SodaStream

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For the Australian band, see Sodastream (band).
SodaStream International Ltd.
Public
Traded as NASDAQ: SODA
Industry Carbonated drinks
Genre Consumer Goods
Founded 1991
Headquarters Airport City, Israel
Products Home Carbonation Systems
Revenue Decrease US$ 125 million (2014)
Decrease US$ 8.5 million (2014)[1]
Number of employees
 1,480
Website SodaStream
Footnotes / references
[2]

SodaStream is the maker of a consumer home carbonation product.[3][4] The device, like a soda syphon, carbonates water by adding carbon dioxide from a pressurized cylinder to create soda water (or carbonated water) to drink. The company also sells more than 100 types of concentrated syrups and flavourings to make carbonated drinks.[5][6][7] After the company merged with Soda-Club in 1998, it was relaunched with an emphasis on healthier drinks. It went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2010.

SodaStream is headquartered in Lod, Israel[8] and has 13 production plants; its principal manufacturing facility was located in Mishor Adumim in the West Bank, creating controversy and a boycott campaign.[9][10][11] In April 2015 the company acknowledged that it is now beginning to label those products as "made in the West Bank" rather than subsuming those production sites under the label "made in Israel."[12]

In October 2014, SodaStream announced its revenue for 2014 was expected to decline to $562.7 million, a 9% decrease from the previous year while a report by Zacks Equity Research stated that net income for 2014 is expected to be 42% lower than in 2013. Zacks Equity Research cited declining sales in the United States, where an increasing number of consumers are choosing "more natural, less caloric and water based beverages" as opposed to traditional carbonated soft drinks. SodaStream also announced that its facility in Mishor Adumim (Maaleh Adumim) will be closed by 2016 and production will be moved to a new facility in Lehavim.[13]

Product

The SodaStream drinksmaker is a device that forces carbon dioxide (CO2) gas (stored under pressure in a cylinder) into water, making it fizzy. The product includes a machine, a carbon dioxide cylinder, and one or more reusable beverage bottles. The bottle, filled with water, is threaded onto the machine, and with a button push or two, compressed CO2 from the cylinder is injected, creating carbonated water. Varieties of concentrated syrups are available, to create regular or diet soft drinks by adding a small amount of concentrate to the bottle after carbonation.

Different flavours are created by adding fruit-flavoured concentrates. During its heyday, several famous brands were available in SodaStream concentrate form including Tizer, Fanta, Sunkist and Irn-Bru.[14] SodaStream also offers diet concentrates sweetened with Splenda, and is used as much for plain sparkling water as for soft drinks. SodaStream and Kraft Foods entered into a partnership in January 2012 involving the use of the Crystal Light and Country Time brand flavours with the SodaStream home carbonation system. In July of the same year, the two companies expanded their partnership to include the Kool-Aid flavour line.[15] In 2013, SodaStream partnered with Ocean Spray to market three Ocean Spray flavours for use with the SodaStream home soda maker.[16]

In February 2013, SodaStream and Samsung announced that Samsung refrigerators with built-in SodaStream sparkling water dispensers would be available in the United States beginning in April.[17][18]

Excluding the purchase price of the machine, typical cost to the end user (2015, United States dollars) is 25 cents per litre of carbonated water generated[20] plus another 50 cents per litre for the soda syrup.[22] Pricing in other countries may vary.

This often renders SodaStream pop more expensive than pre-mixed store brand colas,[24] presumably due to the price of soda syrup in small retail quantities.

History

The forerunner of the machine, the "Apparatus for aerating liquids",[25] was created in 1903 by Guy Hugh Gilbey of the London gin distillers, W & A Gilbey Ltd.,[14] and was sold to the upper classes (including the royal household).[6] Flavoured concentrates such as cherry ciderette and sarsaparilla, were introduced in the 1920s, along with commercial carbonation machines,[4][6] and the first machine for home carbonation of drinks was produced in 1955.[14] The SodaStream was originally sold in the UK, and later spread to other countries, including Australia, New Zealand, and Germany.

SodaStream machines were popular during the 1970s and 1980s in the UK, and are associated with nostalgia for that period.[6][7] Their slogan, "Get busy with the fizzy", started as an advertising jingle in 1979 and proved so popular that they added it to their logo. The slogan was initially dropped in 1996 after 17 years,[26] but was reinstated in 2010 along with a new marketing campaign in the UK.[27]

The company began as a subsidiary of W & A Gilbey, Ltd.[14] In 1985, after various changes of ownership, SodaStream became a wholly owned subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes, although it operated as an autonomous business within the group.[14] In 1998, SodaStream was bought by Soda-Club, an Israeli company founded in 1991 by Peter Wiseburgh, who from 1978 to 1991 had been Israel's exclusive distributor for SodaStream, creating the world's largest home carbonation systems supplier.[4][28] In 2003 Soda-Club closed the SodaStream factory in Peterborough, moving the company's gas cylinder refilling and refurbishment department to Germany.[29] Under the ownership of Soda-Club, the brand has been relaunched in many markets, with new machines and new flavours available in 41 countries.[30] In 2012, SodaStream teamed with Yves Béhar to introduce SodaStream Source, a line of soda machines designed with a special emphasis on sustainability.[31][32] Béhar's design earned SodaStream a Good Housekeeping Institute seal of approval in 2013.[33]

2010 NASDAQ IPO

SodaStream International Ltd. went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2010.[34] The stock offering was jointly led by J.P. Morgan Securities and Deutsche Bank Securities.[35] At the time, the IPO was the eighth largest for an Israeli company on the NASDAQ[36] and during the year 2010 one of the top-performing IPOs generally.[37][38] To celebrate SodaStream's listing on the NASDAQ, CEO Daniel Birnbaum was invited to ring the exchange's closing bell on 3 November 2010.[39] By August 2011, SodaStream's market cap had risen from $367 million to $1.46 billion.[40][41] During 2012, the stock experienced aggressive growth, with earnings per share growing 57%. In June 2013, Israeli financial newspaper Calcalist incorrectly predicted a $2 billion Pepsi takeover of SodaStream, sending SODA stock higher before the rumours were promptly debunked by PepsiCo.[42]

Analysts had expected another 27% growth in 2013 with earnings projected to grow 30% over the next 5 years.[43] 2013's actual net earnings were down relative to 2012 despite an increase in sales; in 2014, the company's stock dropped to its lowest value since 2012. Barclays PLC analyst David Kaplan cited U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry's warnings about the economic effects of boycotts and the company's failure to clarify the reasons for missed earning targets as causes for the drop.[44]

Sales

Some 20% of households in Sweden owned SodaStream machines as of 2010.[45] In January 2011, the company marked the sale of its millionth soda maker in the country.[46] Europe accounts for 52% of SodaStream's sales.[47]

SodaStream has been a publicly traded company since 2010.[48] Since May 2012, SodaStream has been sold in over 2,900 Walmart locations in the United States. In June equity research firm Monness Crespi Hardt & Co. stated that SodaStream's machines were selling out at Walmart.[49][50] SodaStream's U.S. sales grew from US$4.4 million in 2007 to $40 million in 2011.[51] Despite record sales, profit margins are declining. SodaStream's estimated 2013 net income ($41.5 million on an annual revenue of $562 million in 2013, compared to 2012's $43.86 million of net income on $436.32 million of revenue) fell short of targets and investor expectations.[52] Sodastream also sells it's product at most Bed Bath & Beyond stores.

Gas canisters

The SodaStream counter-top beverage carbonators are typically bundled with a 14.5 ounce proprietary CO2 cylinder, which the company claims to be able to carbonate 60 litres (13 imp gal; 16 US gal) of water. A few selected models can also accept a 33-ounce cylinder advertised as carbonating 130 litres (29 imp gal; 34 US gal) of water. According to the company, when a cylinder is empty, it must be returned to a SodaStream reseller for replacement, however there are ample videos and descriptions online of methods whereby consumers learn how to refill the canisters on their own.[53]

SodaStream does not sell the CO2 canisters to consumers, but instead "licenses" them and expressly limits how they can be used in their User License Certificate.[54] Local CO2 vendors are generally not permitted to refill Sodastream canisters ("carbonators"), which include a proprietary valve designed to prevent refilling.[55]

According to SodaStream CEO Daniel Birnbaum, "We created a razor and a razor-blade business model. The razor is obviously the soda maker and we have three blades: the CO2 refills, the flavour syrups, and the bottles. So it's not a one-time sale – the blades are our future revenue stream. We acquire users, build our installed base, and we cultivate those users for life."[56]

In Sweden in 1984, carbonic acid supplier Sydbrand, primarily a supplier of fire equipment, was sued successfully by SodaStream for trademark infringement for refilling SodaStream-labelled CO2 canisters.[57] In 2006, SodaStream lost a suit against the resale of its Alco2jet brand canisters on eBay on the grounds that the canisters were only lent, not sold.[58]

Syrups and concentrates

SodaStream advertises "100 flavours of the world", an assortment of syrups and concentrates which include "cola", "natural", "clear", "green tea", "ice tea", "isotonic", fruit, "local", "mixers" and "energy" drinks.[59] The concentrates are packaged as 500 ml bottles in which one capful is enough to flavour one litre of soda; 0.5 litre of concentrate makes 12 litre of soda.

SodaStream can only carbonate water, one litre at a time, in the supplied bottle – the concentrates are added after carbonated water is removed from the machine. This poses a limitation if one wishes to carbonate wine or fresh fruit juices.[60]

There are no restrictions on obtaining soda syrup from competing vendors. Restaurant-standard 20 litre or 4.2 imperial gallons (5.0 US gal) "bag in box" soda fountain syrups are one means to obtain name-brand soda instead of SodaStream's generic brand. As these are not concentrates, the standard mix is five parts carbonated water to one part syrup. Fountain syrups are available from vendors such as Sams Club in the United States or from restaurant supply houses.

Users have experimented with various alternative flavours and syrups, including snow cone syrup, concentrates from real fruit juices, powdered drink mixes and home-made or supermarket concoctions.[61] A few small independent vendors offer speciality flavours such as soft drink syrups with real cane sugar.[62] A modern version of the "Hires Root Beer kit" unsweetened concentrate is distributed by the Hires Big H drive-in restaurant chain,[63] but its users must add both sugar and carbonated water.

Environmental marketing

In its marketing, the company focuses on environmental attractiveness of using tap water and returnable gas cylinders.[5] SodaStream has been involved in environmental projects, including waste reduction, beach cleanup and reforestation.[64]

Americans alone dispose of 130 billion bottles and cans every year,[65] and 340 billion beverage bottles and cans are not recycled every year worldwide.[66] According to SodaStream, use of home carbonation systems reduces packaging waste from bottles and cans, and the pollution caused by the transport of bottled drinks.[67] According to an analysis by Carbon Trust, SodaStream is 75 per cent less greenhouse gas-intensive than generic colas sold in plastic (PET) bottles in the UK.[68]

In 2011, SodaStream partnered with the Israel Union for Environmental Defense to launch an initiative promoting waste reduction and an improvement in the quality of tap water.[69]> Also in 2011, SodaStream launched a campaign with Erin O'Connor to raise awareness to the effects of plastic bottle waste on the environment.[70] As part of the company's support for Climate Week, in 2012 SodaStream donated £1,000 to a school in Crediton, Devon in the United Kingdom to fund an educational beach cleaning initiative.[71][72] SodaStream partnered with Trees for the Future in 2012 to launch the Replant Our Planet initiative: for each home beverage carbonation system sold from its Rethink Your Soda product line, SodaStream committed to planting hundreds of thousands of trees in Brazil.[73][74] SodaStream Italy and the Municipality of Venice partnered in 2012 to organize Join the Stream: fight the bottle, a cleanup initiative with its starting point at the Lido di Venezia.[75] Actress Rosario Dawson launched the first annual Unbottle the World Day in New York City in July 2012. The campaign, initiated by SodaStream to raise awareness to the impact of cans and plastic bottles on the environment, calls on the United Nations to designate one day of the year a "Bottle Free Day".[76]

Advertising campaigns

In 2010 SodaStream launched an international campaign to raise awareness of bottle and can consumption. The campaign involves the display of 9-cubic-metre cages in various countries, each containing 10,657 empty bottles and cans. Begun in Belgium, the Cage campaign has since visited 30 countries with the message that the waste produced by one family over the course of five years from beverage containers – 10,657 bottles and cans – can be replaced by a single SodaStream bottle. When a cage went on display in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2012, Coca-Cola demanded that SodaStream remove its products from the cages and threatened to sue SodaStream. SodaStream responded by dismissing the threats and announcing that it would display the cage outside Coca-Cola's headquarters in Atlanta.[77][78][79][80]

A 30-second television commercial promoting sustainability,[81] showing soda bottles exploding each time a person makes a drink using a SodaStream machine, was banned in the United Kingdom in 2012.[82][83] Clearcast, the organization that approves TV advertising in the UK, explained that they "thought it was a denigration of the bottled drinks market".[84] The same ad, crafted by Alex Bogusky, ran in the United States, Sweden, Australia, and other countries. An appeal by SodaStream to reverse Clearcast's decision to censor the commercial was rejected.[85][86][87] A similar advertisement, which featured a pair of Coca-Cola and Pepsi deliverymen reacting to the exploding bottles, was expected to air during Super Bowl XLVII in February 2013, but was rejected by CBS for its direct references to Coke and Pepsi. The previous SodaStream ad was shown in its place.[88] SodaStream CEO said "The banned ad was a win because of the quality as well as the quantity of the exposure we received".[89]

Production facilities

SodaStream has 13 production facilities. In, 2014, SodaStream's principal manufacturing facility in Mishor Adumim employed 1,300 workers, including 950 Arabs.[90] In 2011, another plant opened in the Alon Tavor industrial zone near the Israeli city of Afula. A third plant, which began operating in 2011 in Ashkelon, produces SodaStream syrups and flavours. The cornerstone for a fourth plant was also laid at the Idan HaNegev Industrial Park north of Beersheba in 2011.[9][91][92] In 2012, the Israeli government approved a grant to SodaStream for the construction of an NIS 130 million plant in the Idan haNegev industrial park near the predominantly Bedouin city of Rahat. The plant is expected to provide employment for around 1,000 workers, many of them Negev Bedouins.[93]

Controversy

The SodaStream controversy is part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign launched in 2005 to pressure Israel to end the occupation.[94] SodaStream has been criticized for operating its primary manufacturing plant in the Mishor Adumim industrial zone.[95][96][97]

According to the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem, the Mishor Adumim factory was built on land taken from five Palestinian towns and two Bedouin tribes evicted by the Israeli army.[98][99]

The European Union's highest court ruled in 2010 that SodaStream was not entitled to claim a "Made in Israel" exemption from EU customs payments for products manufactured in the West Bank because Israeli settlements in occupied Palestinian territory are outside the territorial scope of the EC-Israel Agreement.[100][101][102][103]

In January 2014, Oxfam accepted American Jewish actress Scarlett Johansson's resignation as ambassador for that organisation, a role she had held for eight years, after she became a brand ambassador for SodaStream. Oxfam has stated that "businesses, such as SodaStream, that operate in settlements further the ongoing poverty and denial of rights of the Palestinian communities that we work to support"[104] and opposes all trade with the settlements citing their illegality under international law.[105] Johansson reportedly resigned because of "a fundamental difference of opinion in regards to the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement".[104] In her statement she described SodaStream as "not only committed to the environment but to building a bridge to peace between Israel and Palestine, supporting neighbours working alongside each other, receiving equal pay, equal benefits and equal rights."[104] Birnbaum has also accused Oxfam of supporting the BDS movement against Israel as a whole, a charge Oxfam denied, saying that "this is about trade from the settlements" and specific to settlements outside Israel's pre-1967 border.[106][107] which Oxfam states, due to their location, pose an obstacle to any future two-state solution.[107]

SodaStream boycotts

Norway, Sweden and Finland have boycotted SodaStream products from the Mishor Adumim factory. According to SodaStream CEO Daniel Birnbaum, the boycott had no impact on the growth rate of SodaStream, and he said, all SodaStream products sold in Norway, Sweden and Finland are manufactured in China, "The mother of human rights."[107]

In January 2014 a Paris court ruled that Association France Palestine Solidarité (AFPS), a group campaigning to remove SodaStream from stores, must compensate SodaStream €6500 because the group falsely claimed the products are sold "illegally and fraudulently" due to their use of the "Made in Israel" label while being partly manufactured in the West Bank.[108]

Human Rights Watch stated that "It is impossible to ignore the Israeli system of unlawful discrimination, land confiscation, natural resource theft, and forced displacement of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank, where SodaStream is located".[11][109][110] The United Church of Canada launched a campaign to boycott SodaStream products manufactured in the West Bank.[111]

In July 2014, UK department store John Lewis removed all SodaStream products from its stores, amidst growing BDS pressure and declining sales. Its Oxford Street, London store has been the site of biweekly protests against the sale of SodaStream products. In July 2014, after two years of weekly BDS protests, SodaStream also closed its Brighton store.[112]

Birnbaum said that the factories are apolitical. "We don't take sides in this conflict. He described the factory as "building bridges between us and the Palestinian population, and we provide our Palestinian employees with respectable employment opportunities and an appropriate salary and benefits".[113] SodaStream employs 500 West Bank Palestinians.[114] Addressing the location of SodaStream's Ma'ale Adumim plant, Birnbaum said "we're here for historical reasons." The choice was made by company founder Peter Weissburgh, back in the 1990s, long before SodaStream was taken over by the current owners, who appointed Birnbaum in 2007.[115] Birnbaum said that factory presence was a reality and he would not bow to political pressure to close it: "We will not throw our employees under the bus to promote anyone’s political agenda...I just can't see how it would help the cause of the Palestinians if we fired them."[115]

Supporters of the factory cite the West Bank's high unemployment rate and low GDP as evidence the jobs are badly needed. Opponents have argued that the small number of jobs provided by the factories in the settlements do not outweigh the effect the Israeli presence on the Palestinian economy.[98] Others have argued that SodaStream is exploiting local cheap labour.[116][117] Workers' incomes at the factory are substantially above the 1450 shekel/month Palestinian Authority minimum wage.[107]

All but one of the Palestinian employees interviewed by The Christian Science Monitor supported Johansson's stance and opposed a boycott of SodaStream, stating that a boycott would only hurt them.[94] One Palestinian employee said he was ashamed to work for SodaStream and felt like a "slave" working on an assembly line for twelve hours a day.[94] Another Palestinian employee interviewed by Reuters reported that: "Most of the managers are Israeli, and West Bank employees feel they can't ask for pay rises or more benefits because they can be fired and easily replaced."[94][118]

In December 2014, Harvard University Dining Services halted SodaStream machine purchases for its dining facilities due to demonstrations by the Harvard College Palestine Solidarity Committee and the Harvard Islamic Society.[119] A few days later, however, Harvard's President Drew Faust reversed the decision, claiming she had not been aware of it in the first place.[120]

Firing of Palestinian workers

In July 2014, Sodastream fired 60 Palestinian workers after they complained about not receiving sufficient food to break Ramadan fasts during night shifts (the company does not permit employees to bring their own food because the plant follows Jewish dietary restrictions) and called a wildcat strike.[121] The workers were fired after receiving due process hearings, and were given severance pay.[121]

Closing of Maale Adumim factory

SodaStream announced that its factory in Maale Adumim would be closed by the end of 2016 in order to save $9 million in production costs. The plant's operations will be transferred to a new factory in Lehavim, where it will reportedly "employ a significant number of Bedouin Arabs." Following the announcement the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) cited SodaStream's relocation of its factory as a success, but added that efforts to boycott SodaStream will continue – although Lehavim is located within the pre-1967 borders, PACBI argues that the new factory will be in close proximity to Rahat (a planned town for Bedouins) "thus still implicating [Sodastream] in Israel’s displacement policies."[122]

See also

References

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  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  108. ↑ French court rules boycott group cease denigrating campaign against SodaStream, Haaretz, 29 January 2014
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  111. ↑ United Church of Canada's Israeli boycott campaign an 'assault on the Jewish people', Toronto group says
  112. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.603011
  113. ↑ Embarrassment at Israeli President Shimon Peres's House
  114. ↑ Boycott Israel Push Against SodaStream Could Hurt Palestinian Workers. 10 February 2013
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 SodaStream Boss Admits West Bank Plant Is 'a Pain' — Praises Scarlett Johansson, forward, 28 January 2014.
  116. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  117. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  119. ↑ http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/12/17/huds-soda-stream-suspend-purchase
  120. ↑ http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/12/23/harvard-braintrust-reverses-student-driven-sodastream-ban/
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ SodaStream to shut West Bank factory, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 29 October 2014.

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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