Rodney Brooks

Rodney Brooks
250px Brooks in 2005
Born	Rodney Allen Brooks (1954-12-30) 30 December 1954 Adelaide, Australia
Residence	US
Nationality	Australian
Fields	Robotics
Alma mater	Stanford University Flinders University
Influenced	Andy Clark
Notable awards	IJCAI Computers and Thought Award

Rodney Allen Brooks (born 30 December 1954) is an Australian roboticist, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, author, and robotics entrepreneur, most known for popularizing the actionist approach to robotics. He was a Panasonic Professor of Robotics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He is a founder and former Chief Technical Officer of iRobot and co-Founder, Chairman and Chief Technical Officer of Rethink Robotics (formerly Heartland Robotics). Outside the scientific community Brooks is also known for his appearance in a film featuring him and his work, Fast, Cheap & Out of Control.

Life

Brooks received a M.A. in pure mathematics from Flinders University of South Australia.

In 1981, he received a PhD in Computer Science from Stanford University under the supervision of Thomas Binford. He has held research positions at Carnegie Mellon University and MIT and a faculty position at Stanford University. He joined the faculty of MIT in 1984. He was Panasonic Professor of Robotics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (1997–2007), previously the "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory".

Brooks left MIT in 2008 to found a new company, Rethink Robotics (formerly Heartland Robotics), where he serves as chairman and Chief Technical Officer.

Work

Academic work

Instead of computation as the ultimate conceptual metaphor that helped artificial intelligence become a separate discipline in the scientific community, he proposed that action or behavior are more appropriate to be used in robotics. Critical of applying the computational metaphor, even to the fields where the action metaphor is more appropriate, he wrote that:

Some of my colleagues have managed to recast Pluto's orbital behavior as the body itself carrying out computations on forces that apply to it. I think we are perhaps better off using Newtonian mechanics (with a little Einstein thrown in) to understand and predict the orbits of planets and others. It is so much simpler.

In his 1990 paper, "Elephants Don't Play Chess", Brooks argued that in order for robots to accomplish everyday tasks in an environment shared by humans, their higher cognitive abilities, including abstract thinking emulated by symbolic reasoning, need to be based on the primarily sensory-motor coupling (action) with the environment, complemented by the proprioceptive sense which is a key component in hand–eye coordination, pointing out that:

Over time there's been a realization that vision, sound-processing, and early language are maybe the keys to how our brain is organized.

Editor positions

Brooks was also co-founding editor of the International Journal of Computer Vision and is on the editorial boards of various journals including:

• Adaptive behavior
• Artificial Life MIT Press Journal
• Applied artificial intelligence
• Autonomous Robots Journal
• New-generation computing

Memberships

• Founding fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
• Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
• Member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE)
• In 2005 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
• Australian Academy of Science, Corresponding Member 2006

Industrial work

Brooks was an entrepreneur before leaving academia to found Rethink Robotics. He was one of ten founders of Lucid lisp, and worked with them until the company's closure in 1993. Before Lucid closed, Brooks had founded iRobot with former students Colin Angle and Helen Greiner.

Robots

Robot at Rethink Robotics, 2013. Brooks is at the right in the lineup behind the robot. At left is Steve Jurvetson, the photographer.

He experimented with off-the-shelf components, such as Fischertechnik and Lego, and tried to make robots self-replicate by putting together clones of themselves using the components. His robots include mini-robots used in oil wells explorations without cables, the robots that searched for survivors at Ground Zero in New York, and the robots used in medicine doing robotic surgery.

Allen

In the late 1980s, Brooks and his team introduced Allen, a robot using subsumption architecture. As of 2012 Brooks' work focuses on engineering intelligent robots to operate in unstructured environments, and understanding human intelligence through building humanoid robots.

Baxter

Main article: Baxter (robot)

Introduced in 2012 by Rethink Robotics, an industrial robot named Baxter was intended as the robotic analogue of the early personal computer designed to safely interact with neighboring human workers and be programmable for the performance of simple tasks. The robot stopped if it encountered a human in the way of its robotic arm and has a prominent off switch which its human partner can push if necessary. Costs were projected to be the equivalent of a worker making $4 an hour.

Awards and honors

• Computers and Thought Award at the 1991 IJCAI (International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence)
• IEEE IEEE Robotics and Automation Award in 2015

Lectureships include:

• Cray lecturer at the University of Minnesota
• Mellon lecturer at Dartmouth College
• Hyland lecturer at Hughes
• Forsythe lecturer at Stanford University

Film appearances

• Being himself in the 1996 Errol Morris movie Fast, Cheap & Out of Control (named after one of his scientific papers)
• cyborg insects on FOXNews
• Rodney's Robot Revolution (2008)

Selected publications

• Alternative ISBN 0-8058-1518-X
• K. Warwick "Out of the Shady age: the best of robotics compilation", Review of Cambrian Intelligence: the early history of AI, by R A Brooks, Times Higher Educational Supplement, p. 32, 15 September 2000.
• The Relationship Between Matter and Life (in Nature 409, pp. 409–411; 2001)
• Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us (Pantheon, 2002) ISBN 0-375-42079-7

External links

• Media related to Rodney Brooks at Wikimedia Commons
• Rethink Robotics
• Rodney Brooks at the Internet Movie Database
• Rodney Brooks at TED
  • Rodney Brooks: Why we will rely on robots (TED2013)
  • Rodney Brooks: Robots will invade our lives (TED2003)
• Home page
• The Deep Question Interview with Rodney Brooks by Edge
• The Past and Future of Behavior Based Robotics Podcast Interview with Rodney Brooks by Talking Robots
• Intelligence Without Reason seminal criticism of Von Neumann computing architecture
• BBC article
• CSAIL Rodney A. Brooks Biography
• MIT: Cog Shop
• Rodney A. Brooks Biography
• Rodney A. Brooks Publications
• Rodney's Robot Revolution (2008)