Southern Thai language

Southern Thai
ภาษาไทยใต้ pʰaːsaː tʰajtaj
Native to	Southern Thailand, Kedah, Kelantan and Tanintharyi Region
Ethnicity	Thai (Southern), Peranakan, Thai Malaysian
Native speakers	4.5 million (2006)
Language family	Tai–Kadai Tai Southwestern (Thai) Southern Thai
Writing system	Thai alphabet (since 15th century) Khmer alphabet (historically)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sou
Glottolog	sout2746

Southern Thai (Thai: ภาษาไทยใต้  [pʰaːsǎː tʰajtâːj]), also known as Pak Tai (ภาษาปักษ์ใต้) or Dambro (Thai: ภาษาตามโพร  [pʰaːsǎː taːmpʰroː]), is a Southwestern Tai language spoken in the fourteen provinces of Southern Thailand as well as by small communities in the northernmost Malaysian states. It is spoken by roughly five million people, and as a second language by the 1.5 million speakers of Kelantan-Pattani Malay and other ethnic groups such as the local Thai Chinese communities, Negritos, and other tribal groups. Most speakers are also fluent or understand the Central Thai dialects.

Distribution

In Thailand, speakers of Southern Thai can be found in a contiguous region beginning as far north as Prachuap Khiri Khan Province and extending southward to the border with Malaysia. Smaller numbers of speakers reside in the Malaysian border states, especially Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Perlis, and Perak. In these areas, it is the primary language of ethnic Thais as well as of the ethnically Malay people on both sides of the Thai-Malaysian border in Satun and Songkhla provinces. Although numerous regional variations exist and there is no one standard, the language is most distinct near the Malaysian border. All varieties, however, remain mutually intelligible. For economic reasons, many speakers of Southern Thai have migrated to Bangkok and other Thai cities. Some have also emigrated to the Middle East, which offers not only economic opportunity but also a culture which shares the Islamic faith practiced by some speakers of Southern Thai.

History

Malay kingdoms ruled much of the Malay Peninsula, such as the Pattani Kingdom and Tambralinga, but most of the area, at one time or another, was under the rule of Srivijaya. The population of the Malay peninsula was heavily influenced by the culture of India transmitted through missionaries or indirectly through traders. Numerous Buddhist and Hindu shrines attest to the diffusion of Indian culture. The power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the growth of the kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat, which subsequently became a vassal of the Sukhothai Kingdom. The area has been a frontier between the northern Tai peoples and the southern ethnic Malays as well as between Buddhism and Islam.

Phonology

Dialects

• Ligor dialect, spoken in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Trang, Satun provinces and Mueang Pattani, Mae Lan, Khok Pho and Nong Chik Districts of Pattani Province.
• Chaiya dialect, spoken in Krabi, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong, Surat Thani and Chumphon Provinces.
• Singora dialect, spoken in Songkhla, Yala and mostly part of Pattani Provinces.
• Tak Bai dialect, spoken in Kelantan state, Narathiwat Province and Yaring, Panare, Sai Buri districts of Pattani Province.

Tones

There are five phonemic tones in the Nakhon Si Thammarat dialect: high, mid rising-falling, low-rising, mid-high, and low.

Tone	Standard Thai	Phonemic	Phonetic	Example meaning in English
high	ผ่า	/pʰáː/	[pʰaː˥˥]	to split
mid rising-falling	ปลา	/plâː/	[plaː˧˦˧]	fish
low-rising	ถ้า	/tʰǎː/	[tʰaː˩˦]	lf
mid-high	ห้า	/haː/	[haː˦˦]	five
low	ค้า	/kʰàː/	[kʰaː˩˩]	to trade

Consonants

	Bilabial			Labio- dental	Alveolar			Post- alveolar		Palatal	Velar			Glottal
Nasal			[m]				[n]						[ŋ]
Plosive	[p]	[pʰ]	[b]		[t]	[tʰ]	[d]				[k]	[kʰ]		[ʔ] *
Fricative				[f]	[s]									[h]
Affricate								[tɕ]	[tɕʰ]
Trill							[r]
Approximant										[j]			[w]
Lateral approximant							[l]

^* Implied before any vowel without an initial and after a short vowel without a final.

Differences from Standard Thai

Although of the major regional languages of Thailand, Southern Thai is most similar in lexicon and grammar to Central Thai, the varieties are sufficiently different that mutual intelligibility between the two can be problematic. Southern Thai presents a diglossic situation wherein registers range from the most formal (Standard Central Thai spoken with Southern Thai tones and accent) to the common vernacular (which utilises more local vocabulary and incorporates more words from Patani Malay). The Thai language was introduced with Siamese incursions into the Malay Peninsula possibly starting as early as the Sukhothai Kingdom. During this and successive kingdoms, the area in which Southern Thai is spoken was a frontier zone between Thai polities and the Malay Sultanates. Malay vocabulary is an integral part of the lexicon, as Malay was formerly spoken throughout the region and many speakers of the language still speak the Patani dialect of Malay.

Southern Thai is mainly a spoken language, although the Thai alphabet is often used in the informal situations when it is written.

The words used that are etymologically Thai are often spoken in a reduced and rapid manner, making comprehension by speakers of other varieties difficult. Also, as Southern Thai uses up to seven tones in certain provinces, the tonal distribution is different from other regional varieties of Thai. Additionally, Southern Thai speakers almost always preserve ร as /r/ in contrast to Northern Thai, the Lao-based Isan language, and informal registers of Standard Thai where it is generally realized as /l/.

Differences between Southern Thai and Thai

Dambro	Thai	English	Dambro	Thai	English
หร่อย, rɔːj	อร่อย, aʔrɔ̀ːj	delicious	ม่าย, maːj	ไหม, mǎj	question particle
แหลง, lɛːŋ	พูด, pʰûːt	to speak	จังหู้, tɕaŋhuː	มาก, mâːk	a lot
ดีปรี, _diːpriː	พริก, pʰrík	chilli	หลุหละ, lulaʔ	สกปรก, sòk.ka.pròk	dirty
หยีบ, jip	ยี่สิบ, jîːsìp	twenty	บาย, baːj	สบาย, saʔbaːj	to be well
ยานัด, jaːnát	สับปะรด, sàp.paʔ.rót	pineapple	นากา, naːkaː	นาฬิกา, naːlí.kaː	clock
ขี้มัน, kʰiːman	ขี้เหนียว, kʰîːnǐaw	stingy	พรือ, pʰrɯːa	อะไร, aʔraj	what?
ยัง, jaŋ	มี, miː	to have	แค, kʰɛː	ใกล้, klâj	near
พี่บ่าว, pʰiːbaːw	พี่ชาย, pʰîːtɕʰaːj	older brother	เกือก, kɯːak	รองเท้า, rɔːŋtʰáːw	shoe
ตอเช้า, tɔ.tɕʰaw	พรุ่งนี้, pʰrûŋ.níː	tomorrow	พร้าว, pʰraːw	มะพร้าว, máʔ.pʰráːw	coconut
หลาด, laːt	ตลาด, taʔ.làːt	market	ตู, tuː	ประตู, praʔ.tuː	door
แล, lɛː	ดู, duː	to see	นายหัว, naːj.hua	หัวหน้า, hǔa.nâː	boss

References

• Bradley, David. (1992). "Southwestern Dai as a lingua franca." Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Vol. II.I:13, pp. 780–781.
• Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISPN: 1573560197.
• Miyaoka, Osahito. (2007). The Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926662-X.
• Taher, Mohamed. (1998). Encylopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-261-0403-1.
• Yegar, Moshe. Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0356-3.
• Diller, A. Van Nostrand. (1976). Toward a Model of Southern Thai Diglossic Speech Variation. Cornell University Publishers.
• Li, Fang Kuei. (1977). A Handbook of Comparative Tai. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0540-2.