United States presidential election, 2016

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United States presidential election, 2016

← 2012 November 8, 2016 2020 →

538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout 55.3%[1] (estimated) Increase 0.4 pp
 
Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg
Hillary Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton
Party Republican Democratic
Home state New York New York
Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine
Electoral vote 304[lower-alpha 1][2] 227[lower-alpha 1][2]
States carried 30 + ME-02 20 + DC
Popular vote 62,980,160 65,845,063
Percentage 45.9% 48.0%

Error: Image is invalid or non-existent.

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence, blue denotes those won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Electoral vote scatter: Colin Powell 3, John Kasich 1, Ron Paul 1, Bernie Sanders 1, Faith Spotted Eagle 1

President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

Elected President

Donald Trump
Republican

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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20, 2017. Concurrent with the presidential election, Senate, House, and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8.

Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state, in most cases by "winner-takes-all" plurality; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19, 2016.[lower-alpha 1] While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, a margin of 2.1%, or 48% of the total cast, Trump won a decisive victory in the Electoral College, winning 30 states with 306 pledged electors out of 538. He won the perennial swing states of Florida, Iowa and Ohio, as well as Clinton's "blue wall" states of Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, which had been Democratic strongholds in presidential elections since the 1990s. Leading up to the election, a Trump victory was projected unlikely by most media forecasts.

In the Electoral College vote on December 19, seven electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, while Colin Powell won three, and John Kasich, Ron Paul, Bernie Sanders, and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one.

Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president despite losing the nationwide popular vote.[lower-alpha 2] He is the first president without any prior experience in public service, while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major American party.

Background

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Barack Obama, the incumbent president in 2016, whose term expired on January 20, 2017.

Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties of the United States, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.

President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at noon on January 20, 2017.

Primary process

File:2016 Presidential Election ballot.jpg
A general election ballot, listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates.

The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. This nominating process was also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elected their party's presidential nominee.

Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign, with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8, two days after the 2012 election.[4] On the same day, Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, while a New York Times article named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates.[5][6]

Republican Party

Primaries

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With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23, 2015, this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history.[7]

Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box. Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1, 2016, the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas and Trump won the other seven states that voted. Failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later.[8] On March 15, 2016, the second "Super Tuesday", Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida. Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state.[9]

Between March 16 and May 3, 2016, only three candidates remained in the race: Trump, Cruz and Kasich. Cruz won most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin, keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates. Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April, followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3, 2016, securing all 57 of the state's delegates. Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention, both Cruz[10] and Kasich[11] suspended their campaigns. Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3, 2016.[12]

Nominees

Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party ticket, 2016
Donald Trump Mike Pence
for President for Vice President
Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg
Mike Pence official portrait (cropped).jpg
Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–2017)
50th
Governor of Indiana
(2013–2017)
Campaign
Trump-Pence 2016.svg
[13][14][15]

Other major candidates

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Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus. The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings.

Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary. Trump, Cruz, Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary, with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest.

Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries
John Kasich Ted Cruz Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Jim Gilmore Carly Fiorina Chris Christie
Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg
Ben Carson by Skidmore with lighting correction.jpg
Jeb Bush Feb 2015.jpg
Carly Fiorina NFRW 2015.jpg
69th
Governor of Ohio
(2011–present)
U.S. Senator
from Texas
(2013–present)
U.S. Senator
from Florida
(2011–present)
Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins Hospital
(1984–2013)
43rd
Governor of Florida
(1999–2007)
68th
Governor of Virginia
(1998–2002)
CEO of Hewlett-Packard
(1999–2005)
55th
Governor of New Jersey
(2010–present)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
W: May 4
4,287,479 votes
W: May 3
7,811,110 votes
W: Mar 15
3,514,124 votes
W: Mar 4
857,009 votes
W: Feb 20
286,634 votes
W: Feb 12
18,364 votes
W: Feb 10
40,577 votes
W: Feb 10
57,634 votes
[16]
[17][18][19]
[20][21][22]
[23][24][25]
[26][27]
[28][29]
[30][31]
[32][33]
Rand Paul Rick Santorum Mike Huckabee George Pataki Lindsey Graham Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry
Rick Santorum by Gage Skidmore 8 (cropped2).jpg
Mike Huckabee by Gage Skidmore 6 (cropped).jpg
U.S. Senator
from Kentucky
(2011–present)
U.S. Senator
from Pennsylvania
(1995–2007)
44th
Governor of Arkansas
(1996–2007)
53rd
Governor of New York
(1995–2006)
U.S. Senator
from South Carolina
(2003–present)
55th
Governor of Louisiana
(2008–2016)
45th
Governor of Wisconsin
(2011–present)
47th
Governor of Texas
(2000–2015)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
W: Feb 3
66,781 votes
W: Feb 3
16,622 votes
W: Feb 1
51,436 votes
W: December 29, 2015
2,036 votes
W: December 21, 2015
5,666 votes
W: November 17, 2015
222 votes
W: September 21, 2015
1 write-in vote in New Hampshire
W: September 11, 2015
1 write-in vote in New Hampshire
[34][35][36]
[37][38]
[39][40]
[41]
[42][43]
[44][45]
[46][47][48]
[48][49][50]

Vice presidential selection

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Donald Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4, 2016.[51] In mid-June, Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich from Georgia, Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama, and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin.[52] A June 30 Washington Post report also included Senators Bob Corker from Tennessee, Richard Burr from North Carolina, Tom Cotton from Arkansas, Joni Ernst from Iowa, and Indiana Governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket.[53] Trump also stated that he was considering two military generals for the position, including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn.[54]

In July 2016, it was reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three: Christie, Gingrich, and Pence.[55]

On July 14, 2016, several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate. Trump confirmed these reports in a message on Twitter on July 15, 2016, and formally made the announcement the following day in New York.[56][57] On July 19, the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention, Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation.[58]

Democratic Party

Primaries

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Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the First Lady of the United States, became the first Democrat to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency. Clinton made the announcement on April 12, 2015, via a video message.[59] While nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front-runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination, she faced challenges from Independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont,[60] who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30, 2015, that he was running for the Democratic nomination.[61] September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders.[60][62][63] On May 30, 2015, former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race,[64] followed by former Independent Governor and Republican Senator of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee on June 3, 2015,[65][66] former Virginia Senator Jim Webb on July 2, 2015,[67] and former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig on September 6, 2015.[68]

On October 20, 2015, Webb announced his withdrawal from the Democratic primaries, and explored a potential Independent run.[69] The next day Vice-President Joe Biden decided not to run, ending months of speculation, stating, "While I will not be a candidate, I will not be silent."[70][71] On October 23, Chafee withdrew, stating that he hoped for "an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity".[72] On November 2, after failing to qualify for the second DNC-sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate, Lessig withdrew as well, narrowing the field to Clinton, O'Malley, and Sanders.[73]

On February 1, 2016, in an extremely close contest, Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders. After winning no delegates in Iowa, O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day. On February 9, Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60% of the vote. In the remaining two February contests, Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53% of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73% of the vote.[74][75] On March 1, 11 states participated in the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries. Clinton won Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates, while Sanders won Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates. The following weekend, Sanders won victories in Kansas, Nebraska and Maine with 15–30-point margins, while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71% of the vote. On March 8, despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary, Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points, while Clinton won 83% of the vote in Mississippi.[76] On March 15, the second "Super Tuesday", Clinton won in Florida, Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina and Ohio. Between March 22 and April 9, 2016, Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho, Utah, Alaska, Hawaii, Washington and Wyoming, as well as the Wisconsin primary, while Clinton won the Arizona primary. On April 19, Clinton won the New York primary with 58% of the vote. On April 26, in the third "Super Tuesday" dubbed the "Acela primary", she won contests in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania, while Sanders won in Rhode Island. Over the course of May, Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary[77] and also won in West Virginia and Oregon, while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary.

On June 4 and 5, Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary. On June 6, 2016, the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates, including pledged delegates and superdelegates, to secure the nomination, becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major United States political party.[78] On June 7, Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California, New Jersey, New Mexico and South Dakota, while Sanders only won in Montana and North Dakota. Clinton also won the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14. At the conclusion of the primary process, Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates (54% of the total) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses, while Sanders had won 1,847 (46%). Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or "superdelegates" who were set to vote in the convention in July, Clinton received endorsements from 560 (78%), while Sanders received 47 (7%).[79]

Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race, he announced on June 16, 2016, that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election.[80] On July 8, appointees from the Clinton campaign, the Sanders campaign, and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party's platform.[81] On July 12, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with Clinton.[82] On July 22, three days before the start of the Democratic National Convention, the Clinton campaign announced that Virginia Senator Tim Kaine had been selected as her running mate.

Nominees

Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party ticket, 2016
Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine
for President for Vice President
Hillary Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Tim Kaine crop.jpg
67th
U.S. Secretary of State
(2009–2013)
U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2013–present)
Campaign
[83][84][85]

Other major candidates

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The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels, or were listed in publicly published national polls. Lessig was invited to one forum, but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates.

Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary.

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries
Bernie Sanders Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Lincoln Chafee Jim Webb
Bernie Sanders September 2015 cropped.jpg
Governor O'Malley Portrait.jpg
Lessig (cropped).png
Jim Webb official 110th Congress photo (cropped).jpg
U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present)
61st
Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015)
Harvard Law Professor
(2009–2016)
74th
Governor of Rhode Island
(2011–2015)
U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2007–2013)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
LN: July 26, 2016
13,167,848 primary votes and 1,846 delegates
W: February 1, 2016
110,423 votes
W: November 2, 2015
4 write-in votes in New Hampshire
W: October 23, 2015
0 votes
W: October 20, 2015
2 write-in votes in New Hampshire
[86]
[87][88]
[73]
[89]
[90]

Vice presidential selection

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In April 2016, the Clinton campaign began to compile a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate, even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries.[91] In mid-June, The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra from California, Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey, Senator Sherrod Brown from Ohio, Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro from Texas, Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti from California, Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia, Labor Secretary Tom Perez from Maryland, Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio, and Senator Elizabeth Warren from Massachusetts.[92] Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, retired Admiral James Stavridis, and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado.[93] In discussing her potential vice presidential choice, Clinton stated that the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president.[93]

On July 22, Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia as her running mate.[94] The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, which took place July 25–28, formally nominated the Democratic ticket.

Third parties and independents

Third party and independent candidates that have obtained more than 100,000 votes nationally and one percent of the vote in at least one state, are listed separately.

Libertarian Party

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Gary Johnson, Libertarian Party

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Additional Party Endorsements: Independence Party of New York

Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes

Nominees

Libertarian Party ticket, 2016
Gary Johnson William Weld
for President for Vice President
29th
Governor of New Mexico
(1995–2003)
68th
Governor of Massachusetts
(1991–1997)
Campaign
Johnson Weld 2016.svg
[95][96]

Green Party

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Jill Stein, Green Party

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Ballot access to 480 electoral votes (522 with write-in):[97]map

  • As write-in: Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina[98][99]
  • Ballot access lawsuit pending: Oklahoma[100]
  • No ballot access: Nevada, South Dakota[98][101]

Nominees

Green Party of the United States New Logo.png
Green Party ticket, 2016
Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka
for President for Vice President
Jill Stein by Gage Skidmore.jpg
Ajamu-Baraka.jpg
Physician
from Lexington, Massachusetts
Activist
from Washington, DC
Campaign
[102][103]

Independents

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Evan McMullin, Independents
Additional Party Endorsement: Independence Party of Minnesota, South Carolina Independence Party

Ballot access to 84 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[104]map

  • As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin[104][105][106][107][108][109][110]
  • No ballot access: District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming

In some states, Evan McMullin's running mate was listed as Nathan Johnson on the ballot rather than Mindy Finn, although Nathan Johnson was intended to only be a placeholder until an actual running mate was chosen.[111]

Independent ticket, 2016
Evan McMullin Mindy Finn
for President for Vice President
Evan McMullin 2016-10-21 headshot.jpg
Chief policy director for the
House Republican Conference (2015–2016)
President of
Empowered Women
(2015–present)
Campaign
EvanMcMullinMindyFinn2016.png
[112]

Constitution Party

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Darrell Castle, Constitution Party

Ballot access to 207 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[113][114]map

  • As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia[113][115][116][117][118]
  • No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma[113]

Nominees

Constitution Party ticket, 2016
Darrell Castle Scott Bradley
for President for Vice President
DCastle08.jpg
Attorney
from Memphis, Tennessee
Businessman
from Utah
Campaign
File:Castle 2016 logo, flat.png
[119]

Other nominations

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Other nominations


Party Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Attainable Electors
(write-in)
Popular Vote States with ballot access
(write-in)
American Delta Party
Reform Party
Rocky De La Fuente
Businessman from California
Michael Steinberg
Lawyer from Florida
147
(305)
map
33,133
(0.02%)
Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming[114][120][121][122][123][124][125]

(Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia)[105][106][107][109][115][117][126][127][128][129][130][131][118][132][133]

Party for Socialism and Liberation

Peace and Freedom[134]
Liberty Union Party[135]

Gloria La Riva
Newspaper printer and activist from California
Eugene Puryear
Activist from Washington, DC
112
(226)
map
74,402
(0.05%)
California, Colorado, Iowa, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington[136][137]

(Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia)[106][107][109][117][126][127][131][133][138]

Socialist Workers Party Alyson Kennedy
Mineworker and Labor Leader from Illinois
Osborne Hart
of Pennsylvania
70
(123)
map
12,465
(0.01%)
Colorado, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, Washington[136]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

Workers World Party Monica Moorehead
perennial candidate and political activist from Alabama[139]
Lamont Lilly
of North Carolina[140]
30
(235)
map
4,319
(0.00%)
New Jersey, Utah, Wisconsin[136]

(Alabama, Indiana, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, New, York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia)[107][109][126][128][132][133][141][142][143][144][145][146]

Socialist Party USA

Natural Law Party[147]

Mimi Soltysik
former National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party USA from California[148]
Campaign
Angela Nicole Walker
of Wisconsin
25
(209)
map
2,704
(0.00%)
Colorado, Michigan, Guam[136][137][149]

(Alabama, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin)[109][117][126][128][131][132][138][144][146][150][151]

Prohibition Party James Hedges
former Tax Assessor for Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania[152][153]
Bill Bayes
of Mississippi[152]
21
(116)
map
5,617
(0.00%)
Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi[136]

(Alabama, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[107][117][126][131][133][141][144]

Independent Mike Smith
Lawyer, Colorado
Daniel White 20
(222)
9,345
(0.01%)
Colorado, Tennessee[136]

(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington. West Virginia)[106][107][115][117][118][126][127][131][132][133][138][141][144][145][150][154][155]

Independent Richard Duncan
Real Estate Agent from Ohio
Ricky Johnson
Preacher from Pennsylvania
18
(173)
24,307
(0.02%)
Ohio[156]

(Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[117][126][127][128][130][131][133][137][138][141][144][154][155]

Independent Laurence Kotlikoff
Economics Professor at Boston University, Massachusetts
Edward E. Leamer
Economics Professor at UCLA, California
17
(428)
map
3,596
(0.00%)
Colorado, Louisiana[136]

(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)[105][106][108][110][115][117][118][126][128][131][132][133][137][138][141][142][143][144][145][146][150][151][154][155][157][158][159][160]

America's Party Tom Hoefling
activist from Iowa[161]
Steve Schulin
of South Carolina
17
(369)
map
4,845
(0.00%)
Colorado, Louisiana[136][162]

(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)[106][107][108][109][115][116][117][118][126][127][128][130][131][132][133][138][141][143][144][145][146][150][151][154][155][158][160]

Veterans Party of America Chris Keniston
reliability engineer from Texas[163]
Deacon Taylor
of Nevada[164]
17
(196)
map
7,248
(0.01%)
Colorado, Louisiana[136]

(Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin)[109][118][126][130][131][132][138][141][145][151][154][155]

Legal Marijuana Now Party Dan Vacek
of Minnesota
Mark Elworth Jr.
of Nebraska
16
(77)
13,537
(0.01%)
Iowa, Minnesota[136]

(Alabama, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

Independent Lynn Kahn
Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Maryland
Kathleen Monahan
of Florida
12
(160)
5,730
(0.00%)
Arkansas, Iowa[123][136]

(Alabama, Delaware, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia)[107][109][117][126][127][130][131][132][133][138][141][144]

American Solidarity Party Mike Maturen
sales professional and magician from Michigan
Juan Muñoz
of Texas
9
(332)
map
6,714
(0.00%)
Colorado[165]

(Alabama, Alaska, California, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin)[105][107][109][110][116][117][118][126][130][131][132][138][141][143][145][146][151][154][155]

Independent Joseph Allen Maldonado
of Oklahoma
Douglas K. Terranova 9
(212)
961
(0.00%)
Colorado[165]

(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)[106][115][117][126][127][128][130][131][132][133][138][144][145][151][154][155][158]

Independent Ryan Alan Scott Bruce Kendall Barnard 9
(108)
749
(0.00%)
Colorado[165]

(Alabama, Delaware, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[109][126][127][131]

American Party (South Carolina) Peter Skewes
Animal Science Professor at Clemson University, South Carolina
Michael Lacy 9
(83)
3,246
(0.00%)
South Carolina[166]

(Alabama, Connecticut, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[106][126][131]

Approval Voting Party Frank Atwood
of Colorado
Blake Huber
of Colorado
9
(76)
337
(0.00%)
Colorado[165]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

Independent American Party Kyle Kenley Kopitke
of Michigan
Narthan R. Sorenson 9
(76)
1,096
(0.00%)
Colorado[165]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

Nutrition Party Rod Silva
restaurateur from New Jersey[167][168]
Richard Silva 9
(76)
751
(0.00%)
Colorado[165]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle
peace activist from Illinois
Hannah Walsh 9
(76)
382
(0.00%)
Colorado[165]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

Socialist Equality Party Jerry White
peace activist from Michigan
Niles Niemuth
journalist from Wisconsin
8
(166)
481
(0.00%)
Louisiana[169]

(Alabama, California, Delaware, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[105][117][126][127][131][133][138][155]

Independent Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro
of California
Milton Fambro
of California
8
(75)
749
(0.00%)
Louisiana[169]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

Independent American Party Rocky Giordani
from California
Farley Anderson
activist from Utah
6
(79)
2,752
(0.00%)
Utah[150]

(Alabama, Iowa, Kansas, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[107][126][131]

Constitution Party of Idaho Scott Copeland
of Texas
J.R. Meyers 4
(71)
2,356
(0.00%)
Idaho[170]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[126][131]

Candidates gallery

General election campaign

Hillary Clinton focused her candidacy on several themes, including raising middle class incomes, expanding women's rights, instituting campaign finance reform, and improving the Affordable Care Act. In March 2016, she laid out a detailed economic plan basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, which proposed a "clawback" which would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; with provision of incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; as well as increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America in order to pay a lower tax rate overseas.[171] Clinton promoted equal pay for equal work to address current alleged shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do,[172] promoted explicitly focus on family issues and support of universal preschool,[173] expressed support for the right to same-sex marriage,[173] and proposed allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship stating that it "[i]s at its heart a family issue."[174]

Donald Trump's campaign drew heavily on his personal image, enhanced by his previous media exposure.[175] The primary slogan of the Trump campaign, extensively used on campaign merchandise, was Make America Great Again. The red baseball cap with the slogan emblazoned on the front became a symbol of the campaign, and has been frequently donned by Trump and his supporters.[176] Trump's right-wing populist positions—reported by The New Yorker to be nativist, protectionist, and semi-isolationist—differ in many ways from traditional conservatism.[177] He opposed many free trade deals and military interventionist policies that conservatives generally support, and opposed cuts in Medicare and Social Security benefits. Moreover, he has insisted that Washington is "broken" and can only be fixed by an outsider.[178][179][180] Trump support was high among working and middle-class white male voters with annual incomes of less than $50,000 and no college degree.[181] This group, particularly those with less than a high-school education, suffered a decline in their income in recent years.[182] According to The Washington Post, support for Trump is higher in areas with a higher mortality rate for middle-age white people.[183] A sample of interviews with more than 11,000 Republican-leaning respondents from August to December 2015 found that Trump at that time found his strongest support among Republicans in West Virginia, followed by New York, and then followed by six Southern states.[184]

Clinton had an uneasy, and at times adversarial relationship with the press throughout her life in public service.[185] Weeks before her official entry as a presidential candidate, Clinton attended a political press corps event, pledging to start fresh on what she described as a "complicated" relationship with political reporters.[186] Clinton was initially criticized by the press for avoiding taking their questions,[187][188] after which she provided more interviews.

In contrast, Trump benefited from free media more than any other candidate. From the beginning of his campaign through February 2016, Trump received almost $2 billion in free media attention, twice the amount that Clinton received.[189] According to data from the Tyndall Report, which tracks nightly news content, through February 2016, Trump alone accounted for more than a quarter of all 2016 election coverage on the evening newscasts of NBC, CBS and ABC, more than all the Democratic campaigns combined.[190][191][192] Observers noted Trump's ability to garner constant mainstream media coverage "almost at will".[193] However, Trump frequently criticized the media for writing what he alleged to be false stories about him[194] and he has called upon his supporters to be "the silent majority".[195] Trump also said the media "put false meaning into the words I say", and says he does not mind being criticized by the media as long as they are honest about it.[196][197]

Both Clinton and Trump were seen unfavorably by the general public. In consequence, the controversial nature of both main parties' campaigns marked the road to the election.[198]

Clinton's practice of using her own private email address and server during her time as Secretary of State, in lieu of State Department servers, gained widespread public attention back in March 2015.[199] Concerns were raised about security and preservation of emails, and the possibility that laws may have been violated.[200] After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into this so-called "born classified" category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server.[201][202][203][204] The FBI probe was concluded on July 5, 2016, with a recommendation of no charges, a recommendation that was followed by the Justice Department. On October 28, eleven days before the election, FBI Director James Comey informed Congress that the FBI was analyzing additional emails obtained during its investigation of an unrelated case.[205][206] On November 6, he notified Congress that the new emails did not change the FBI's earlier conclusion.[207][208]

Also, on September 9, 2016, Clinton stated: "You know, just to be grossly generalistic, you could put half of Trump's supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables. They're racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, Islamaphobic—you name it."[209] Donald Trump criticized Clinton's remark as insulting his supporters.[210][211] The following day Clinton expressed regret for saying "half", while insisting that Trump had deplorably amplified "hateful views and voices".[212] Previously on August 25, 2016, Clinton gave a speech criticizing Trump's campaign for using "racist lies" and allowing the alt-right to gain prominence.[213]

On the other side, on October 7, 2016, video and accompanying audio were released by The Washington Post in which Trump referred obscenely to women in a 2005 conversation with Billy Bush while they were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood. The audio was met with a reaction of disbelief and disgust from the media.[214][215][216] Following the revelation, Trump's campaign issued an apology, stating that the video was of a private conversation from "many years ago".[217] The incident was condemned by numerous prominent Republicans like Reince Priebus, Mitt Romney, John Kasich, Jeb Bush[218] and the Speaker of the House Paul Ryan.[219] By October 8 several dozen Republicans had called for Trump to withdraw from the campaign and let Pence head the ticket.[220] Trump insisted he would never drop out.[221]

The ongoing of the election made third parties attract voters' attention. On March 3, 2016, Libertarian Gary Johnson addressed the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC, touting himself as the third-party option for anti-Trump Republicans.[222][223] In early May, some commentators opined that Johnson was moderate enough to pull votes away from both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump who are very disliked and polarizing.[224] Both conservative and liberal media noted that Johnson could get votes from "Never Trump" Republicans and disaffected Bernie Sanders supporters.[225] Johnson also began to get time on national television, being invited on ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, Bloomberg, and many other networks.[226] In September and October 2016, Johnson suffered a "string of damaging stumbles when he has fielded questions about foreign affairs."[227][228] On September 8, Johnson, when he appeared on MSNBC's Morning Joe, was asked by panelist Mike Barnicle, "What would you do, if you were elected, about Aleppo?" (referring to a war-torn city in Syria). Johnson responded, "And what is Aleppo?"[229] Johnson's "what is Aleppo?" question prompted widespread attention, much of it negative.[229][230] Later that day, Johnson said that he had "blanked" and that he did "understand the dynamics of the Syrian conflict – I talk about them every day."[230]

On the other hand, Green Party Jill Stein stated that the Democratic and Republican parties are "two corporate parties" that have converged into one.[231] Concerned by the rise of the far right internationally and the tendency towards neoliberalism within the Democratic Party, she has said, "The answer to neofascism is stopping neoliberalism. Putting another Clinton in the White House will fan the flames of this right-wing extremism."[232][233]

In response to Johnson's growing poll numbers, the Hillary Clinton campaign and Democratic allies increased their criticism against Johnson in September 2016, warning that "a vote for a third party is a vote for Donald Trump" and deploying Senator Bernie Sanders (Clinton's former primary rival and then-supporter) to win over voters who might be considering voting for Johnson or for Stein.[234]

Ballot access

Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes[235] Percentage
States Electors % of voters
Trump / Pence Republican 50 + DC 538 100% 62,980,160 45.94%
Clinton / Kaine Democratic 50 + DC 538 100% 65,845,063 48.03%
Johnson / Weld Libertarian 50 + DC 538 100% 4,488,931 3.27%
Stein / Baraka Green 44 + DC 480 89% 1,457,050 1.06%
McMullin / Finn Independent 11 84 15% 728,830 0.53%
Castle / Bradley Constitution 24 207 39% 202,980 0.15%
  • Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes, without needing write-in states.
  • All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 25 states, but had write-in access greater than 270.

Party conventions

Map of United States showing Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Orlando
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Cleveland
Orlando
Orlando
Houston
Houston
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City
  Democratic Party
  Republican Party
  Libertarian Party
  Green Party
  Constitution Party
Democratic Party

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  • July 25–28, 2016: Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[236]
Republican Party

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Libertarian Party

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  • May 26–30, 2016: Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando, Florida.[239][240]
Green Party

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  • August 4–7, 2016: Green National Convention was held in Houston, Texas.[241][242]
Constitution Party

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  • April 13–16, 2016: Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.[243]

Campaign finance

This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission (FEC) and released in September 2016. Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees—also called PACs and SuperPACs. The sources of the numbers are the FEC and Center for Responsive Politics.[244] Some spending totals are not available, due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline. As of September 2016, ten candidates with ballot access have filed financial reports with the FEC.

Candidate Campaign committee (as of December 9) Outside groups (as of December 9) Total spent
Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Debt Money raised Money spent Cash on hand
Hillary Clinton[245][246] $497,808,791 $435,367,811 $62,440,979 $111,238 $205,909,959 $204,267,754 $1,642,205 $639,635,565
Donald Trump[247][248] $247,541,449 $231,546,996 $15,994,454 $2,086,572 $74,905,285 $70,941,922 $3,963,363 $302,488,918
Gary Johnson[249][250] $11,410,313 $10,308,873 $1,101,440 $0 $1,386,554 $1,310,578 $75,976 $11,619,451
Rocky De La Fuente[251] $7,351,270 $7,354,663 -$3,392 $7,334,250 $0 $0 $0 $7,354,663
Jill Stein[252][253] $3,509,477 $3,451,174 $58,303 $87,740 $0 $0 $0 $3,451,174
Evan McMullin[254] $501,093 $496,776 $4,316 $0 $0 $0 $0 $496,776
Darrell Castle[255] $52,234 $51,365 $869 $2,500 $0 $0 $0 $51,365
Gloria La Riva[256] $29,243 $24,207 $5,034 $0 $0 $0 $0 $24,207
Monica Moorehead[257] $11,547 $9,127 $2,419 $4,500 $0 $0 $0 $9,127
Peter Skewes[258] $7,966 $4,238 $7,454 $8,000 $0 $0 $0 $4,238

Newspaper endorsements

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Clinton was endorsed by The New York Times,[259] the Los Angeles Times,[260] the Houston Chronicle,[261] the San Jose Mercury News,[262] the Chicago Sun-Times[263] and the New York Daily News[264] editorial boards. Trump, who has frequently criticized the mainstream media, was not endorsed by the vast majority of newspapers,[265][266] with the Las Vegas Review-Journal,[267] The Florida Times-Union,[268] and the tabloid National Enquirer his highest profile supporters.[269] Several papers which endorsed Clinton, such as the Houston Chronicle,[261] The Dallas Morning News,[270] The San Diego Union-Tribune[271] The Columbus Dispatch[272] and The Arizona Republic,[273] endorsed their first Democratic candidate for many decades. USA Today, which had not endorsed any candidate since it was founded in 1982, broke tradition by giving an anti-endorsement against Trump, declaring him "unfit for the presidency".[274][275] The Atlantic, which has been in circulation since 1857, gave Clinton its third-ever endorsement (after Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson).[276]

Other traditionally Republican papers, including the New Hampshire Union Leader, which had endorsed the Republican nominee in every election for the last 100 years,[277] The Detroit News, which had not endorsed a non-Republican in its 143 years,[278] and the Chicago Tribune,[279] endorsed Gary Johnson.

Debates

Primary election debates

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General election debates

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Map of United States showing debate locations
Hofstra UniversityHempstead, NY
Hofstra University
Hempstead, NY
Longwood UniversityFarmville, VA
Longwood University
Farmville, VA
Washington UniversitySt. Louis, MO
Washington University
St. Louis, MO
University of NevadaLas Vegas
University of Nevada
Las Vegas
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Colorado Boulder
Sites of the 2016 general election debates

The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a non-profit organization, hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates. According to the commission's website, to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates, "... in addition to being Constitutionally eligible, candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College, and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations, using the average of those organizations' most recently publicly-reported results at the time of the determination."[280]

The three locations chosen to host the presidential debates, and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate, were announced on September 23, 2015. The site of the first debate was originally designated as Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio; however, due to rising costs and security concerns, the debate was moved to Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.[281]

On August 19, Trump's campaign manager confirmed that he would participate in a series of three debates.[282][283][284][285] Trump had complained that two of the scheduled debates, one on September 26 and the other October 9, will have to compete for viewers with National Football League games, referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates.[286] According to a survey by Rasmussen Reports, the majority of American voters believed that the debate moderators at the presidential debates would be helping Hillary Clinton.[287]

The Free & Equal Elections Foundation announced plans to host an open debate among all presidential candidates who had ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes.[288] In October 2016 Free & Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least 15% of the electoral vote. The nominees of the Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, Green, Constitution, Reform, and Socialism and Liberation parties, as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin, were invited to participate.[289] The debate was held at the University of Colorado Boulder's Macky Auditorium on October 25, 2016. It was moderated by Ed Asner and Christina Tobin, with Darrell Castle, Rocky De La Fuente, and Gloria La Riva participating.[290]

PBS hosted a debate moderated by Tavis Smiley between Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein.[291]

Debates among candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election
No. Date Time Host City Moderator(s) Participants
P1 September 26, 2016 9 p.m. EDT Hofstra University Hempstead, New York Lester Holt Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
VP October 4, 2016 9 p.m. EDT Longwood University Farmville, Virginia Elaine Quijano Tim Kaine
Mike Pence
P2 October 9, 2016 8 p.m. CDT Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri Anderson Cooper
Martha Raddatz
Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
P3 October 19, 2016 6 p.m. PDT University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada Chris Wallace Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
P4 October 25, 2016 7 p.m. MDT University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado Ed Asner
Christina Tobin
Darrell Castle
Rocky De La Fuente
Gloria La Riva
       = Sponsored by the CPD;        = Sponsored by Free & Equal

Results

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The election was held on November 8, 2016. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton cast her vote in the New York City suburb of Chappaqua, while Republican candidate Donald Trump voted in a Manhattan public school.[292] Throughout the day, the election process went more smoothly than many had expected, with only a few reports of long lines and equipment problems.

The Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states, especially Florida, Ohio and North Carolina. Even Wisconsin and Michigan, states that were predicted to vote Democratic, were won by Trump.[293] Cindy Adams, present at Trump Tower, reported that "Trumptown knew they’d won by 5:30. Math, calculations, candidate dislike causing voter abstention begat the numbers".[294]

On November 9, 2016, at 3:00 AM Eastern Time, Trump secured over 270 electoral votes, the majority of the 538 electors in the Electoral College, enough to make him the president-elect of the United States.[295][296] Clinton called Trump early on Wednesday morning, conceding defeat.[297] Clinton asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be "a successful president for all Americans".[298] In his victory speech Trump appealed for unity saying "it is time for us to come together as one united people" and praised Clinton who was owed "a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country".[299]

Six states plus a portion of Maine that Obama won in 2012 switched to Trump. These are (with Electoral College votes in parentheses): Florida (29), Pennsylvania (20), Ohio (18), Michigan (16), Wisconsin (10), Iowa (6), and Maine's second congressional district (1). Initially, Trump won exactly 100 more Electoral College votes than Mitt Romney in 2012, with two lost to faithless electors the following month. Thirty-nine states swung more Republican compared to the previous Presidential election, while eleven states and the District of Columbia swung more Democratic.[235]

It is estimated that 138.9 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016. 65.8 million of those ballots have been counted for Clinton and just under 63 million for Trump, representing 20.3% (Clinton) and 19.4% (Trump) of the U.S. Census Bureau estimate of U.S. population that day of 324.9 million.[235][300] Considering a voting age population (VAP) of 251.1 million people and voting eligible population (VEP) of 231.6 million people, this is a turnout rate of 55.3% VAP and 60.0% VEP.[1] Voting turnout percentage was up compared to 2012 (54.9% VAP) but down compared to 2008 (58.2% VAP). More votes were cast in the 2016 election than any prior election due to an increase in the voting population.[1]

Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count Pct Vice-presidential candidate Home state Elect. vote
Donald Trump Republican New York 62,980,160 45.94% 304 Mike Pence Indiana 304
Hillary Clinton Democratic New York 65,845,063 48.03% 227 Tim Kaine Virginia 227
Colin Powell(a) Republican Virginia 25(c) 0.00%(c) 3 Susan Collins(a) Maine 1
Maria Cantwell(a) Washington 1
Elizabeth Warren(a) Massachusetts 1
Bernie Sanders(a) Independent Vermont 111,850(c) 0.08%(c) 1 Elizabeth Warren(a) Massachusetts 1
John Kasich(a) Republican Ohio 2,684(c) 0.00%(c) 1 Carly Fiorina(a) Virginia 1
Ron Paul(a) Libertarian Texas 124(c) 0.00%(c) 1 Mike Pence Indiana 1
Faith Spotted Eagle(a) none South Dakota 0 0.00% 1 Winona LaDuke(a) Minnesota 1
Gary Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 4,488,931 3.27% 0 Bill Weld Massachusetts 0
Jill Stein Green Massachusetts 1,457,050 1.06% 0 Ajamu Baraka Illinois 0
Evan McMullin Independent Utah 728,830 0.53% 0 Mindy Finn District of Columbia 0
Darrell Castle Constitution Tennessee 202,980 0.15% 0 Scott Bradley Utah 0
Gloria La Riva Socialism and Liberation California 74,402 0.05% 0 Eugene Puryear District of Columbia 0
Other 1,187,607 0.87% Other
Total 137,079,706 100% 538 538
Needed to win 270 270

Source (Popular Vote):

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

For Bernie Sanders and John Kasich: CA: [5] and [6] NH: [7] VT: [8] NC: [9] PA: [10] RI: [11]

(a) Received electoral vote(s) from a faithless elector.

(b) Two faithless electors from Texas cast their presidential votes for Ron Paul and John Kasich, respectively. Chris Suprun stated that he cast his presidential vote for John Kasich and his vice presidential vote for Carly Fiorina. The other faithless elector in Texas, Bill Greene, cast his presidential vote for Ron Paul but cast his vice presidential vote for Mike Pence, as pledged. John Kasich received recorded write-in votes in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.

(c) Candidate received votes as a write-in. The exact amounts of write-in votes for Sanders have been published for 3 states. In California, his official running mate was Tulsi Gabbard and in New Hampshire and Vermont there was not a running mate attached to Sanders.[301] It was possible to vote Sanders as a write-in candidate in 14 states.[302]

Popular vote
Clinton
  
48.03%
Trump
  
45.94%
Johnson
  
3.27%
Stein
  
1.06%
Others
  
1.68%
Electoral vote—Pledged
Trump/Pence
  
56.88%
Clinton/Kaine
  
43.12%
Electoral vote—President
Trump
  
56.51%
Clinton
  
42.38%
Powell
  
0.56%
Kasich
  
0.19%
Paul
  
0.19%
Sanders
  
0.19%
Spotted Eagle
  
0.19%
Electoral vote—Vice President
Pence
  
56.70%
Kaine
  
42.38%
Warren
  
0.38%
Cantwell
  
0.19%
Collins
  
0.19%
Fiorina
  
0.19%
LaDuke
  
0.19%

Note: Popular vote count is preliminary until all states have certified their results.

Results by state

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A total of 29 third party and independent presidential candidates appeared on the ballot in at least one state. Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson and physician Jill Stein repeated their 2012 roles as the nominees for the Libertarian Party and the Green Party, respectively.[303] With ballot access to the entire national electorate, Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes (3.28%), the highest nationwide vote share for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996,[304] while Stein received almost 1.45 million votes (1.06%), the most for a Green nominee since Ralph Nader in 2000.

Independent candidate Evan McMullin, who appeared on the ballot in 11 states, received over 725,000 votes (0.53%). He won 21.4% of the vote in his home state of Utah, the highest share of the vote for a third-party candidate in any state since 1992.[305] Despite dropping out of the election following his defeat in the Democratic primary, Senator Bernie Sanders received 5.7% of the vote in his home state of Vermont, the highest write-in draft campaign percentage for a presidential candidate in American history.[306] Johnson and McMullin were the first third party candidates since Nader to receive at least 5% of the vote in one or more states, with Johnson crossing the mark in 11 states and McMullin crossing it in two.

Aside from Florida and North Carolina, the states which secured Trump's victory are situated in the Great Lakes/Rust Belt region. Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984, while Pennsylvania and Michigan went Republican for the first time since 1988.[307][308][309] Stein petitioned for a recount in these states. The Clinton campaign pledged to participate in the Green Party recount efforts, while Trump backers challenged them in court.[310][311][312] Meanwhile, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente petitioned for and was granted a partial recount in Nevada.[313]

States won by Clinton/Kaine
States won by Trump/Pence

Electoral methods

  • WTA—Winner-takes-all
  • CD—Congressional district
Hillary Clinton
Democratic
Donald Trump
Republican
Gary Johnson
Libertarian
Jill Stein
Green
Evan McMullin
Independent
Others Total
State or
district
Electoral
method
#  % Electoral
votes
#  % Electoral
votes
#  % Electoral
votes
#  % Electoral
votes
#  % Electoral
votes
#  % Electoral
votes
# State Status
Alabama WTA 729,547 34.36% 1,318,255 62.08% 9 44,467 2.09% 9,391 0.44% 21,712 1.02% 2,123,372 AL Official[314]
Alaska WTA 116,454 36.55% 163,387 51.28% 3 18,725 5.88% 5,735 1.80% 14,307 4.49% 318,608 AK Official[315]
Arizona WTA 1,161,167 45.13% 1,252,401 48.67% 11 106,327 4.13% 34,345 1.33% 17,449 0.68% 1,476 0.06% 2,573,165 AZ Official[316]
Arkansas WTA 380,494 33.65% 684,872 60.57% 6 29,829 2.64% 9,473 0.84% 13,255 1.17% 12,712 1.12% 1,130,635 AR Official[317]
California WTA 8,753,788 61.73% 55 4,483,810 31.62% 478,500 3.37% 278,657 1.96% 39,596 0.28% 147,244 1.04% 14,181,595 CA Official[318]
Colorado WTA 1,338,870 48.16% 9 1,202,484 43.25% 144,121 5.18% 38,437 1.38% 28,917 1.04% 27,391 0.99% 2,780,220 CO Official[319]
Connecticut WTA 897,572 54.57% 7 673,215 40.93% 48,676 2.96% 22,841 1.39% 2,108 0.13% 508 0.03% 1,644,920 CT Official[320]
Delaware WTA 235,603 53.35% 3 185,127 41.92% 14,757 3.34% 6,103 1.38% N/A N/A 441,590 DE Official[321]
District of Columbia WTA 282,830 90.48% 3 12,723 4.07% 4,906 1.57% 4,258 1.36% 6,551 2.52% 312,575 DC Official[322]
Florida WTA 4,504,975 47.82% 4,617,886 49.02% 29 207,043 2.20% 64,399 0.68% 25,736 0.28% 9,420,039 FL Official[323]
Georgia WTA 1,877,963 45.64% 2,089,104 50.77% 16 125,306 3.05% 7,674 0.19% 13,017 0.32% 1,668 0.04% 4,114,732 GA Official[324][325]
Hawaii WTA 266,891 60.98% 4 128,847 29.44% 15,954 3.65% 12,737 2.91% 4,508 3.02% 428,937 HI Official[326]
Idaho WTA 189,765 27.49% 409,055 59.26% 4 28,331 4.10% 8,496 1.23% 46,476 6.73% 8,132 1.18% 690,255 ID Official[327]
Illinois WTA 3,090,729 55.83% 20 2,146,015 38.76% 209,596 3.79% 76,802 1.39% 11,655 0.21% 1,627 0.03% 5,536,424 IL Official[328]
Indiana WTA 1,033,126 37.91% 1,557,286 56.82% 11 133,993 4.89% 7,841 0.27% 2,712 0.10% 2,734,958 IN Official[329]
Iowa WTA 653,669 41.74% 800,983 51.15% 6 59,186 3.78% 11,479 0.73% 12,366 0.79% 28,348 1.81% 1,566,031 IA Official[330]
Kansas WTA 427,005 36.05% 671,018 56.65% 6 55,406 4.68% 23,506 1.98% 6,520 0.55% 947 0.08% 1,184,402 KS Official[331]
Kentucky WTA 628,854 32.68% 1,202,971 62.52% 8 53,752 2.79% 13,913 0.72% 22,780 1.18% 1,879 0.10% 1,924,149 KY Official[332]
Louisiana WTA 780,154 38.45% 1,178,638 58.09% 8 37,978 1.87% 14,031 0.69% 8,547 0.42% 9,684 0.48% 2,029,032 LA Official[333]
Maine (at-large) CD[lower-alpha 3] 357,735 47.83% 2 335,593 44.87% 38,105 5.09% 14,251 1.91% 1,887 0.25% 356 0.05% 771,892 ME–a/l Official[334][335]
Maine, 1st CD[lower-alpha 3] 212,774 53.96% 1 154,384 39.15% 18,592 4.71% 7,563 1.92% 807 0.20% 209 0.05% 394,329 ME-1
Maine, 2nd CD[lower-alpha 3] 144,817 40.98% 181,177 51.26% 1 19,510 5.52% 6,685 1.89% 1,080 0.31% 147 0.04% 353,416 ME-2
Maryland WTA 1,677,928 60.33% 10 943,169 33.91% 79,605 2.86% 35,945 1.29% 9,630 0.35% 35,169 1.26% 2,781,446 MD Official[336]
Massachusetts WTA 1,995,196 60.01% 11 1,090,893 32.81% 138,018 4.15% 47,661 1.43% 2,719 0.08% 50,559 1.52% 3,325,046 MA Official[337]
Michigan WTA 2,268,839 47.27% 2,279,543 47.50% 16 172,136 3.59% 51,463 1.07% 8,177 0.17% 19,126 0.40% 4,799,284 MI Official[338]
Minnesota WTA 1,367,716 46.44% 10 1,322,951 44.92% 112,972 3.84% 36,985 1.26% 53,076 1.80% 51,113 1.74% 2,944,813 MN Official[339]
Mississippi WTA 485,131 40.11% 700,714 57.94% 6 14,435 1.19% 3,731 0.31% 5,346 0.44% 1,209,357 MS Official[340]
Missouri WTA 1,071,068 38.14% 1,594,511 56.77% 10 97,359 3.47% 25,419 0.90% 7,071 0.25% 13,177 0.47% 2,808,605 MO Official[341]
Montana WTA 177,709 35.75% 279,240 56.17% 3 28,037 5.64% 7,970 1.60% 2,297 0.46% 1,894 0.38% 497,147 MT Official[342][343]
Nebraska (at-lrg) CD 284,494 33.70% 495,961 58.75% 2 38,946 4.61% 8,775 1.04% 16,051 1.90% 844,227 NE–a/l Official[344]
Nebraska, 1st CD 100,126 35.46% 158,626 56.18% 1 14,031 4.97% 3,374 1.19% 6,181 2.19% 282,338 NE-1 [344]
Nebraska, 2nd CD 131,030 44.92% 137,564 47.16% 1 13,245 4.54% 3,347 1.15% 6,494 2.23% 291,680 NE-2 [344]
Nebraska, 3rd CD 53,290 19.73% 199,657 73.92% 1 11,657 4.32% 2,054 0.76% 3,451 1.28% 270,109 NE-3 [344]
Nevada WTA 539,260 47.92% 6 512,058 45.50% 37,384 3.32% 36,683 3.26% 1,125,385 NV Official[345]
New Hampshire WTA 348,526 46.98% 4 345,790 46.61% 30,777 4.15% 6,496 0.88% 1,064 0.14% 11,643 1.24% 744,296 NH Official[346]
New Jersey WTA 2,148,278 54.99% 14 1,601,933 41.00% 72,477 1.86% 37,772 0.97% 13,586 1.18% 3,874,046 NJ Official[347]
New Mexico WTA 385,234 48.26% 5 319,667 40.04% 74,541 9.34% 9,879 1.24% 5,825 0.73% 3,173 0.40% 798,319 NM Official[348]
New York WTA 4,547,562 58.40% 29 2,814,589 36.15% 176,296 2.26% 107,762 1.38% 10,367 2,440 0.17% 7,659,016 NY Official[349]
North Carolina WTA 2,189,316 46.17% 2,362,631 49.83% 15 130,126 2.74% 12,105 0.26% 47,386 1.00% 4,741,564 NC Unofficial[350]
North Dakota WTA 93,758 27.23% 216,794 62.96% 3 21,434 6.22% 3,780 1.10% 8,594 2.49% 344,360 ND Official[351]
Ohio WTA 2,394,164 43.56% 2,841,005 51.69% 18 174,498 3.17% 46,271 0.84% 12,574 0.23% 27,975 0.51% 5,496,487 OH Official[352]
Oklahoma WTA 420,375 28.93% 949,136 65.32% 7 83,481 5.75% N/A N/A 1,452,992 OK Official[353]
Oregon WTA 1,002,106 50.07% 7 782,403 39.09% 94,231 4.71% 50,002 2.50% 72,594 3.63% 2,001,336 OR Official[354]
Pennsylvania WTA 2,926,441 47.85% 2,970,733 48.58% 20 146,715 2.40% 49,941 0.82% 0 0.00% 21,572 0.35% 6,115,402 PA Official[355]
Rhode Island WTA 252,525 54.41% 4 180,543 38.90% 14,746 3.18% 6,220 1.34% 10,110 2.18% 464,144 RI Official[356]
South Carolina WTA 855,373 40.67% 1,155,389 54.94% 9 49,204 2.34% 13,034 0.62% 21,016 1.00% 9,011 0.43% 2,103,027 SC Official[357]
South Dakota WTA 117,458 31.74% 227,721 61.53% 3 20,850 5.63% 4,064 1.10% 370,093 SD Official[358]
Tennessee WTA 870,695 34.72% 1,522,925 60.72% 11 70,397 2.81% 15,993 0.64% 11,991 0.48% 16,026 0.64% 2,508,027 TN Official[359]
Texas WTA 3,877,868 43.24% 4,685,047 52.23% 38 283,492 3.16% 71,558 0.80% 42,366 0.47% 8,895 0.10% 8,969,226 TX Official[360]
Utah WTA 310,674 27.46% 515,211 45.54% 6 39,608 3.50% 9,438 0.83% 243,685 21.54% 12,701 1.12% 1,131,317 UT Official[361]
Vermont WTA 178,573 55.72% 3 95,369 29.76% 10,078 3.14% 6,758 2.11% 629 0.20% 23,660 9.07% 315,067 VT Official[362]
Virginia WTA 1,981,473 49.75% 13 1,769,443 44.43% 118,274 2.97% 27,638 0.69% 54,054 1.36% 31,870 0.80% 3,982,752 VA Official[363]
Washington WTA 1,742,718 54.30% 12 1,221,747 38.07% 160,879 5.01% 58,417 1.82% 25,453 0.79% 3,209,214 WA Unofficial[364]
West Virginia WTA 188,794 26.48% 489,371 68.63% 5 23,004 3.23% 8,075 1.13% 3,807 0.53% 713,051 WV Official[365]
Wisconsin WTA 1,382,536 46.45% 1,405,284 47.22% 10 106,674 3.58% 31,072 1.04% 11,855 0.40% 38,729 1.30% 2,976,150 WI Official[366]
Wyoming WTA 55,973 21.63% 174,419 67.40% 3 13,287 5.13% 2,515 0.97% 9,655 3.73% 255,849 WY Official[367]
U.S. Total 65,845,063 48.03% 227 62,980,160 45.94% 304 4,488,931 3.27% 1,457,050 1.06% 728,830 0.53% 1,579,672 1.15% 137,079,706 US

Two states (Maine and Nebraska) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates.[lower-alpha 3] The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes.[369][370] Results are from The New York Times.[295]

Close races

Red denotes states (or congressional districts whose electoral votes are awarded separately) won by Republican Donald Trump; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton.

States where the margin of victory was under 1% (50 electoral votes; 46 won by Trump, 4 by Clinton):

  1. Michigan, 0.22%
  2. New Hampshire, 0.37%
  3. Pennsylvania, 0.72%
  4. Wisconsin, 0.76%

States/districts where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5% (83 electoral votes; 56 won by Trump, 27 by Clinton):

  1. Florida, 1.20%
  2. Minnesota, 1.52%
  3. Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District, 2.24%
  4. Nevada, 2.42%
  5. Maine, 2.96%
  6. Arizona, 3.55%
  7. North Carolina, 3.66%
  8. Colorado, 4.91%

States where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (96 electoral votes; 78 won by Trump, 18 by Clinton):

  1. Georgia, 5.13%
  2. Virginia, 5.32%
  3. Ohio, 8.13%
  4. New Mexico, 8.21%
  5. Texas, 9.00%
  6. Iowa, 9.41%

Breakdown by ticket

State Party Presidential vote Vice presidential vote Name of Elector References
Nationwide Donald Trump, 304 Mike Pence, 305 Pledged
Hillary Clinton, 227 Tim Kaine, 227
Hawaii Bernie Sanders (I-VT) Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) David Mulinix [371]
Texas John Kasich (R-OH) Carly Fiorina (R-VA) Christopher Suprun [372][373]
Ron Paul (L-TX / R-TX) Mike Pence (as pledged) Bill Greene [372][374][375]
Washington Colin Powell (R-VA)[379] Maria Cantwell (D-WA) Levi Guerra [380][381]
Susan Collins (R-ME) Esther John [380][79]
Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) Bret Chiafalo [380][79]
Faith Spotted Eagle (I-SD)[382] Winona LaDuke (G-MN) Robert Satiacum, Jr. [380][79][383]

Faithless electors

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In the Electoral College vote on December 19, for the first time since 1808, multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate.[lower-alpha 4] Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii, while two Republicans rebelled in Texas.[384] Two Democratic electors, one in Minnesota and one in Colorado, were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich respectively.[385][386] Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders; the elector then voted for Clinton.[387]

Likewise, for the first time since 1896,[lower-alpha 5] multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate.

  • One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich.[388] The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law, the elector was dismissed, and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton[389][390]
  • One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as President and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton[389]
  • One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders; this vote was invalidated as "improper" and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton[389]
  • Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton (three votes went to Colin Powell, and one to Faith Spotted Eagle)[391]
  • Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump (one vote went to John Kasich, one to Ron Paul); one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for Vice-President; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[391]
  • One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders.[392]

Of the faithless votes, Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one; Powell received three electoral votes for President and Warren received two for Vice President. Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders, John Kasich, Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for President, and Carly Fiorina, Susan Collins, Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for Vice President. LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote, and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so, following the party's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972. It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party. The seven people to receive electoral votes for president were the most in a single election since 1796, and more than any other election since the enactment of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.

Aftermath

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Trump's victory, considered unlikely by most forecasts,[393][394][395][396][397] was characterized as an "upset" and as "shocking" by the media.[398][399][400][401]

Both major-party candidates were unusually old. At 70 years of age, Trump became the oldest person ever to be elected to a first term as president, surpassing Ronald Reagan, who was Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. upon winning the 1980 election. Clinton, at Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist., would have been the second-oldest after Reagan.

Along with Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Trump was born in 1946; this is the first time a single birth year has produced three presidents. (1946 was a year of unusually numerous births, marking the first year of the post–World War II baby boom.) Trump will become the fifth president to be born in the state of New York, after Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt; he will be the second president born in New York City after Theodore Roosevelt. Trump will also become the third president, after James K. Polk in 1844, and Woodrow Wilson in 1916 to win an election despite losing his home state.

Trump became the first person since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 to be elected president without having been elected to any other previous office, and the only individual to be elected president without any prior political or military experience. Among other presidents with limited military or political experience, William Howard Taft never served in the military and had been elected to political office only once, as an Ohio state judge, although he later held a number of appointed federal government positions, including in the Cabinet of a president. Herbert Hoover did not serve in the military and never held elected office, but he led two federal government agencies during and after World War I and served in the Cabinets of two other presidents. However, Trump is unique in not having any state or federal government experience: military, appointed, or elected.

Post-election protests

News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America

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Following the announcement of Trump's election, large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days.[402][403][404][405]

Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including "Not my president" and "We don't accept the president-elect".[402][374] The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags #Anti-trump and #NotMyPresident.[406][407]

High school and college students walked out of classes to protest.[408] The protests were peaceful for the most part, although at some protests fires were lit, flags were burned and people yelled rude remarks about Trump.[409][410][411] Celebrities such as Madonna, Cher, and Lady Gaga took part in New York.[412][413][414] Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning.[415][416] In a number of cities, protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets, pepper spray and bean-bags fired by police.[417][418][419] In New York City, calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the Election.[420] Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani called protesters "a bunch of spoiled cry-babies."[421] Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard.[422]

Forecasting

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Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election.[423] For the 2016 election, there were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver's FiveThirtyEight, The Upshot at The New York Times, Daily Kos, Princeton Election Consortium, Cook Political Report, Rothenberg and Gonzales, PollyVote, Sabato's Crystal Ball and Electoral-Vote. These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed, and were supported by pundits and statisticians, including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight, Nate Cohn at the New York Times, and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter, who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country.[424] However, FiveThirtyEight's model pointed the possibility of an Electoral College-popular vote split widening in final weeks based on Trump's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania due to demographics targeted by Trump's campaign living in big numbers there, in addition of Clinton's poor performing in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama's performing in 2012, as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated states traditionally 'blue' but also in some very populated states traditionally 'red' like Texas which were projected safe for Trump.[425]

Early exit polls favored Clinton. However, as polls closed and the results came in throughout the night, those exit polls and forecasts proved inaccurate as the Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states, especially Florida, Ohio and North Carolina. Even Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Michigan, which were considered to be part of the Democrat's firewall that would ensure Clinton's victory, were won by Trump.[426]

State (Electoral Votes) 2008/2012 Winner* Pre-Election Polling Average Actual Result Difference
Pennsylvania[427] (20) D/D Clinton +1.9 Trump +0.7 Trump +2.6
Michigan[428] (16) D/D Clinton +3.4 Trump +0.3 Trump +3.7
Wisconsin[429] (10) D/D Clinton +6.5 Trump +0.7 Trump +7.2
Maine CD-2[430] (1) D/D Trump +0.5 Trump +10.4 Trump +9.9
Minnesota[431] (10) D/D Clinton +10 Clinton +1.5 Trump +8.5
North Carolina[432] (16) D/R Trump +1 Trump +3.7 Trump +2.7
Iowa[433] (6) D/D Trump +3 Trump +9.5 Trump +6.5
Florida[434] (29) D/D Trump +0.2 Trump +1.2 Trump +1

D = Democrat, R = Republican

Pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the 2016 election outcome.[435][436] Further confusion was attributed to The New York Times' live presidential election forecast website for misleading graphing after analyst Alp Toker identified the use of pseudorandom jitter to give the impression of live fluctuations in its outcome predictions.[437][438]

Electronic vote tampering concerns

After the election, computer scientists, including J. Alex Halderman, the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society, urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania (three swing states where Trump had won narrowly) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome.[439][440][441] However, statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines "completely disappears once you control for race and education level".[442] On November 25, 2016, the Obama administration said the results from November 8, “accurately reflect the will of the American people.”[443] The following day, the White House released another statement saying, “the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day.”[444]

Recount petitions

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On November 23, Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, asserting that the election's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims.[445][446] Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner, and this would require showing that less than 60 000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton. Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25,[447] after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias stated that their campaign would join Stein's recount efforts in that state and possibly others "in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides."[311][448] Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28,[449] and in Michigan on November 30.[450] Concurrently, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein's efforts.[313]

President-elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein's Wisconsin recount request saying, "The people have spoken and the election is over." Trump further commented that the recount "is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded."[451] The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein's three recount efforts through state and federal courts.[452][453]

U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7, dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue, stating in his order: "Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake. Instead, they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery – but not actual injury."[454] On December 12, U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania, stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election "borders on the irrational" and that granting the Green Party's recount bid could "ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts" given the December 13, 2016, federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College.[455] Meanwhile, the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities.[456]

The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule, resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies.[457][458] While the incomplete Michigan recount did identify some instances of improper ballot handling and possible voter fraud in some Detroit precincts,[459][446][460] no evidence of widespread hacking was found, and the overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts.[461][457][458]

Electoral College lobbying and petitions

Intense lobbying (in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats[462]) and grass-roots campaigns have been directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College[463] to convince a sufficient number of them (37) to not vote for Trump, thus precluding a Trump presidency.[464] Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to "vote their conscience for the good of America" in accordance with Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Paper No. 68.[465][466][467][468] This group's members may have become faithless electors in the presidential election.

On December 5, former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust under the aegis of EqualCitizens.US to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who are regarding a vote of conscience against Donald J. Trump.[469]

On December 6, Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote (in their case for Hillary Clinton) overturned.[470]

On December 10, ten electors, in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, demanded an intelligence briefing[471][472] in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency.[473] After the letter was released, over 20 additional electors signed it.[474]

On December 19, several electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again.

The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6, 2017.[475][476]

Russian involvement

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On December 9, the Central Intelligence Agency issued an assessment to lawmakers in the US Senate, stating that a Russian entity hacked the DNC and John Podesta's emails to assist Donald Trump. The Federal Bureau of Investigation agreed[477] President Barack Obama ordered a "full enquiry" into such possible intervention.[478][479][480][481]

President-elect Trump originally mocked the report as fabricated,[479] and Wikileaks denied any involvement of Russian authorities.[480] But a few days later, Trump said he could be convinced of the Russian hacking "if there is a unified presentation of evidence from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other agencies."[482]

Several U.S. senators—including Republicans John McCain, Richard Burr, and Lindsey Graham—demanded a congressional investigation.[483] Other Republicans, such as Rand Paul of Kentucky and James Lankford of Oklahoma also indicated their support for a full investigation.[484]

Maps

Voter demographics

Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, The Associated Press, CBS News, CNN, Fox News and NBC News. The voter survey is based on questionnaires completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day including 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters.[485][486][487] Trump's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among Northern whites without college degrees; while Obama (in 2012) and Kerry (in 2004) lost those voters by a margin of 10 points, Clinton lost them by a margin of 20 points.[488] The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower-income whites than among affluent white voters.[488] Additionally, Trump nearly doubled his support from Muslims compared to 2012 Republican nominee Mitt Romney.[489] While exit polls are useful, they have in the past overstated or given partial portraits of the electorate, and further study with additional data is generally required.[490]

2016 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup Clinton Trump Other  % of
total vote
Total vote 47.9 46.2 5.9 100
Ideology
Liberals 84 10 6 26
Moderates 52 41 7 39
Conservatives 15 81 4 35
Party
Democrats 89 9 2 37
Republicans 7 90 3 33
Independents 42 48 10 31
Party by gender
Democratic men 87 10 3 14
Democratic women 90 8 2 23
Republican men 6 90 2 17
Republican women 8 89 2 16
Independent men 37 51 10 17
Independent women 47 43 7 14
Gender
Men 41 52 7 47
Women 54 41 5 53
Gender by marital status
Married men 37 58 5 29
Married women 49 47 4 30
Non-married men 46 45 9 19
Non-married women 62 33 5 23
Race/ethnicity
White 37 58 5 70
Black 88 8 4 12
Asian 65 29 6 4
Other 56 37 7 3
Hispanic (of any race) 65 29 6 11
Gender by race/ethnicity
White men 31 63 5 34
White women 43 53 3 37
Black men 80 13 6 5
Black women 94 4 2 7
Latino men (of any race) 62 33 4 5
Latino women (of any race) 68 26 5 6
All other races 61 32 5 6
Religion
Protestant 37 60 3 27
Catholic 45 52 3 23
Mormon 25 61 14 1
Other Christian 43 55 2 24
Jewish 71 24 5 3
Other religion 58 33 9 7
None 68 26 6 15
Religious service attendance
Weekly or more 40 56 4 33
Monthly 46 49 5 16
A few times a year 48 47 5 29
Never 62 31 7 22
White evangelical or born-again Christian
White evangelical or born-again Christian 16 81 3 26
Everyone else 59 35 6 74
Age
18–24 years old 56 35 9 10
25–29 years old 53 39 8 9
30–39 years old 51 40 9 17
40–49 years old 46 50 4 19
50–64 years old 44 53 3 30
65 and older 45 53 2 15
Sexual orientation
LGBT 78 14 8 5
Heterosexual 47 48 5 95
First time voter
First time voter 56 40 4 10
Everyone else 47 47 6 90
Education
High school or less 45 51 4 18
Some college education 43 52 5 32
College graduate 49 45 6 32
Postgraduate education 58 37 5 18
Education by race/ethnicity
White college graduates 45 49 4 37
White no college degree 28 67 4 34
Non-white college graduates 71 23 5 13
Non-white no college degree 75 20 3 16
Family income
Under $30,000 53 41 6 17
$30,000–49,999 51 42 7 19
$50,000–99,999 46 50 4 31
$100,000–199,999 47 48 5 24
$200,000–249,999 48 49 3 4
Over $250,000 46 48 6 6
Issue regarded as most important
Foreign policy 60 34 6 13
Immigration 32 64 4 13
Economy 52 42 6 52
Terrorism 39 57 4 18
Community size
Cities (population 50,000 and above) 59 35 6 34
Suburbs 45 50 5 49
Rural areas 34 62 4 17
Age and Race
White 18–29 43 47 10 12
Black 18–29 85 9 6 3
Latino 18–29 68 26 6 3
White 30–44 37 54 9 16
Black 30–44 89 7 4 4
Latino 30–44 65 28 7 4
White 45–64 34 62 4 30
Black 45–64 90 9 1 5
Latino 45–64 64 32 4 4
White 65 and older 39 58 3 13
Black 65 and older 91 9 0 1
Latino 65 and older 73 25 2 1
All Others 61 31 8 6

Viewership

Source: adweek

See also

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 In state-by-state tallies, Trump earned 306 pledged electors, Clinton 232. They lost respectively 2 and 5 votes to faithless electors. Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes, respectively.
  2. In early elections, beginning with the election of George Washington, many electors were chosen by state legislatures instead of public balloting and, in those states which practiced public balloting, votes were cast for undifferentiated lists of candidates, leaving no or only partial vote totals. Some states continued to allocate electors by legislative vote as late as 1876.[3]
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828.[368]
  4. The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged, due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley, after the popular vote, yet before the meeting of the Electoral College. Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which were subsequently dismissed by Congress.
  5. Not 1912, because James S. Sherman was dead

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Estimate of 138.9 million votes cast and 251.1 million people of voting age. This represents an increase in total votes cast and percentage turnout from the 2012 election (130,292,355 votes cast and 241 million people of voting age).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  3. Moore, John L., ed. (1985). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. p. 266.
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  283. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  284. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  285. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  286. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  287. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  288. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  289. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  290. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  291. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  292. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  293. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  294. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  295. 295.0 295.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  296. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  297. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  298. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  299. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  300. U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). Population clock. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/popclock/
  301. CA: [1] and [2] NH: [3] VT: [4]
  302. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  303. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  304. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  305. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  306. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  307. Trump stomps all over the Democrats' Blue Wall, CNN, November 9, 2016.
  308. Angst over the economy helps Trump flip Great Lakes states, Chicago Tribune, November 9, 2016.
  309. Donald Trump’s Promise of Bringing Back Jobs Worked With Many Michigan Voters, The Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2016.
  310. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  311. 311.0 311.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  312. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  313. 313.0 313.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  314. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  317. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  318. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  319. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  324. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  329. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  330. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  334. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  335. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  337. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  338. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  339. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  340. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  341. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  343. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  344. 344.0 344.1 344.2 344.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  345. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  346. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  347. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  348. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  349. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  350. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  351. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  352. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  353. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  354. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  355. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  356. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  357. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  358. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  359. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  360. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  361. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  362. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  363. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  364. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  365. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  366. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  367. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  368. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  369. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  370. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  371. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  372. 372.0 372.1 Sean Collins Walsh, "All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump," Statesman.com (19 December 2016).
  373. Texas electors cast 36 votes for Trump, 1 for Kasich, 1 for Ron Paul. Texas Tribune (December 19, 2016). Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  374. 374.0 374.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  375. Brandon Morse, "The identity of the faithless elector who voted for Ron Paul, and why he did it has been revealed," theblaze (20 December 2016).
  376. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  377. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  378. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  379. Powell has several homes, including one in NYC (still)[376] and also one in DC, but is officially a VA resident per WikiLeaks emails,[377] and per his 'verified' social media account.[378]
  380. 380.0 380.1 380.2 380.3 Rachel la Corte, "4 Washington state electors to be fined $1,000 for vote," bigstory.ap.org (22 December 2016).
  381. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  382. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  383. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  384. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  385. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  386. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  388. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  390. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  418. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  419. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  425. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-trump-could-win-the-white-house-while-losing-the-popular-vote/
  426. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  432. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  439. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  440. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  441. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  442. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  443. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  446. 446.0 446.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  447. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  448. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  451. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  452. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  453. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  454. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  455. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  456. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  457. 457.0 457.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  458. 458.0 458.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  459. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  460. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  461. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  462. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  463. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  464. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  465. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  466. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  467. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  468. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  469. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  470. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  471. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  473. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  474. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  475. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  476. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  478. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  479. 479.0 479.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  481. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  482. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  483. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  484. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  485. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  486. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  487. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  488. 488.0 488.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  490. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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