Terrorism in Indonesia

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See also: List of terrorist incidents in Indonesia

Terrorism in Indonesia refer to acts of terrorism that take place within Indonesia or attacks on Indonesian people or interests abroad. These acts of terrorism often target the government of the Republic of Indonesia or foreigners in Indonesia, most notably Western visitors, especially those from the United States and Australia.

In June 2015, Indonesia was taken off the Financial Action Task Force blacklist of 'Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories' (NCCTs) due to Indonesia no longer being non-cooperative in the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. That gives Indonesia the same status as other major economies in the G-20.[1]

Suspects

Damaged Ritz-Carlton Hotel in 2009 Jakarta bombings.

Traditionally the militias that politically opposed to Indonesian government interest were held responsible for series of terrorism attack in Indonesia. Separatist movements operating in Indonesia, such as the Darul Islam (Indonesia), Fretilin (East Timorese independence militia during Indonesian occupation of East Timor), Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, and Organisasi Papua Merdeka are often held responsible on terrorist attacks, such as bombings and shootings, in Indonesia. Recent terrorism in Indonesia can in part be attributed to the al-Qaeda-affiliated Jemaah Islamiyah Islamist terror group.

Since 2003, a number of 'western targets' have been attacked. Victims have included both foreign—mainly Western tourists—as well as Indonesian civilians. Terrorism in Indonesia intensified in 2000 with the Jakarta Stock Exchange bombing, followed by four more large attacks. The deadliest killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.[2] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.[3] However, after the capture and killing of most of its key members and leaders, most notably Imam Samudra, Amrozi, Abu Dujana, Azahari Husin, and the latest one, Noordin Top, the terrorist cells in Indonesia are more and more insignificant.

Since 2011, the terrorist attack seems to be shifted, from targeting foreign Western interest and residents to attacking Indonesian police officers. Indonesian Police has been successfully cracking down terrorist cells in Indonesia, and as retaliation a new terrorist cell, identified as "Cirebon Cell" began targeting police officers. On 15 April 2011 a suicide bomber detonated an explosive device in a mosque in a police compound in the city of Cirebon, in West Java, during Friday prayer. The bomber was killed and at least 28 people were injured.[4][5] The same cell also suspected to be involved in two more attacks in Solo, a church suicide bomb on 25 September 2011, and shooting targeting police on 17 August 2012. However these attacks were not as well-prepared and high scaled as previous attacks organized by terrorist group JI.

Although the terrorist attacks seems to be reduced in both amount and scale, some terrorist hotspots such as Poso, Central Sulawesi, remains as terrorist battleground. Poso was previously marred by religious violences between Muslims and Christian in the area. On 16 October 2012, Police discovered two corpses of murdered police that has been missing since three days earlier in Tamanjeka village, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi. The victims were missing during investigation mission on suspected terrorist training ground in a forest at Poso Regency.[6]

Similar attacks targeting Indonesian authorities, especially police officers, were also occurred in Papua, however these ones are not linked with Islamist terrorist cells, but with Papuan separatist movement instead. On 8 April 2012, Trigana Air PK-YRF airplane were shot by unidentified gunmen during landing approach on Mulia airstrip, Puncak Jaya, Papua on 08.21 AM. A Papua Pos journalist, Kogoya (35), was killed in this shooting.[7] On 27 November 2012, three policemen stationed in remote Pirime police post, Jayawijaya, Papua, were killed in an attack by a group of unidentified men. Police suspected the Papua separatist movement was behind the attack.[8]

Political and community responses

Conspiracy theories similar to those around the September 11 attacks appeared in the Indonesian media blaming the Bali bombings on a Western-Jewish-Chinese-Masonic plot to discredit Islam.[citation needed] Used to a culture of rumour and violence under the "New Order", many Indonesians considered such theories credible. Subsequent bombings in the centre of Jakarta, in which all but one victim were ordinary Indonesians, shocked the public and brought swift responses from the Indonesian security forces. Even the most reluctant politicians had to admit that the evidence was against a small group of Islamist agitators. The Jakarta bombings and legal prosecutions helped shift public opinion away from the use of extremist Islamic political violence, but also increased the influence of intelligence bodies, the police and military whose strength had diminished since 1998.[9]

Political factors clouded Indonesian responses to the "War on Terror"; politicians were at pains not to be seen to be bowing to US and Australian opinion, and the term "Jemaah Islamiyah" is controversial in Indonesia as it means "Islamic community/congregation", and was also the subject of previous "New Order" manipulation of the term.[10]

Effects

The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries including the United States[3] and Australia,[11] severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects. Bali's economy was particularly hard hit, as were tourism based businesses in other parts of Indonesia. In May 2008, the United States government decided to lift its warning.[11] In 2006, 227,000 Australians visited Indonesia and in 2007 this rose to 314,000.[11]

Counter terrorism

Detachment 88 is the Indonesian counter-terrorism squad, and part of the Indonesian National Police. Formed after the 2002 Bali bombing, the unit has had considerable success against the jihadi terrorist cells linked to Central Java-based Islamist movement Jemaah Islamiah.[11]

Within the next three months after the 2002 Bali bombing, various militants, including the attack's mastermind Imam Samudra, the notorious 'smiling-bomber' Amrozi, and many others were apprehended.[12] Samudra, Amrozi, and Amrozi's brother Ali Ghufron were executed by firing squad on November 9, 2008.

On November 10, 2005, bomb expert and senior player in Jemaah Islamiah, Malaysian Dr Azahari Husin, along with two other militants were killed in a raid of a house in Malang, East Java.[13]

The police forces uncovered JI's new command structure in March 2007 and discovered a weapons depot in Java in May 2007. Abu Dujana, suspected leader of JI's military wing and its possible emir, was apprehended on June 9, 2007.[14]

As of May 2008, Indonesian police have arrested 418 suspects, of which approximately 250 have been tried and convicted. According to sources within Detachment 88, the JI organisation has been "shrunk", and many of its top operatives have been arrested or killed.[11]

On July 17, 2009, two blasts ripped two Jakarta hotels, JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton, killing seven.[15] It was the first serious attack for the country in the last five years. The police stated that it was committed by a splinter, yet more radical, group of JI, led by the man dubbed as the most wanted terrorist in Southeast Asia, Noordin Top. Top was killed in a raid two months later on September 17, 2009 in Solo, Central Java.[16] All members of his cell were either killed or captured, including the recruiter and field coordinator of the attack, Ibrohim, killed on August 12, 2009,[17] and the one said to be his successor, Syaifudin Zuhri, killed on October 9, 2009. After Top, many believed that terrorism in Indonesia had run out of charismatic leaders, and grew insignificant. According to South East Asian terrorism expert and director of South East Asia International Crisis Group, Sidney Jones, Top's death was "a huge blow for the extremist organizations in Indonesia and the region".[18]

On March 9, 2010, Dulmatin, a senior figure in the militant group Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) and one of the most wanted terrorists in Southeast Asia was killed in a police raid in Pamulang, Jakarta by Detachment 88.[19]

List of attacks

Date Prov. Location Deaths Injuries Type Perpetrator Description
28 March 1981 Garuda Indonesia Flight 206 6 2 Hijacking Commando Jihad -- Airports & Airlines
A group called Commando Jihad hijacked the DC-9 "Woyla" en route from Palembang to Medan, and ordered the crew to fly the aircraft to Colombo, Sri Lanka. The hijackers demanded the release of Commando Jihad members imprisoned in Indonesia, and US $ 1.5 million, as well as an aircraft to take those prisoners to an unspecified destination. One of the Kopassus commandos was shot, probably by his comrades, as was the pilot, also probably by Kopassus commandos. The rest of the hostages were released unharmed. Two of the hijackers surrendered, but they were killed by the Kopassus commandos on the plane taking them back to Jakarta.[20]
21 January 1985 Coat of arms of Central Java.svg Borobudur 0 0 Improvised Explosive Device Husein Ali Al Habsyie -- Religious figures & institutions
Nine stupas and Buddha statues on upper rounded terraces of Arupadhatu in Borobudur were badly damaged by nine bombs.[21][22]
15 March 1985 Coat of arms of East Java.svg Banyuwangi 7 14 Improvised Explosive Device Mochammad Achwan -- Transport
An explosive device, composed of TNT PE 808/Dahana type, detonated on board a bus that had been en route to Bali. Four innocent passengers on the vehicle were killed, along with the three terrorists tasked with carrying out the attack. Mochammad Achwan was accused of providing the bombs for the attack, the intended target of the weapons the popular tourist beach at Kuta.[23]
19 April 1999 Jakarta COA.svg Merdeka Square 0 4 Improvised Explosive Device - -- Religious figures & institutions
Istiqlal Mosque. [24]
1 August 2000 Jakarta COA.svg Menteng 2 21 Car bomb - -- Diplomatic
A bomb detonated outside the official residence of the Philippines Ambassador to Indonesia, Leonides Caday, in Menteng, Jakarta. The bomb killing two and injuring 21 others.[25]
14 September 2000 Jakarta COA.svg South Jakarta 15 27 Car bomb Jemaah Islamiyah -- Business
A car bomb exploded in the basement of the Jakarta Stock Exchange, triggering a chain of explosions in which a number of cars caught fire. Most of the dead were drivers waiting by their employer's cars.[26][27]
24 December 2000 West Java coa.svg Sukabumi 3 20 Improvised explosive device Jemaah Islamiyah -- Religious figures & institutions
Gereja Sidang Kristos Church.
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See also: Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
24 December 2000 West Java coa.svg Bandung 4 2 Improvised explosive device Jemaah Islamiyah -- Religious figures & institutions <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
See also: Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
24 December 2000 Jakarta COA.svg Jakarta 4 18 Car bomb Jemaah Islamiyah -- Religious figures & institutions
Santo Yosef Church,
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See also: Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
24 December 2000 Riau COA.svg Pekanbaru 5 8 Improvised explosive device Jemaah Islamiyah -- Religious figures & institutions
Huria Kristen Batak Protestant Church.
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See also: Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
10 May 2001 Jakarta COA.svg Setiabudi 2 2 Improvised explosive device - -- Government institutions
Iskandar Muda Aceh Dormitory.[28]
22 July 2001 Jakarta COA.svg Duren Sawit 0 43 Improvised explosive device - -- Religious figures & institutions
Santa Ana Church.[29]
3 April 2002 Insigne incognitum.svg Ambon City 4 58 Improvised explosive device - -- Private citizens & property

[30]
5 June 2002 Central Sulawesi coa.png Poso 5 17 Improvised explosive device - -- Transport

[31][32]

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See also: 2002 Poso bus attacks
12 July 2002 Central Sulawesi coa.png Poso 1 5 Improvised explosive device - -- Transport

[31]

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See also: 2002 Poso bus attacks
8 August 2002 Central Sulawesi coa.png Poso 1 4 Improvised explosive device - -- Transport <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
See also: 2002 Poso bus attacks
4 September 2002 Insigne incognitum.svg Ambon City 4 - Improvised explosive device - -- Private citizens & property
Stadium.[33]
12 October 2002 Coat of arms of Bali.svg Kuta Beach 202 250+ Truck bomb & Suicide bomb Jemaah Islamiyah -- Private citizens & property (Foreign tourists)
The coordinated bomb attacks occurred on in the tourist district of Kuta, Bali. The attack was claimed as the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia according to the current police general, killing 202 people, (including 88 Australians, and 38 Indonesian citizens).[34] A further 240 people were injured. Various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, were convicted in relation to the bombings, including three individuals who were sentenced to death.
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See also: 2002 Bali bombings
5 December 2002 South Sulawesi coa.png Makassar 3 15 Suicide bombing Laskar Jundullah Islamic Militia -- Private citizens & property
Three people, including the suicide bomber, were killed when a bomb detonated in the McDonalds' restaurant at the Ratu Indah shopping mall. Galazi bin Abdul Somad, a member of the Laskar Jundullah Islamic Militia, was sentenced to eighteen years in prison for his role in this attack.[35]
26 April 2003 Jakarta COA.svg Soekarno–Hatta International Airport 0 11 Improvised explosive device Jemaah Islamiyah -- Private citizens & property
Bomb allegedly set by the Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist group detonates at a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant in Indonesia's main airport, injuring eleven people.[36]
5 August 2003 Jakarta COA.svg Setiabudi 12 150 Car bomb Jemaah Islamiyah -- Private citizens & property (Foreign tourists)
A suicide bomber detonated a car bomb outside the lobby of the JW Marriott Hotel, killing twelve people and injuring 150. The hotel located on Mega Kuningan, South Jakarta, Indonesia. All those killed were Indonesian with the exception of one Dutch businessman, one Danish, and two Chinese tourists.[37]
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See also: 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
31 December 2003 Coat of arms of Aceh.svg Peureulak 10 45 Improvised explosive device -- Private citizens & property
The bombing occurred during a concert at a night market in Peureulak, Aceh,[38][39] killed at least 10 people, including three children, and wounded 45 others.[40] The Indonesian military blamed Free Aceh Movement (GAM) for the attack.
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See also: 2003 Aceh New Year's Eve bombing
10 January 2004 Central Sulawesi coa.png Palopo 4 3 Improvised explosive device - -- Private citizens & property <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
See also: 2004 Palopo cafe bombing
9 September 2004 Jakarta COA.svg Setiabudi 9 150 Car bomb Jemaah Islamiyah -- Diplomatic
A one-tonne car bomb, which was packed into a small delivery van, exploded outside the Australian embassy at Kuningan District, South Jakarta, at about 10:30 local time (03:30 UTC), killing 9 people including the suicide bomber, and wounding over 150 others.[41] Jemaah Islamiyah claimed responsibility for the attack.[42]
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See also: 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta
13 November 2004 Central Sulawesi coa.png Poso 6 3 Improvised explosive device - -- Transport
Six people were killed and three injured when an improvised explosive device planted in a bus exploded in Poso, Central Sulawesi.[43]
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See also: 2004 Poso bus bombing
28 May 2005 Central Sulawesi coa.png Tentena 22 90 Improvised explosive device - -- Private citizens & property
Two improvised explosive devices, set to explode 15 minutes apart, detonated during the morning at a market in the center of Tentena, Central Sulawesi, killing 22 and wounding at least 40 more.[44]
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See also: 2005 Tentena market bombings
31 December 2005 Coat of arms of Bali.svg Kuta & Jimbaran 23 100 Suicide bombing Jemaah Islamiyah -- Private citizens & property (Foreign tourists)
Series of suicide bomb and a series of car bombs exploded at two sites in Jimbaran Beach Resort and in Kuta, Bali. The terrorist attack claimed the lives of 20 people and injured more than 100 others. The three bombers also died in the attacks.[45]
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See also: 2005 Bali bombings
31 December 2005 Central Sulawesi coa.png Palu 8 53 Nail bomb -- Private citizens & property
An improvised explosive device detonated within a butcher's market in Palu, Central Sulawesi, killing eight people and wounding a further 53.[46]
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See also: 2005 Palu market bombing
17 July 2009 Jakarta COA.svg Setiabudi 9 53 Suicide bombing Jemaah Islamiyah -- Private citizens & property (Foreign tourists)
The JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton Hotels in Jakarta, were hit by separate suicide bombings five minutes apart. Three of the seven victims who were killed were Australians, two from the Netherlands, and one each from New Zealand and Indonesia. More than 50 people were injured in the blasts.[47]
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See also: 2009 Jakarta bombings
15 April 2011 West Java coa.svg Cirebon 1 26 Suicide bombing - -- Government institution
A suicide bomber detonated an explosive device in a mosque in a police compound in the city of Cirebon, in West Java, during Friday prayer. The bomber was killed and at least 28 people were injured.[4][5]
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See also: 2011 Cirebon bombing
25 September 2011 Coat of arms of Central Java.svg Solo 1 14 Suicide bombing - -- Religious figures & institutions
A suicide bomb exploded in Bethel Injil Church in Sepenuh, Solo, Central Java. The blast killed the bomber and injured 14 people.[48]
16 October 2012 Central Sulawesi coa.png Poso 2 0 Small arms fire - -- Government institution
Police discovered two corpses of murdered policemen that has been missing three days earlier in Tamanjeka village. The pair went missing during investigation mission on suspected terrorist training ground in a Poso Regency forest.[6]
2 June 2013 Central Sulawesi coa.png Poso 1 1 Suicide bombing - -- Government institution

[49]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Southeast Asian Terrorist Leader Is Under Arrest. Retrieved on June 14, 2007.
  15. ↑ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/fears-for-australians-after-jakarta-bomb-blasts/story-0-1225751335120
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Bali bomber mastermind Dulmatin 'killed in shoot-out' Times Online 2010-03-09
  20. ↑ Conboy, Ken (2003), Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces Equinox Publishing, ISBN 979-95898-8-6, pp.277–288
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Bomb blast in Jakarta stock exchange ABC Radio September 14, 2000
  27. ↑ Two jailed for stock exchange bombing BBC News August 20, 2001
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ "Indonesia considers measures after attack" Taipai Times/Reuters 14 August 2003
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ CNA
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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