distribution of materials promoting his message, and also for funding worldwide humanitarian efforts. TPRF has provided food, water and medical help to war-torn and impoverished areas.[86]

The Peace Education Program (PEP), founded by TPRF, is a media-based educational program that helps participants explore the possibility of personal peace, and to discover personal resources — tools for living such as inner strength, choice, appreciation and hope. The program, not only successful in some educational institutions, had by 2012 also been adopted by 28 prisons in 10 countries including the United States, South Africa, India, Spain, Ireland, the U.K. and Australia.[117] The voluntary based program takes inmates onto a unique route of rehabilitation involving self-discovery, and hopes of a fulfilled life, within or without the prison walls.[2]

Reception

Media

From Rawat's first travels in the West, he and his followers attracted media attention. In an interview in Der Spiegel in 1973, Rawat said, "I have lost confidence in newspapers. I talk with them [about this] and the next day something completely different is printed."[118] In 1973, the Divine Light Mission's 50-member public relations team concluded that Rawat's credibility had been compromised by his youth, his physical appearance, and the Rolls Royce, as well as the Detroit "pieing" incident and an allegation of smuggling (which was never prosecuted). The head of the team said that they needed to get the public to look past these factors to judge Rawat's credibility.[119]

In the 21st century, Rawat gave some TV-interviews.[120][121] Rawat made the following comments on the subject of criticism during an interview on a Taiwan News channel in June 2014,[122] "So far I’m concerned, my focus in life is not to appease critics, but is to bring the message of peace to people. […] When you’ve been doing what I have been doing for 5 decades plus, yes you’re gonna get critics. […] People said, "He’s going to fade away." Well, how about fifty-two years. And I’m still doing strong, because it is about my conviction. And my conviction is "peace is possible". And I will do everything that I must do, because it’s important to me that people find that peace in their life."[123]

Biographer Andrea Cagan described Rawat as a man who loves life and is focused "on spreading the message of peace."[124]

Sociologists' views: leadership type

Several scholars referred to Max Weber's classification of authority when describing Rawat as a charismatic leader.[4][125][126]

J. Gordon Melton said Rawat's personal charisma was one of the reasons for the rapid spread of his message among members of the 1960s counterculture.[127]

Thomas Pilarzyk, a sociologist, wrote in a 1978 paper that the distribution of power and authority in the DLM was officially based on the charismatic appeal of Maharaj Ji, which he described as being somewhat ambiguous, and that many followers were not certain about his position in the organizational scheme of the movement, or the claim that he was the only true spiritual master.[128]

By the early 1980s Meredith McGuire, a professor of sociology and anthropology, saw a process of formalization (transition of charismatic to rational management), resulting from Rawat's desire to consolidate his power and authority over the movement in the United States.[129]

Around the same time, Paul Schnabel, a sociologist, described Rawat as a pure example of a charismatic leader. He characterized Rawat as materialistic, pampered and intellectually unremarkable compared to Osho, but no less charismatic.[4]

Lucy DuPertuis, a sociologist and one-time follower who assisted James V. Downton with his book about the Divine Light Mission, described Rawat's role as a Master as emerging from three interrelated phenomena: traditional or theological definitions of Satguru; adherents' first-hand experiences of the Master; and communal accounts and discussions of the Master among devotees.[130]

David G. Bromley described Prem Rawat and other founders of new religions as being held in awe by their early followers, who ascribe extraordinary powers to them that set them apart from other human beings.[131] When describing the difficulty of charismatic leaders in proving to be above normal human failings such as not to suffer ill health or indulge in worldly pursuits, he used Rawat's marriage as an example.[132]

Stephen J. Hunt described Rawat's major focus as being on stillness, peace and contentment within the individual, with his 'Knowledge' consisting of the techniques to obtain these.[133] According to Hunt, in Rawat's case the notion of spiritual growth is not derived — as is traditionally the case with other gurus — from his personal charisma, but from the nature of his teachings and the benefits to the individuals applying them.[134]

Ron Geaves, a professor in various fields of religion and long-time adherent of Rawat, wrote that Rawat is not a renunciate, and that he has made great efforts to assert his humanity and take apart the hagiography that has developed around him.[13] According to Geaves Rawat, rather than considering himself a charismatic leader, deemphasizes the sealing of the master disciple relationship, and focuses on correct practice and staying in touch through participation or listening.[135][136]

Following

Estimates of the number of Rawat's adherents have varied widely over time. Petersen stated that Rawat claimed 7 million disciples worldwide in 1973, with 60,000 in the US.[137] Rudin & Rudin gave a worldwide following of 6 million in 1974, of which 50,000 were in the US. According to these authors, the adherents had fallen to 1.2 million for Prem Rawat's personal worldwide following in 1980, with 15,000 in the US.[138] Spencer J. Palmer and Roger R. Keller published a general DLM membership of 1.2 million worldwide, with 50,000 in the US, in 1990 and 1997.[139]

James V. Downton, who studied Rawat's followers for five years in the 70s, said "these young people had a spiritual experience which deeply affected them and changed the course of their lives. It was an experience which moved many to tears of joy, for they had found the answer they had been seeking".[140] Downton said by 1976 the vast majority of students viewed Rawat "as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration". Quoting a student he had studied, Downton said a typical view was that "the only thing he (Rawat) wants is to see people living happily and harmoniously together".[141] Downton concluded that the students had changed in a positive way, "more peaceful, loving, confident and appreciative of life".[142]

[check quotation syntax] Paul Schnabel referenced professor in the psychology of religion Van der Lans saying that among his Western students, Rawat appeared to stimulate an uncritical attitude, which gave them an opportunity to project their fantasies of divinity onto his person. According to Schnabel, the divine nature of the guru is a standard element of Eastern religion, but removed from its cultural context, and confounded with the Western understanding of God as a father, what is lost is the difference between the guru's person and that which the guru symbolizes—resulting in what was described as limitless personality worship.[143] Stephen Hunt wrote that Western followers do not see themselves as members of a religion, but rather as adherents of a system of teachings focused on the goal of enjoying life to the full.[6]

Former followers became known as "ex-premies",[83][144][145][146] and Elan Vital has characterised the vocal critics among them as disgruntled former employees.[144] Based on an analysis of Sophia Collier's Soul Rush, John Barbour, a professor of religion,[147] concluded that Collier's deconversion from DLM was uncharacteristic compared to other deconversions from other movements, in that her deconversion brought her no emotional suffering.[148]

According to Prem Rawat's official website,[149] in the eight years prior to May 2008, Key Six sessions were attended by 365,237 people in 67 countries. These are the video sessions where the techniques of Knowledge are taught by Rawat.[150]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shanti Ayadurai. "Opening The Doors Of Peace In Prison" in The Malaysian Times (29 October 2012)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Melton (1986), p. 141–2
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Schnabel (1982), p. 99
  5. ↑ Rudin & Rudin (1980), p. 65
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Hunt, Stephen J. Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction (2003), pp.116-7, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-3410-8
    "The major focus of Maharaji is on stillness, peace, and contentment within the individual, and his 'Knowledge' consists of the techniques to obtain them. Knowledge, roughly translated, means the happiness of the true self-understanding. Each individual should seek to comprehend his or her true self. In turn, this brings a sense of well-being, joy, and harmony as one comes in contact with one's "own nature." The Knowledge includes four meditation procedures: Light, Music, Nectar and Word. The process of reaching the true self within can only be achieved by the individual, but with the guidance and help of a teacher. Hence, the movement seems to embrace aspects of world-rejection and world-affirmation. The tens of thousands of followers in the West do not see themselves as members of a religion, but the adherents of a system of teachings that extol the goal of enjoying life to the full."
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Mangalwadi (1992), pp. 135–136
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Aagaard (1980)
  9. ↑ US Department of the Army (2001)
  10. ↑ Fahlbusch et al. (1998), p.861
  11. ↑ Geaves (2006b), p. 64
  12. ↑ Fahlbusch et al. (1998), p. 861
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Geaves (2006a), pp. 44-62.
  14. ↑ Navbharat Times, 10 November 1970
  15. ↑ Kranenborg (1982), p. 64
  16. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 3
  17. ↑ Lewis (1998a), p. 83
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Downton (1979), p. 5 & 7
  19. ↑ Derks, Frans, and Jan M. van der Lans. 1983. Subgroups in Divine Light Mission Membership: A Comment on Downton in the book Of Gods and Men: New Religious Movements in the West. Macon edited by Eileen Barker, GA: Mercer University Press, (1984), ISBN 0-86554-095-0 pages 303-308
  20. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 132
  21. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 4 & 146
  22. ↑ "Pretty Far-Out Little Dude" Henry Allen, The Washington Post, 14 September 1971
  23. ↑ Cameron (1973)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Moritz, (1974)
  25. ↑ "Gifts for a Guru" in Stars and Stripes, 15 November 1972.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Morgan (1973)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Galanter (1999), p. 22
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Messer, Jeanne. "Guru Maharaj Ji and the Divine Light Mission" in The New Religious Consciousness by Charles Y. Glock and Robert N. Bellah, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976, ISBN 0-520-03472-4, pp. 52-72.
  29. ↑ "Guru's Pupil Slates Talk", SYRACUSE POST-STANDARD February 3, 1973. p. 3
  30. ↑ "Gifts for a guru". AP, THE STARS AND STRIPES November 15, 1972. p.4
  31. ↑ THE TIMES SATURDAY November 19, 1972
  32. ↑ India still studying goods confiscated from youthful guru. New York Times, 18 July 1973
  33. ↑ "Boy Guru Suspected of Smuggling", AP, Sat., Oakland Tribune, 25 August 1973
  34. ↑ Winnipeg Free Press, Tuesday, 19 December 1972
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Moritz 1974
  36. ↑ Downton (1979), pp. 187-8
  37. ↑ EastWest Journal "An Expressway over Bliss Mountain" by Phil Levy P 29
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Kent (2001)
  40. ↑ "Guru Gets Testimonial And Some Pie in Face" in The New York Times. 8 August 1973, p. 43. At NYT website
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  43. ↑ Jeremy 1974
  44. ↑ "The 'Perfect Master' from India has an ulcer", AP, THE STARS AND STRIPES 4 September 1973 p. 6
  45. ↑ Levine 1974
  46. ↑ "Videotape Explorers on the Trail of a Guru" by Dick Adler, Los Angeles Times, 23 February 1974 p. B2
  47. ↑ Collier (1978), p. 176
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Foss & Larkin (1978)
  49. ↑ All Gods Children: The Cult Experience - Salvation Or Slavery? by Carrol Stoner and Jo Anne Parke The New Religions ... Why Now? p. 36
  50. ↑ Pilarzyk (1978)
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Downton (1979), ch. 12
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 Downton (1979), p. 192.
  53. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 5
  54. ↑ Bromley & Shupe (1981), p. 137
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "'You're a Perfect Master'", Newsweek 19 November 1973
  57. ↑ "The guru who minds his mother", By MALCOLM N. CARTER, AP. 11/4/73 Stars and Stripes
  58. ↑ "Boy guru weds Calif. woman, 24". Associated Press, Long Beach, Calif. Independent, 22 May 1974
  59. ↑ San Francisco Examiner, 7/21/73, as quoted in "What's Behind the 15-Year-Old Guru Maharaj Ji?" Gail Winder and Carol Horowitz, The Realist 12/73
  60. ↑ "Through a 'Third Eye' Comes The Divine Light", By PHIL HASLANGER (Of The Capital Times Staff), Capital times, 2/16/73
  61. ↑ "Guru, 16, marries secretary" AP Tues. 21 May 1974 Greeley Tribune
  62. ↑ "The Guru's Wife Is Another Devotee", Robert P. Dalton, AP Staff Writer, Oakland Tribune. 23 May 1974.
  63. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 191.
  64. ↑ "Guru Tries to Take Control of Mission" in The Ruston Daily Leader, 9 April 1975:
  65. ↑ "MOTHER OUSTS 'PLAYBOY' GURU" in Los Angeles Times. Wednesday 2 April 1975, PART II, p. 6A
  66. ↑ Price (1979), pp. 279–96
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Maharaj Ji Buys $400,000 Home Base in Malibu Area", JOHN DART, Los Angeles Times, 27 November 1974; p. B2
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 "Malibu Guru Maintains Following Despite Rising Mistrust of Cults" Mark Foster, Los Angeles Times 12 January 1979 p. 3
  69. ↑ Finke, Nikki. "MALIBU Metamorphosis: Is Hollywood's Haven Growing Into Just Another Miami Beach?" in Los Angeles Times. 3 September 1989. At L. A. Times Archives
  70. ↑ "1-Year Trial OKd for Sect's Helipad" in Los Angeles Times. 22 May 1981, p. F6. At L. A. Times Archives
  71. ↑ Pasternak, Judy. "Maharaji Denied in Bid to Triple Copter Use" in Los Angeles Times. 7 July 1985, p. 1. At L. A. Times Archives
  72. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 199
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Downton (1979)
  74. ↑ Björkqvist, K (1990): World-rejection, world-affirmation, and goal displacement: some aspects of change in three new religions movements of Hindu origin. In N. Holm (ed.), Encounter with India: studies in neohinduism (pp. 79-99) - Turku, Finland. Åbo Akademi University Press - "In 1976, Maharaj Ji declared that he felt that the organization had come between his devotees and himself, and he disposed of the headquarters altogether."
  75. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 196
  76. ↑ Downton (1979), pp. 210–211
  77. ↑ "Guru Maharaj Ji becomes a citizen of the U.S." Rocky Mountain News, Wednesday, 19 October 1977, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Björkqvist, K (1990): World-rejection, world-affirmation, and goal displacement: some aspects of change in three new religions movements of Hindu origin. In N. Holm (ed.), Encounter with India: studies in neohinduism (pp. 79-99) - Turku, Finland. Åbo Akademi University Press
  80. ↑ Kranenborg (2002), p. 178
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Chryssides (2001), pp. 210–211
  82. ↑ Miller (1995), p. 474
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Hinduism Today 1983
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "About Prem Rawat" at the website of The Prem Rawat Foundation
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Conversation with Prem Rawat, Available online. (Retrieved January 2006)
  88. ↑ "'Words of Peace' by Maharaji receives TV Award in Brazil" Press release.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Andrea Cagan: Peace is Possible, The Life and Message of Prem Rawat. Mighty River Press, ISBN 0-9788694-9-4
  91. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  96. ↑ http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/opening-the-doors-of-peace-in-prison-2/
  97. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwJdEa1TTF8
  98. ↑ http://www.romadailynews.it/politica/dialogo-in-campidoglio-visita-di-prem-rawat-ambasciatore-di-pace-0251391
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lipner (1994), pp. 120-1
  101. ↑ Schomer (1987)
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Geaves (2006b), p. 66
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Geaves (2007), pp. 267
  104. ↑ Geaves (2007), p. 280
  105. ↑ Geaves, Ron, Globalization, charisma, innovation, and tradition: An exploration of the transformations in the organisational vehicles for the transmission of the teachings of Prem Rawat (Maharaji), 2006, Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies, 2 44–6 – Although Rawat does not see himself as part of a tradition or as having to conform to the behavior of any predecessor, in my view, the best way to place him is to identify him with Vaudeville’s definition of the sant.
  106. ↑ Drury, Michael, The Dictionary of the Esoteric: 3000 Entries on the Mystical and Occult Traditions, pp.75-6, (2002), Sterling Publishing Company, ISBN 1-84293-108-3
    Maharaj Ji [teaches] meditation upon the life-force. This meditation focuses on four types of mystical energy, known as the experiences of Light, Harmony, Nectar, and the Word. These allow the practitioner to develop a deep and spiritual self-knowledge
  107. ↑ Chryssides, George D. Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements pp.210-1, Scarecrow Press (2001) ISBN 0-8108-4095-2
    "This Knowledge was self-understanding, yielding calmness, peace, and contentment, since the innermost self is identical with the divine. Knowledge is attained through initiation, which provides four techniques that allow the practitioner to go within.
  108. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  109. ↑ Aldridge, Alan — Religion in the Contemporary World (2007) — p.59
  110. ↑ Chryssides, George D. Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements, pp. 210-1, Scarecrow Press (2001) ISBN 0-8108-4095-2
    "Maharaji progressively dissolved the Divine Light Mission, closing the ashrams, affirming his own status as a master rather than a divine leader, and emphasizing that the Knowledge is universal, non-Indian, in nature" [...] "This Knowledge was self-understanding, yielding calmness, peace, and contentment, since the innermost self is identical with the divine. Knowledge is attained through initiation, which provides four techniques that allow the practitioner to go within.
  111. ↑ van Driel & Richardson (1988)
  112. ↑ "Miami's startled elite wish the guru, in short, a pleasant stay", By Barry Bearak, Knight-Ridder Service, 30 July 1977. INDEPENDENT PRESS TELEGRAM (Long Beach, CA) A-11 "ACCORDING to Anctil and mission president Bill Patterson, they represent a church rather than a religion."
  113. ↑ Melton, Gordon, Encyclopedia of American Religions 7th edition. Thomson (2003) p.2328 ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
    "In the early 1980s, Maharaj Ji moved to disband the Divine Light Mission and he personally renounced the trappings of Indian culture and religion, disbanding the mission, he founded Elan Vital, an organization to support his future role as teacher." [...] Maharaji had made every attempt to abandon the traditional Indian religious trappings in which the techniques originated and to make his presentation acceptable to all the various cultural settings in which followers live. He sees his teachings as independent of culture, religion, beliefs, or lifestyles, and regularly addresses audiences in places as culturally diverse as India, Japan, Taiwan, the Ivory Coast, Slovenia, Mauritius and Venezuela, as well as North America, Europe and the South Pacific.
  114. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, Business Center.
  115. ↑ GuideStar – American Express Search – ELAN VITAL INC
  116. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  117. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/dec/15/thameside-prison-privately-run-state-sector
  118. ↑ Der Spiegel - 8 October 1973
  119. ↑ "The Guru Who Minds His Mother", MALCOLM N. CARTER. Associated Press THE STARS AND STRIPES, 4 November 1973 Page A6
  120. ↑ ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbYGhnChLT0
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  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  123. ↑ [1], (from 21:00 on)
  124. ↑ Cagan 2007.
  125. ↑ McGuire (2002) ch. 5, p. 175
  126. ↑ DuPertuis (1986)
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  128. ↑ Pilarzyk, Thomas. The Origin, Development, and Decline of a Youth Culture Religion: An Application of Sectarianization Theory, Review of Religious Research, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Autumn, 1978), pp. 23-43.
  129. ↑ McGuire, Meredith B. Religion: the Social Context. Belmont California : Wadsworth Publishing, fifth edition, 2002, ISBN 0-534-54126-7, Ch. 5 "The Dynamics of Religious Collectivities", section "How Religious Collectivities Develop and Change", sub-section "Organizational Transformations", p. 175 – first edition of this book was 1981, ISBN 0-534-00951-4
  130. ↑ Dupertuis, Lucy, "How People Recognize Charisma: The Case of Darshan in Radhasoami and Divine Light Mission", University of Guam, Sociological Analysis 1986, 47, 2.111-124
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  133. ↑ Stephen J. Hunt Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction (2003), pp. 116–7, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-3410-8
  134. ↑ Hunt, Stephen J. Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction (2003), pp. 116–7, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-3410-8
  135. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  136. ↑ name=Geaves, Ron, Globalization, charisma, innovation, and tradition: An exploration of the transformations in the organisational vehicles for the transmission of the teachings of Prem Rawat (Maharaji), 2006, Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies, 2 44-62
  137. ↑ Petersen, William J. Those Curious New Cults in the 80s. New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing (1982); p. 146., as quoted in "Adherents.com"[2]
  138. ↑ Rudin & Rudin (1980), p. 63
  139. ↑ Spencer J. Palmer & Roger R. Keller, Religions of the World, p. 95. 1990 edition quoted in: Adherents.com, entry Divine Light Mission
  140. ↑ Downton, James V., Sacred journeys: The conversion of young Americans to Divine Light Mission, (1979) Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04198-5 Encounters with God" Page 156
  141. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 198
  142. ↑ Downton (1979), p. 210
  143. ↑ Schnabel, Tussen stigma en charisma ("Between stigma and charisma"), 1982. Ch. V, p. 142
    The reference texts by Van der Lans quoted by Schnabel in that chapter:
    • Lans, Jan van der. "Religious Experience: An Argument for a multidisciplinary approach" in Annual Review of the Social Sciences of Religion 1, 1977, pp. 133-143.
    • Lans, Jan van der. Volgelingen van de goeroe: Hedendaagse religieuze bewegingen in Nederland. Ambo, Baarn, 1981, ISBN 90-263-0521-4
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 ;Keim, Tony. "Police block drive-in protest against guru", Courier Mail, Australia, 4 September 2002.
  145. ↑ "Blinded by the Light", Good Weekend, Sydney (Australia), 31 August 2002.
  146. ↑ "Former Guru on a Different Mission", Rocky Mountain News, 30 January 1998.
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External links

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