Conscription in South Korea

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Conscription, also known as mandatory military service or compulsory national service, is legal and enforced in South Korea, with military service stated in Chapter II Article 39 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea for all citizens. The current Conscription Law, enacted in 1965, however, applies only to males, aged between 18 and 35,[1] although women are allowed to enroll in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps as of 2010.[2]

History

Until January 2011, mixed-race men were prohibited from being conscripted into the South Korean military.[3]

Administration

It is administered by the Military Manpower Administration. There are two tiers of service: active duty or non-active duty service.[4] Length of service varies according to branches: 21 months for Army and Marine Corps, 23 months for Navy, 24 months for Air Force.[5] The non-active duty service, e.g. civil service or public service worker, is from 24 months to 36 months.

South Korea currently has among the longest military service periods in the world, ranked behind Israel, Singapore, and North Korea. In recent years, there has been pressure from the public demanding either a shortening of the term or a switch to voluntary military service, and from experts calling for a gradual phasing out rather than complete abolition.[6] However, in December 2010, after taking into consideration of the 2010 ROKS Cheonan sinking and Bombardment of Yeonpyeong incidents, the government confirmed that there will be no reduction of service periods.[5]

Exemptions

Certain medical conditions, depending on the severity, either exempts one from service or allows civil service instead. This includes those who have donated organs. Graduates from special high schools may work at selected workplaces for 3 years instead.[7] Those with a master's degree in engineering may work at research institutes or pass a test and do a PhD for 3 years instead.[8] Those who have been imprisoned for more than 18 months or are in poverty (defined as monthly income lower than 1.5 million won and being the sole provider of income for at least 3 family members, of which at least 2 must be disabled or have an incurable disease) are also exempt.[9]

Current conscription laws stipulate that athletes who win medals in the Olympic Games or gold medals in the Asian Games are granted exemptions but still required to do four weeks of basic training.[1] In 2011, the Military Manpower Administration proposed amendments to the exemptions: to include men who have not completed middle school, and to change to a points-based system on a prescribed scale for athletes who win in prestigious competitions. This is partly to address criticism for the easy exemptions and to recognise the privilege to those who show steady performance.[10]

Notable athletes who have been granted exemptions are the bronze medal winning football team of 2012 Summer Olympics[11][12] and swimmer Park Tae-hwan, who reported for four weeks of basic training on 4 October 2012,[13] and was discharged on 31 October from boot camp in Nonsan, South Chungcheong Province.[14] Also, tennis player Hyeon Chung has been granted 4 weeks basic training for his win in the 2014 Asian Games.[15]

Compensation

The following data is from 'Regulation on Public Servant Compensation', implemented on 1 January 2016.[16] Exchange rate as of 5 February 2015 (₩1205 to $1.00USD)

Private (이등병) Private first class (일등병) Corporal (상등병) Sergeant (병장)
₩148,000
$122.76 (approx) per month		 ₩161,000
$133.54 (approx) per month		 ₩178,800
$148.30 (approx) per month		 ₩197,000
$163.40 (approx) per month

Equipment

The Department of Defense has revealed that it has failed to provide sneakers to 7,411 recruits who joined the military from 22 May to 4 June 2012, after the budget was insufficient for need. The Department originally projected the cost of each pair of sneakers to be 11,000 KRW However, the actual cost turned out to be 15,000 KRW.[17]

The office of National Assembly member Kim Kwang-jin of Democratic United Party revealed that cadets in Korea Military Academy were provided with sneakers worth 60,000 KRW and tennis shoes. Cadets in Korea Army Academy at Yeongcheon were provided with sneakers worth 64,250 KRW, in addition to running shoes and soccer shoes.[18]

List of celebrity South Korean military conscripts

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Main article: List of celebrity South Korean military conscripts

Controversies

The public is sensitive towards mandatory military service, but also has a low tolerance towards those who attempt to dodge or receive special treatment, especially after scandals of wealthy families caught trying to avoid their national duty. Those found or accused of draft dodging and negligence of duty often face harsh penalties and public backlash. According to Ha Jae-keun, a South Korean pop columnist, "The mood against draft-dodgers and negligence of duty is so hostile that nowadays entertainers feel it’s better to get it over and done with".[19][20]

Steve Yoo

Steve Yoo, a Korean American former pop singer, was due to be drafted for his military service in early 2002, only to give up his Korean nationality and became a naturalized U.S. citizen. He was born in Seoul and migrated to the United States at the age of 13. The South Korean government considered it an act of desertion and deported him, banning him from entering the country permanently.[21]

Song Seung-heon

In late 2004, it was revealed that actor Song Seung-heon had avoided his draft by taking medication to fail the military physical examination. Song had previously been exempted by claiming to have severe diabetes and high blood pressure, but that was found by the South Korean government to be false.[22] Amidst press coverage and public outcry, Song publicly apologised and agreed to immediately serve his two-year term in the military. Song was discharged on 15 November 2006 with the rank of Corporal.[23][24]

MC Mong

On 11 April 2011, rapper MC Mong was cleared of intentionally pulling out healthy teeth to be exempted from military duty but was sentenced to a suspended jail term of 6 months, probation for one year, and 120 hours of community service, for deliberately delaying enlistment on false grounds.[25] The court acknowledged that there was a delay in his military enlistment, however, they were unable to determine whether he was guilty of extracting teeth for the purpose of avoiding his military draft. In September 2011, it was reported that Mong has been banned by Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) from appearing in its TV shows, for draft dodging.[26]

Kim Mu-yeol

In June 2012 Kim Mu-yeol came under growing public criticism over allegations he dodged his compulsory military service. In a report released by the Korean Board of Audit and Inspection (BAI), Kim was deemed fit to serve in active duty as a level two recruit after a March 2001 physical examination. However, throughout 2007 to 2009, Kim was granted postponement on the grounds that he was taking civil service examinations or had been admitted to a work training facility, neither of which took place. During this time he reportedly earned approximately ₩300 million from films, musicals and television work. In December 2009, he received his final notice for enlistment, having used up the 730 days allowed for postponement. He submitted a request to change his military status in January 2010 because of a knee injury, which was rejected. Finally, a valid exemption was granted on the grounds that he was a "low-income individual" and the sole provider for his family. BAI's contention was that Kim's income is substantially higher than the standard for disqualification due to poverty; thus, the Military Manpower Administration was negligent in their duties by granting the exemption.[27][28][29]

Kim’s agency Prain TPC defended him, stating that Kim had been supporting his family by working as a security guard, construction worker and at a mobile phone factory since his late teens. When his father collapsed from a cerebral hemorrhage and was diagnosed with cancer in 2008, the treatments incurred a lot of debt for the family. Their worsening financial condition caused them to become totally dependent on Kim, resulting in his said filing for an exemption in 2010.[30] Given the publicity, a reinvestigation into the case was launched and Kim was asked by the production company to leave the film 11 A.M. (he was replaced by Choi Daniel).[31][32] On 4 October 2012, Kim released a statement that though there was no wrongdoing on his part, he had decided to voluntarily enter the army "to recover his honor damaged by the rumors."[33][34]

Bae Sang-moon

Professional golfer Bae Sang-moon claimed he was exempt from military service because he was out of South Korea for an extended period of time and had residency in the United States. His work visa had also expired. His appeal was denied by a South Korean court in July 2015.[35] Bae played the rest of the 2015 PGA Tour season and the 2015 Presidents Cup before agreeing to honor his military commitment.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ "Women are showing keen interest in ROTC" Joongang Daily. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-22
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ "Too Late for 'Toothless Rapper' to Join the Military" Chosun Ilbo. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-14
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Plan to cut compulsory military service scrapped" Joongang Daily. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-22
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ http://kin.naver.com/qna/detail.nhn?d1id=6&dirId=6030205&docId=221564595&qb=64yA7LK067O166y0&enc=utf8&section=kin&rank=1&search_sort=0&spq=0&pid=Sg%2BatwpySDCssar1Gv4sssssstK-276014&sid=p/PcmIFiGsMtCEgEV5Ia3g%3D%3D
  8. ↑ http://kin.naver.com/qna/detail.nhn?d1id=11&dirId=110503&docId=143111773&qb=64yA7LK067O166y0&enc=utf8&section=kin&rank=5&search_sort=0&spq=0&pid=Sg%2BatwpySDCssar1Gv4sssssstK-276014&sid=p/PcmIFiGsMtCEgEV5Ia3g%3D%3D
  9. ↑ http://blog.naver.com/kerberos75/220046561156
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/chung-participates-in-korean-military-training
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Seo, Ji-eun "Steve Yoo isn’t coming back to Korea" Joongang Daily. 20 October 2011. retrieved 2011-11-08
  22. ↑ (Korean) "최지우, '승헌이에게 말 걸어볼까?" SSTV. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 2011-11-06
  23. ↑ "Song Seung-heon, Jang Hyeok Discharged from Military" HanCinema. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-14
  24. ↑ (Korean) "Song Seung-heon discharged from the army" Yahoo News Korea, 2006-11-18. Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "Rapper Gets Suspended Jail Term for Draft Dodging" Chosun Ilbo. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-14
  26. ↑ "KBS, MBC release list of 36 banned entertainers" Dong-A Ilbo. 28 September 2011. 2011-10-14
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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