Status quo ante bellum

The term status quo ante bellum (often shortened to status quo ante) is a Latin phrase meaning "the state existing before the war".

The term was originally used in treaties to refer to the withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses territory or economic and political rights. This contrasts with uti possidetis, where each side retains whatever territory and other property it holds at the end of the war.

The term has been generalized to form the phrases status quo and status quo ante. Outside this context, the term antebellum is, in the United States, usually associated with the period before the American Civil War or the period before the drastic cultural reversals of the 1960s, while in Europe and elsewhere with the period before World War I or the period before World War II.

Historical examples

An early example is the treaty that ended the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 between the Eastern Roman and the Sasanian Persian Empires. The Persians had occupied Asia Minor, Palestine and Egypt. After a successful Roman counteroffensive in Mesopotamia finally brought about the end of the war, the integrity of Rome's eastern frontier as it was prior to 602 was fully restored. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself when the armies of Islam emerged from Arabia in 632.

Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria lasted from 1756 to 1763 and concluded status quo ante bellum. Austria tried to regain the region of Silesia, lost in the War of the Austrian Succession eight years previously, but the territory remained in the hands of the Prussians.

War of 1812

Another example of a war that ended status quo ante bellum is the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom, which was concluded with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. During negotiations, British diplomats had suggested ending the war uti possidetis, While American diplomats also demanded cession from Canada, the final treaty, due in large part to pressure from the British government to secure peace early left neither gains nor losses in land for the United States or the United Kingdom's Canadian colonies.

American Civil War

The Plantation era, also loosely referred to as the antebellum era, was a period in the history of the Southern United States, from the late 18th century until the start of the American Civil War in 1860 (which ended slavery in the United States and destroyed much of the economic landscape of the South), marked by the economic growth of the South, based on slave-driven plantation farming.

Much of the economic growth of this era can be attributed to the rise of the plantation system and the use of slave labor, which many historians believe to be responsible for the economic woes of the South during the Reconstruction Era. The concurrent rise in large-scale farming and in plantation slavery has led to studies on the institution of slavery as an economic system.

The plantation system eventually grew to form the industrial and social frame of government in the Southern slave states, while the associated institution of slavery became the basis of the Southern social system, ideology, and a set of psychological patterns.

World Wars

World War I

By the end of World War I or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist. National borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germany's colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four (Britain, France, the United States and Italy) imposed their terms in a series of treaties. The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation (particularly in Germany) eventually contributed to World War II.

World War II

World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the effects of which are still ongoing to this day. The United Nations (UN) was established to foster international co-operation. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and France—became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia and Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity. Notably, multiculturalism became a postwar policy of all Western countries.

Football War

The Football War, also known as the Soccer War or 100 Hour War, was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Ceasefire by Organization of American States intervention.

Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. "The war left the borders unchanged. Two years later, as war with the western powers loomed, Saddam Hussein recognized Iranian rights over the eastern half of the Shatt al-Arab, a reversion to the status quo ante bellum that he had repudiated a decade earlier."

Yugoslav Wars

After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992, the constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia retained the boundaries they had within that state. When the Yugoslav wars ended in the Dayton Accords of 1995, all republic boundaries remained unchanged; the formation of Republic of Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina within Bosnia were purely administrative and one can move about freely within Bosnia as before the war.

Kargil War

The Kargil War was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Jammu & Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LoC). The war started with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and armed insurgents into positions on the Indian side of the LoC. After two months of fighting, the Indian military regained the majority of the positions on the Indian side, and the Pakistani forces withdrew to their peacetime positions. The war ended with no territorial changes on either side.

See also

• Pre-war (disambiguation)
• Fait accompli
• Revanchism
• Irredentism
• Reset button technique
• Facts on the ground
• De facto
• Ex factis jus oritur