Temple of Edfu

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Temple of Edfu
260px
The main entrance of Edfu Temple showing the first pylon
Monument information
Type Temple
Location Egypt
Nome Wetjes-Hor
Hieroglyphic name
F18
D46		 t
O49

(Bḥd.t)
Deity Horus (primary), Hathor, Harsomtus
Historical information
Period Graeco-Roman Period
Dynasty Ptolemaic Dynasty
Construction start date August 23, 237 BCE
Completion date 57 BCE
Architectural description
Construction material Sandstone
Height 36 meters
Width 3

76 meters
Length 79 meters

The Temple of Edfu is an ancient Egyptian temple, located on the west bank of the Nile in Edfu, Upper Egypt. The city was known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo.[1] It is one of the best preserved shrines in Egypt. The temple, dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BC. The inscriptions on its walls provide important information on language, myth and religion during the Greco-Roman period in ancient Egypt. In particular, the Temple's inscribed building texts "provide details [both] of its construction, and also preserve information about the mythical interpretation of this and all other temples as the Island of Creation."[2] There are also "important scenes and inscriptions of the Sacred Drama which related the age-old conflict between Horus and Seth."[3] They are translated by the German Edfu-Project.

History

File:S10.08 Edfu, image 9886.jpg
North side of court of Temple of Edfu
File:S10.08 Edfu, image 9885.jpg
Door of the Pylon

Edfu was one of several temples built during the Ptolemaic period, including Dendera, Esna, Kom Ombo and Philae. Its size reflects the relative prosperity of the time.[4] The present temple, which was begun "on 23 August 237 BC, initially consisted of a pillared hall, two transverse halls, and a barque sanctuary surrounded by chapels."[5] The building was started during the reign of Ptolemy III and completed in 57 BC under Ptolemy XII. It was built on the site of an earlier, smaller temple also dedicated to Horus, although the previous structure was oriented east-west rather than north-south as in the present site. A ruined pylon lies just to the east of the current temple; inscriptional evidence has been found indicating a building program under the New Kingdom rulers Ramesses I, Seti I and Ramesses II.

File:Temple of Edfu sanctuary.jpg
Inside the sanctuary at the centre of the temple.
File:Edfu temple relief by John Campana.jpg
Reliefs on the walls of the Temple of Edfu
Inside the Temple of Edfu.

A naos of Nectanebo II, a relic from an earlier building, is preserved in the inner sanctuary, which stands alone while the temple's barque sanctuary is surrounded by nine chapels.[6]

The temple of Edfu fell into disuse as a religious monument following Theodosius I's edict banning non-Christian worship within the Roman Empire in 391. As elsewhere, many of the temple's carved reliefs were razed by followers of the Christian faith which came to dominate Egypt. The blackened ceiling of the hypostyle hall, visible today, is believed to be the result of arson intended to destroy religious imagery that was then considered pagan.

Over the centuries, the temple became buried to a depth of 12 metres (39 ft) beneath drifting desert sand and layers of river silt deposited by the Nile. Local inhabitants built homes directly over the former temple grounds. Only the upper reaches of the temple pylons were visible by 1798, when the temple was identified by a French expedition. In 1860 Auguste Mariette, a French Egyptologist, began the work of freeing Edfu temple from the sands.

The Temple of Edfu is nearly intact and a very good example of an ancient Egyptian temple.[7] The Temple of Edfu's archaeological significance and high state of preservation has made it a centre for tourism in Egypt and a frequent stop for the many riverboats that cruise the Nile. In 2005, access to the temple was revamped with the addition of a visitor center and paved carpark.[8] A sophisticated lighting system was added in late 2006 to allow night visits.[9]

Religious significance

The temple of Edfu is the largest temple dedicated to Horus and Hathor of Dendera.[10] It was the center of several festivals sacred to Horus. Each year, "Hathor travelled south from her temple at Denderah to visit Horus at Edfu, and this event marking their sacred marriage was the occasion of a great festival and pilgrimage."[11]

Influence on British architecture

The Temple of Edfu provides the model for Temple Works in Holbeck, Leeds. The courtyard columns at Edfu are closely copied in the frontage of the leeds building.

Gallery

  • GD-EG-Edfou019.JPG

    Arrival at the Temple of Edfu

  • GD-EG-Edfou033.jpg

    Rear of Edfu temple

  • GD-EG-Edfou009.JPG

    rear of the left pylon of Edfu temple

  • Edfu-Horus.jpg

    Edfu Horus

  • Edfou-Horus 006.jpg

    Horus

  • GD-EG-Edfou015.JPG

    Horus at the entrance to the large courtyard

  • Египет21.jpg

    Horus sculpture in courtyard

  • GD-EG-Edfou010.JPG

    Detail of a lintel at the entrance to Edfu temple

  • GD-EG-Edfou013.JPG

    A breastfeeding scene in the interior walls of Edfu temple

  • Edfu Tempel 42-2.jpg

    Edfu Temple, detail

  • Edfu Tempel Nilometer 01.jpg

    Edfu Tempe, Nilometer for measuring height of Nile River

  • Edfou2.JPG

    Edfu Temple Columns

  • Edfou-Chapiteau lotiforme-008.jpg

    Column detail

  • Edfu-Column-detail2.jpg

    Edfu columns

  • Edfu-Column-detail.jpg

    Edfu column detail

  • Edfu75.JPG

    Column detail

  • Edfu-Relief4.jpg

    Edfu relief

  • Edfu-Relief3.jpg

    Edfu relief

  • Edfu-Relief2.jpg

    Edfu relief

  • Edfu-Relief.jpg

    Edfu relief

  • Edfu-Detail.jpg

    Edfu detail

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ David, Rosalie. Discovering Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, 1993. p.99
  2. ↑ David, op. cit., p.99
  3. ↑ David, op. cit., p.99
  4. ↑ Agnese, Giorgio and Maurizio Re. Ancient Egypt: Art and archaeology of the land of the pharaohs, 2004. p.23 ISBN 0-7607-8380-2
  5. ↑ Dieter Arnold, Nigel Strudwick & Sabine Gardiner, The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2003. p.78
  6. ↑ Arnold, Strudwick & Gardiner, op. cit., p.78
  7. ↑ David., op. cit., p.99
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ David, op. cit., p.99
  11. ↑ David., op. cit., p.99

References

  • Oakes, Lorna and Lucia Gahlin. Ancient Egypt: An illustrated reference to the myths, religions, pyramids and temples of the land of the pharaohs. 2006. ISBN 0-7607-4943-4
  • Kurth, Dieter. The Temple of Edfu. 2004. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977 424 764 7

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