Savannah National Wildlife Refuge

Savannah National Wildlife Refuge
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Location	Georgia and South Carolina, United States
Nearest city	Savannah, Georgia
Coordinates
Area
Established	1927
Visitors	130,000 (in 2004)
Governing body	U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

The Savannah National Wildlife Refuge is a 29,175 acre (118 km²) National Wildlife Refuge located in Chatham and Effingham counties in Georgia and Jasper County in South Carolina. Of the total area, 14,163 acres (57 km²) is in Georgia and 15,011 acres (61 km²) is in South Carolina. The refuge was established to provide a nature and forest preserve for aesthetic and conservation purposes.

The refuge is one of seven refuges administered by the Savannah Coastal Refuges Complex in Savannah, Georgia. The complex has a combined staff of 31 with a fiscal year 2005 budget of $3,582,000.

History

The first European visitors to the Savannah, Georgia area arrived in 1526. James Oglethorpe established the city of Savannah in 1733. By the mid-eighteenth century, rice planters were farming much of the land that is now part of the refuge. The old rice levees, which were built by hand, form the basis for current impoundment dikes. Remnants of the original rice field trunk water control structures and narrow dikes are still visible in some places. Within the impoundment system there are 36 historic and prehistoric archeological sites which have been located and inventoried.

On April 6, 1927, Executive Order No. 4626 established the Savannah River Bird Refuge and set aside 2,352 acres (10 km²) as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds. On November 12, 1931, Executive Order No. 5748 added 207 acres (0.8 km²) to the refuge and renamed the area the Savannah River Wildlife Refuge. An additional 6,527 acres (26 km²) were assigned to the refuge on June 17, 1936, by Executive Order No. 7391. On July 30, 1940, Presidential Proclamation 2416 renamed the refuge the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge.

These three Executive Orders established the 9,086-acre (37 km²) core of the present refuge; subsequent acquisition using Federal Duck Stamp funds and other special funding added 3,557 acres (14 km²). An additional 459 acres (1.9 km²) were added when the fee title to Hog Marsh Island and adjacent lands to the north were acquired through an exchange of spoilage rights with Chatham County, Georgia. In 1964, Savannah Electric and Power Company deeded 34 acres (140,000 m²) to the refuge in exchange for a power line right-of-way. In 1978, the 12,472-acre (50 km²) Argent Swamp tract was purchased from Union Camp Corporation using Land and Water Conservation Funds. Bear Island (687 acres) was purchased in fee title, from a private individual, on October 19, 1993. In order to straighten our east boundary, two tracts totaling 54 acres (220,000 m²) were purchased from Union Camp Corporation on August 27, 1996. The Barrows tract (535 acres), which lies adjacent to our southeast boundary, was purchased in fee title during 1998. Another tract of land was added onto the mid-western portion of the refuge; the Solomon tract was purchased in 1999 and is 887 acres (3.6 km²). The total current refuge area is 29,174 acres (118 km²).

Topography

The refuge is located in the heart of the Lowcountry, a band of low land, bordered on the west by sandhill ridges and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, extending from Georgetown, South Carolina to St. Mary's, Georgia.

There are 38 miles (61 km) of river and over 25 miles (40 km) of streams and creeks within the refuge boundaries. Refuge habitats include bottomland hardwoods, palustrine, estuarine and tidal freshwater wetlands. Managed freshwater impoundments make up about 3,000 acres (12 km²).

File:Savannah wildlife refuge north aerial.jpg

View of the northern section of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge.

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Wildlife and protected species

Known for its rich flora during the humid summer months, the region also supports a diverse wildlife population. The variety of birdlife within the Lowcountry is enhanced by its location on the Atlantic Flyway. During the winter months, thousands of mallards, pintails, teal and as many as ten other species of ducks migrate into the area, joining resident wood ducks on the refuge. In the spring and fall, transient songbirds stop briefly on their journey to and from northern nesting grounds.

The refuge is home to a large variety of wildlife including: ducks, geese, wading birds, and shorebirds. Several threatened and endangered species are protected on the refuge, including the American alligator, flatwoods salamander, bald eagle, wood stork, shortnose sturgeon, and Florida manatee. The refuge also provides nesting areas for wood ducks, great horned owls, osprey and swallow-tailed kites.

Facilities

A visitors center on the South Carolina side of the refuge opened in March, 2010, approximately eight miles south of Hardeeville and six miles from downtown Savannah, GA on US Hwy 17. The Visitor Center features exhibits describing the history and denizens of the refuge, an introductory video, and "The Gator Hole", a nature and book store. The Visitor Center is open from 9AM until 4PM Monday thru Saturday, closed on Sunday and all Federal holidays. There are opportunities for hiking, cycling, photography and wildlife observation. Pets are not allowed in the refuge.

All dikes are open to foot travel during daylight hours, unless otherwise posted, and provide excellent wildlife observation points. The Cistern Trail, Tupelo Trail and other walking routes are also available to the visiting public.

The Laurel Hill Wildlife Drive is open from dawn until dusk every day. This one-way loop meanders along four miles (6 km) of earthen dikes through managed freshwater pools and hardwood hammocks. The dikes and pools are remnants of pre-Civil War rice plantations.

Fishing is permitted in the freshwater pools from March 1 to November 30 and is governed by South Carolina and refuge regulations. The refuge administers deer, feral hog, squirrel and turkey hunts during the fall and winter. A brochure listing hunting and fishing seasons and regulations is available at the Visitor Center and on line at the Savannah NWR home page.

Volunteer Opportunities

Volunteers play an important role in supporting and enhancing refuge operations. Volunteers staff the information desk and "The Gator Hole" at the Visitor Center, help with invasive species eradication, do trash pickup and other routine maintenance, participate in ongoing wildlife management activities, and advocate for the refuges before governmental agencies. For more information contact Friends of the Savannah Coastal Wildlife Refuges at the link below.

See also

• List of National Wildlife Refuges

External links

• Savannah National Wildlife Refuge homepage
• FWS profile of Savannah NWR
• Friends of the Savannah Coastal Wildlife Refuges, Inc.