Tokusō
Tokusō (得宗) was the title held by the head of the mainline Hōjō clan, who monopolized the position of shikken (regents) of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. The Tokuso from 1256-1333 A.D. was the military dictator of Japan, all other positions including the emperor, the imperial court, shogun, the shikken (regent of shogun) had been reduced to figureheads.[1]
The name tokusō is said to have come from Tokushū (徳崇), the Buddhist name of Hōjō Yoshitoki, but Hōjō Tokimasa is usually regarded as the first tokusō. There were eight tokusō:
- Hōjō Tokimasa
- Hōjō Yoshitoki
- Hōjō Yasutoki
- Hōjō Tsunetoki
- Hōjō Tokiyori
- Hōjō Tokimune
- Hōjō Sadatoki
- Hōjō Takatoki
The political structure of the tokusō dictatorship was set up by Yasutoki and was consolidated by his grandson Tokiyori. The tokusō line held overwhelming power over the gokenin and the cadet lines of the Hōjō clan. Tokiyori often worked out policies at private meetings (寄合 yoriai) at his residence instead of discussing them at the Hyōjō (評定), the council of the shogunate. This made the tokusō's private retainers (御内人 miuchibito) stronger. In 1256 Tokiyori separated the positions of shikken and tokusō for the first time. Because of an illness, he installed his infant son Tokimune as the tokusō while Nagatoki, a collateral relative, was appointed shikken to assist Tokimune.
See also
Refs
- ↑ 「執権 (一)」（『国史大辞典 6』（吉川弘文館、1985年） ISBN 978-4-642-00506-7）
De Facto Rulers of Japan
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Notes:
* Figurehead refers to nominal marginalized head of state that does not hold any real power.
* Ōkimi was the ancient name for the Great Chieftain of Yamato confederacy, there was considerable power sharing with regional chieftains, Ōkimi were posthumously named Emperors (Tennō) in later eras, despite fuzzy (pre)history, the periods indicated Ōkimi are assumed to be de-facto rulers.
* 'S' symbol on ruler_title bar, years 1192-1203, stands for Shogun (tiny text area)
*3 stands for 3 rapidly swaps of Shogunate clans of Sengoku period power struggles.
*O+S means both Ōkimi and Sesshō.
* Figurehead bar: 'No' is actually 'None known' (tiny text area)
* Sesshō means imperial regent, an imperial prince or princess.
