Racism in the LGBT community

Racism is a concern in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) communities. Racism against members of any race, ethnicity or nationality can occur and may include discrimination and bigotry.

In the United States, ethnic minority LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, in which they are neither fully accepted nor understood by mainly white LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community in which racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes; for example, Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. A number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT people are active in the U.S.; for example, "Ô-Môi" is a support network for Vietnamese-American queer females.

Antisemitism

See also: LGBT Jews

According to Warren Hoffman in writing for the Huffington Post, antisemitism is experienced by Jewish LGBT people on both racial and religious grounds, as well as racism against gay people of color, misogyny and transphobia.

Gay neo-Nazism

The short-lived National Socialist League of the United States limited its membership to gay Aryans. The documentary Men Heroes and Gay Nazis addressed the phenomenon of gay neo-Nazis in Germany. Michael Kühnen and Nicky Crane were notorious gay neo-Nazis.

Lesbian antisemitism

According to the Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures, lesbian feminist organizations do not discuss antisemitism when discussing the fighting of oppression because they believe it no longer exists or is not as important as racism or homophobia. Some lesbian feminists have accused Jews of being "killers of the Goddess" because they believe the god of Israel is male or androgynous. Jews are also often blamed for patriarchy. Many sexual roleplays done by gays and lesbians play out Nazi/Jew fetishes in a sado-masochistic fashion and Jewish lesbians are often invisible in the lesbian community. Some lesbians wear swastikas both during and outside their sex lives in attempts to transform the symbol or ignore the impact it has on the Jewish community.

Nikolay Alexeyev

Main article: Nikolay Alexeyev

Nikolay Alexeyev, a prominent LGBT rights activist in Russia, has made antisemitic statements on his Facebook and Twitter accounts. He has called Out Magazine a "Jewish slut magazine" and called Michael Lucas, a Jewish American–Russian–Israeli gay pornographic film actor and LGBT activist, a "Jewish pig, Israeli monkey" as well as using the racial epithets "kike" and "yid" repeatedly in several of his posts. He also claims Jewish vodka is made from sperm and accused Micheal Lucas of attempting to kill his mother and threatened him with murder. He also stated, "the Jewish mafia [is] trying to overtake the world" and that "America is ruled by [the] Jewish mafia". When accused of being antisemitic, he "continued his defense for over three minutes, detailing that he has Jewish friends, and adding that his mother’s stepmother was Jewish, and people he works with are Jewish" which, TheNewCivilRightsMovement.com said, "is an unfortunate line of defense as the irony is clear. Who hasn't heard as a defense of bigotry, 'Some of my best friends are (insert oppressed minority name here)'?".

Anti-Arab racism

A report titled We're Family Too studied what it calls same-sex-attracted people from Arab backgrounds in Australia. The respondents were from both Christian and Muslim religious backgrounds. Many in the Arab community spoke about ethnic stereotypes.

Some Mizrahi Jews and Arab Jews report exclusion and discrimination by the Ashkenazi LGBT community in Israel. Some LGBT Mizrahi Jews have alleged that aspects of Ashkenazi LGBT activism express "Ashkenazi hegemony" and leave "no legitimized cultural space for Mizrahi queers to express their Arab culture and heritage".

Anti-Black racism

See also: Homophobia in the Black British community and Homophobia in the African American community

Many LGBT black people report experiencing racism from the white LGBT community, leading some to repudiate labels such as "gay" and connections to white LGBT culture. The term same gender loving was coined by the activist Cleo Manago to describe people of African descent who are attracted to the same sex, as opposed to terms such as "gay/lesbian", "bisexual", or "queer". This term was meant to actively express pride in one's racial heritage.

Some Black gay men report discrimination and harassment from white gay men in gay bars and clubs. In the past, some gay bars would display signs that said "No Blacks, Fems, or Faggots", and similar phrases.

Some gay Black South African men have reported experiencing "grotesque racism" from white gay men during the time of Apartheid.

Chuck Knipp, a white gay male drag performer who is known for his blackface act "Shirley Q. Liquor", has been accused of racism. Responding to Knipp's declaration that the Liquor character "was created in celebration of, not to downgrade, black women", Jasmyne Cannick said in her blog: " ... it is not possible for Charles Knipp, a white man, to help heal years of mistreatment and racism at the hands of his people by putting on a wig, speaking Ebonics, and in blackface ... There is nothing remotely uplifting about Knipp's act and I wish people would stop defending his character with the tired argument that he's trying to heal the nation. The only thing Knipp is trying to heal is the hole in his pocket by filling it with all of the money he makes off of degrading Black people."

Struggling between two communities

Clarence Ezra Brown III has researched ways gay black males feel in their black and gay communities. Gay black males are stuck between two communities they believe they do not fit into. According to Keith Boykin, "The dirty little secret about the homosexual population is that white gay people are just as racist as white straight people". Those who do not see themselves as part of the LGBT community see it to be a white community with white experiences. Because gay black men face racism in the LGBT community it is translating into the wider black community, meaning the only "support structures that speak to their perspective" continue to alienate them.

Sexual stereotyping

Some authors have written that much of the racism against LGBT black people is rooted in sexual racism and the linking of sex role stereotypes and racial stereotypes. Black men who express a sexual preference for white men have been alleged to be suffering from "an insidious legacy of white racism" that causes internalized racism in black men. Some Afrocentric gay men are opposed to inter-racial relationships, believing gay black men who prefer white men lack strong roots in the black community or are oblivious to racism. The anti-inter-racial Afrocentrists believe that instead of "hating their blackness", gay black men should only date other gay black men. A slogan that promotes black-on-black gay relationships is "black men loving black men", which was popularized by Joseph F. Beam's anthology In the Life and the Marlon Riggs video Tongues Untied.

Anti-Hispanic and anti-Latino racism

See also: Homophobia in the Latino community

Gay Hispanic and Latino men report experiencing racism both within and outside the gay community. Latino gay men with dark skin color and indigenous features reported the greatest level of discrimination, including from the white gay community. Gay bars, for example, were spaces where Latinos and other people of color would face discrimination. This motivated the creation of the first and only Latino gay bar in the San Francisco Mission District in 1979, Esta Noche. Latina lesbians also report experiencing racism from the white LGBT community. Latin gays and lesbians have been engaged in autonomous organizing since the 1970s addressing issues of racism, sexism, and homophobia. The first Latina lesbian organization was founded in Los Angeles in the early 1980s and the National Latino/a Lesbian & Gay Organization (LLEGÓ) was founded in 1987, with Latino/a LGBT people choosing to organize separately due to both racism in the LGBT community and homophobia in the straight Latino community.

In 2006, Latino Americans staged a protest in The Castro, San Francisco, against anti-Latino racism in the LGBT community.

The organization La Casa in East Los Angeles, California, exists to serve the LGBT Latino community and create a safe space, free from homophobia and racism. Members have expressed their experiences with "blatant racism" from the white LGBT community, particularly in West Hollywood.

However, it is important to remember that "queer latinidad is not a site with clearly defined boundaries" rather it varies in acceptance and mannerism based on where someone goes. There are Latino/a LGBT people who find support within their cultural communities and openly embrace their identities. Tatiana de la tierra was a lesbian Latina writer who was shameless about her sexuality, and a lot of her work provided support and encouragement for other Latina lesbians to be shameless and proud like her. She co-founded the magazine Esto no tiene nombre which was meant to combat the patterns of stigmatization, exclusion, and invisibility of queer Latinas by creating a platform for free discussion and expression of sexuality.

Anti-Turkish racism

LGBT people of Turkish descent in Germany often report experiencing "triple discrimination"; racism and Islamophobia from the non-Turkish German community and homophobia from the heterosexual Turkish and German communities. While Turkish-Germans "still face racism in the [gay] scene", the level of racism has declined in the past 20 years. Murat Bahşi, a former board member of the organization Gays and Lesbians of Turkish Backgrounds (GLADT), has said racism and racial stereotypes from ethnic German men often contributed to the disintegration of inter-ethnic relationships between Turkish and German men.

Anti-indigenous racism

Aboriginal Canadians

In Canada, lesbian aboriginal women report feeling marginalized from mainstream and LGBT cultures, and from aboriginal communities and other communities of color. Gay aboriginal men, many of whom also identify as two-spirited, often face homophobia within aboriginal communities and racism within the LGBT community.

Aboriginal Australians

Gay Australian Aboriginal men have reported a lack of inclusion and representation in the white-dominated LGBT community. When aboriginal men have been included in LGBT organizing efforts, it has often been in a tokenizing way.

Māori people in New Zealand

Takatāpui identity is a way for many LGBT Māori people to express their dual identities as both Māori and non-heterosexual. While the term fell into disuse for many years, it has recently been reclaimed as an expression of pride. Some Māori people have questioned the focus on same-sex marriage in the Pākehā (white European) LGBT community. In traditional Māori culture it was common for either straight or gay couples to be unmarried. The LGBT Māori people who critique the overemphasis on same-sex marriage believe focusing too narrowly on marital rights is harmful and reduces diversity in the LGBT community. They believe the focus on marriage is a product of "whiteness".

Native Americans

Some Native American lesbians report feeling disenchanted with white people—including white lesbians—and have established separatist communities exclusively for Native American women or for women of color. Native American lesbians have established communes in the American Midwest and Northern California, in an attempt to repudiate white culture, live self-sufficiently, and return to the traditions of their tribal ancestors.

Anti-Asian racism

See also: Homophobia in the Asian-American community

In a study by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force on LGBT Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans, 82% of the surveyed participants reporting experiencing racism from white members of the LGBT community. British Asian gay men living in Yorkshire and elsewhere in northern England have reported increasing levels of racism and racial abuse from white gay men. LGBT comminities in multi-cultural areas of the UK with higher levels of immigration, such as Manchester and London, were found by the Naz Project to be more tolerant.

Sexual racism

Asian men are often represented in media, both mainstream and LGBT, as being feminized and desexualized. LGBT Asian men often report "sexual racism" from white LGBT men. The gay Asian-Canadian author Richard Fung has written that while black men are portrayed as hypersexualized, gay Asian men are portrayed as being undersexed. Fung also wrote about feminizing depictions of Asian men in gay pornography, which often focuses on gay Asian men's submission to the pleasure of white men. According to Fung, gay Asian men tend to ignore or display displeasure with races such as Arabs, blacks, and other Asians but seemingly give sexual acceptance and approval to gay white men. White gay men are more frequently than other racial groups state "No Asians" when seeking partners. In inter-racial gay male pornography, Asian men are usually portrayed as submissive "bottoms."

Gay Asian men in media

Gay Asian men have a stereotype of being feminine, as depicted in media such as the U.S. television program Grey's Anatomy episode "Where the Boys Are", which depicts an Asian man as the spouse rather than his white partner, a soldier. Chong-Suk Han, one of the leading researchers of queer Asian Pacific American men says such images contribute to a cultural devaluation of gay Asian male sexuality. According to GLAAD, 86 percent of the LGBT characters shown during the U.S. 2008-’09 television season were white; 19 percent were of Asian descent—these were usually in minor roles. LGBT media articles, like Out Magazine’s "How to Gab in Gaysian" published in February 2005, are seen as perpetuating a perception of Asian gayness as foreign and outside the norm.

Gay Asian men frequently experience racism on gay dating websites, where it is common for profiles to state a sexual preference for men of certain races, such as "No Asians", or "No fats, no femmes, no Asians". Some Asian gay men report being "relegated to the bottom of the attractiveness spectrum" due to "racial lookism", a combination of racism and lookism.

Anti-Italian racism

Some LGBT Italian Americans report experiencing anti-Italian discrimination from within the LGBT community. Italian American gay men, particularly darker-skinned men such as those of Sicilian descent, report experiencing sexual objectification from lighter-skinned and white men. In a manner similar to the way black, Asian, and Latino men are sometimes portrayed, Italian men are portrayed at times as "the object of desire of the white man" as well as being considered "exotic and well-endowed, oversexed and extremely passionate". These sexual stereotypes of Italian and Sicilian gay men also appear frequently in gay pornography, but are not exclusive to the gay community.

Antiziganism

Antiziganism (anti-Romani racism) has been reported within the non-Romani LGBT community in Romania. When the musician Madonna condemned homophobia and antiziganism during her 2008 Sticky & Sweet Tour, many LGBT Romanians responded on websites and blogs by lambasting her for linking the plight of LGBT people with the plight of the Romani people. Numerous LGBT commenters and bloggers referred to LGBT people as "decent civilised people", while deriding Romani people as thieves and criminals who are incompatible with "civilised society". According to the LGB rights organisation and charity Stonewall, antiziganism is prevalent in the UK, with a distinction made between Romani people and Irish Travellers—both of whom are commonly known by the exonym "gypsies" in the UK—and the so-called "travellers [and] modern Gypsies".

See also

• Homophobia in ethnic minority communities
• Racial fetishism
• Romantic racism

References

Correction to reference #3: Authors name: Clarence Ezra Brown III

External links

• Racism Issues in Predominantly White Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Communities, digital archive compiled by the University of Calgary