Urban rail transit in Canada

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Urban rail transit in Canada encompasses a broad range of rail mass transit systems, including commuter rail, rapid transit, light rail, and streetcar systems.

Terminology

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  • Commuter rail refers to urban passenger train service between a central city and its suburbs. Three such systems exist in Canada.
  • Airport rail link refers to rail transport between a central city and a nearby international airport. The Union Pearson Express is the only dedicated airport rail link in Canada. The SkyTrain light metro system also serves as an airport rail link.
  • Subway refers to a rapid transit system using heavy rail with steel wheels. The Toronto subway is the only such system in Canada.
  • Rubber-tired metro refers to a rapid transit system using heavy rail with rubber tires. The Montreal Metro is the only such system in Canada.
  • Light metro refers to a rapid transit system using intermediate or medium-capacity rail. The SkyTrain is the only full light metro system in Canada. The Toronto subway system includes one light metro line.
  • Light rail refers to a rail transit system using light rail vehicles in a dedicated right-of-way. Four such systems exist in Canada.
  • Streetcar refers to a rail transit system using light rail vehicles entirely or mostly on streets providing local service in mixed traffic. The Toronto streetcar is the only such system in Canada.
  • People mover refers to a small-scale automated guideway transit system. The Link Train is the only such system in Canada.

Existing systems

Italics indicate a line under construction.

Region System Average weekday
ridership (Q4 2019)[1]
Technology Lines Stations System length Stations under construction System length
under construction
Calgary, Alberta CTrain 313,800 Light rail

Add→{{rail-interchange}} Red Line
Add→{{rail-interchange}} Blue Line

45 59.9 km (37.2 mi)
Edmonton, Alberta Edmonton LRT 110,786
(2018)[2]
Light rail

Add→{{rail-interchange}} Capital Line
Add→{{rail-interchange}} Metro Line
Add→{{rail-interchange}} Valley Line

18 24.3 km (15.1 mi) 12 13.1 km (8.1 mi)
Greater Montreal, Quebec Exo 68,500
(Q3 2019)[3]
Commuter rail

16px Candiac
16px Vaudreuil-Hudson
16px Mascouche
16px Mont-Saint-Hilaire
16px Saint-Jerome

52 204.6 km (127.1 mi) 1
Montreal Metro[lower-alpha 1] 1,421,200 Rubber-tired metro

MtlMetro1.svg Green Line
MtlMetro2.svg Orange Line
MtlMetro4.svg Yellow Line
16px Blue Line

68 69.2 km (43.0 mi)
Ottawa, Ontario O-Train[lower-alpha 1] 13,000
(Q3 2019)[3]
Light rail

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13 12.5 km (7.8 mi) 28 48.5 km (30.1 mi)
Greater Toronto Area, Ontario GO Transit rail services 230,500 Commuter rail

GO Lakeshore West logo.svg Lakeshore West
GO Lakeshore East logo.svg Lakeshore East
GO Milton logo.svg Milton
GO Kitchener logo.svg Kitchener
GO Barrie logo.svg Barrie
GO Richmond Hill logo.svg Richmond Hill
GO Stouffville logo.svg Stouffville

68 522.5 km (324.7 mi) 4 4 km (2.5 mi)
Union Pearson Express 11,500
(April 2019)[4]
Airport rail link UP Express logo.svg UP Express 4 23.3 km (14.5 mi)
Toronto subway 1,603,300 Subway[lower-alpha 1]

TTC - Line 1 - Yonge-University-Spadina line.svg Line 1 Yonge–University
TTC - Line 2 - Bloor-Danforth line.svg Line 2 Bloor–Danforth
TTC - Line 4 - Sheppard line.svg Line 4 Sheppard

75 76.9 km (47.8 mi) 39 30 km (19 mi)
Light metro[lower-alpha 1] TTC - Line 3 - Scarborough RT line.svg Line 3 Scarborough
Light rail

TTC - Line 5.svg Line 5 Eglinton
TTC - SE.svg Line 6 Finch West

Toronto streetcar 530,600 Streetcar 10 lines (list) 685 83 km (52 mi)
Link Train[lower-alpha 1] People mover 3 1.5 km (0.93 mi)
Metro Vancouver, British Columbia West Coast Express 10,300 Commuter rail x16px West Coast Express 8 69 km (43 mi)
SkyTrain[lower-alpha 1] 512,400 Light metro

Translinkexpo.png Expo Line
Translinkmillennium.png Millennium Line
Translinkcanada.png Canada Line

53 79.6 km (49.5 mi) 5
Waterloo Region, Ontario Ion[lower-alpha 2] 17,166
(September 2019)[5]
Light rail  301  Ion light rail 19 19 km (12 mi)

Calgary

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Calgary Transit's CTrain network, which started operation in 1981, now has the second highest weekday ridership of any light rail transit system in North America, carrying over 312,000 passengers per weekday in the fourth quarter of 2018. There are 45 stations in operation in the 60-kilometre (37 mi) CTrain light rail system,[6] After starting by running on one leg in 1981, the system has expanded and now has four legs radiating out into Calgary's suburbs in different directions. The legs have been organized into two routes (identified as the Red Line and the Blue Line) that connect the four legs via shared tracks in a downtown transit mall. The existing four legs of the system, as built in chronological order, are the South leg (1981), the Northeast leg (1985), the Northwest leg (1987), and the West leg (2012).

  • The Downtown Transit Mall along 7th Avenue South is shared by the Red and Blue lines.
  • The Red Line connects the South and Northwest legs via the downtown transit mall.
  • The Blue Line connects the Northeast and West legs via the downtown transit mall.

The Green Line is a planned line that would connect new Southeast and North legs via a downtown tunnel.[7]

Edmonton

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The Edmonton Transit System's LRT system consisted of only one line from its opening in 1978 to 2015. The current 24.3-kilometre (15.1 mi) system includes the original Capital Line and the new Metro Line, sharing most of their route. The first phase of the Valley Line is under construction.

  • The Capital Line runs roughly north-south, between northeast Edmonton and the Century Park community, with a mix of tunnels and at-grade track. Six stations are underground, while the remaining nine are at-grade.
  • The Metro Line is interlined with the Capital Line from Century Park and through the underground portions before branching northwest towards NAIT.[8][9]
  • The Valley Line is currently under construction. The low-floor line will travel southeast from downtown towards Mill Woods.[10][11]

Extensions to the Capital, Metro, and Valley lines have been approved. The construction of the new Energy and Festival lines have been proposed.[12]

Montreal

An Exo train on the Mont-Saint-Hilaire line.

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Exo operates five commuter rail lines in Greater Montreal, including the Island of Montreal, Montreal, and South Shore. Each lines terminate at Montreal Central Station or Lucien-L'Allier, both in downtown Montreal with connections to the metro system. Most of the system is run on Canadian National or Canadian Pacific trackage. Exo formerly owned and operated the Mount Royal Tunnel and the Deux-Montagnes line until service was ended in 2020. The Réseau express métropolitain light metro system is set to takeover the Mount Royal Tunnel and Deux-Montagnes line.

The Montreal Metro is Canada's second busiest rail transit system. Drawing inspiration from the Paris Métro, it uses rubber-tired metro technology, the only such system in Canada. The 69.2 km (43.0 mi) system has 68 stations on four lines, which serve the north, east, and central portions of the Island of Montreal, as well as the suburbs of Laval and Longueuil. The metro began in 1966 with the east-west Green Line and north-south Orange Line.[13] A series of expansions since 1966 have expanded the original lines and added the Yellow and Blue lines.

  • The Green Line is a 22.1 km (13.7 mi) line that runs northeast to southwest between Angrignon and Honoré-Beaugrand. The two ends are connected through a central section that runs under De Maisonneuve Boulevard in downtown Montreal.
  • The Orange Line is a 30.0 km (18.6 mi) U-shaped line. The central section runs through downtown Montreal, south of the Green Line's alignment. The two legs connect to Côte-Vertu in the northwest and Montmorency in Laval, northeast of Montreal.
  • The Yellow Line is a 4.25 km (2.64 mi) line with three stations. It connects to the Green and Orange lines at Berri–UQAM station, the system's busiest station, and crosses under the Saint Lawrence River to connect Saint Helen's Island and Longueuil.
  • The Blue Line is a 9.7 km (6.0 mi) line. It runs in a northeast to southwest alignment north of the Green Line, connecting the east island with both legs of the Orange Line.

An eastward extension of the Blue Line is planned to begin construction in 2021.

Ottawa

Trillium Line train on Ottawa's O-Train.

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The O-Train began in 2001 as a light rail pilot project to supplement its Transitway bus rapid transit system. This original line, now known as the Trillium Line was relatively inexpensive to construct ($21 million) due to its single-track route along a little used freight-rail right of way and use of diesel multiple units (DMUs) to avoid the cost of building overhead lines along the tracks. The Confederation Line opened in September 2019, replacing portions of the Transitway with an underground tunnel through downtown.[14][15]

  • The Confederation Line, (Line 1) is a light rail line which runs east–west from Blair to Tunney's Pasture connecting to the Transitway at each terminus and with the Trillium Line at Bayview. The line runs both underground and on the surface and is completely grade-separated. There is a tunnel downtown with three underground stations.[16]
  • The Trillium Line, (Line 2) is an 8 km (5.0 mi) diesel light rail line running north to south from Bayview station to Greenboro station connecting with Confederation Line at its northern terminus and Transitway at its southern terminus. There are three passing sidings along the single-track line.

Stage 2 of Ottawa's O-Train expansion is currently under construction, which will expand the Confederation Line east and west and the Trillium Line in the south.

Toronto

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GO Transit operates commuter rail services in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, including the metropolitan areas of Toronto, Hamilton, Kitchener, Niagara, Oshawa, Barrie, and Guelph. Each of its seven lines terminate at Union Station in downtown Toronto. With 217,500 average weekday riders, it is Canada's busiest commuter rail service, and the fifth busiest in North America. The GO Expansion project currently underway will bring electrification, new trackage, bridges, and tunnels to the system, allowing for two-way all-day service with 15 minute frequencies to sections of five of its lines.

GO Transit's parent agency, Metrolinx, also operates the Union Pearson Express, an airport rail link between Union Station and Toronto Pearson International Airport. It opened in advance of the 2015 Pan American Games, sharing most of its routing with GO's Kitchener line before travelling along a 3.3 km (2.1 mi) rail spur to the airport. At the airport, the line connects with the Link Train, a free people mover transporting passenger between the airport's terminals and parking garage.

A Toronto Rocket subway train at St. George station

The Toronto Transit Commission's 76.9 km (47.8 mi) subway is Canada's oldest rapid transit system, having opened as the "Yonge subway" in 1954.[17] It is also Canada's busiest system, with 1,603,300 average weekday riders.[1] It is an intermodal system, with three subway lines and one light metro line, with a total of 75 stations, the most of any Canadian system. The system connects each of Toronto's community council areas and former municipalities, as well as the suburb of Vaughan.

Line 5 Eglinton and Line 6 Finch West are both light rail lines under construction. The two lines will be fully integrated with the subway system upon their opening in 2022 and 2023.[18]

Toronto also operates a streetcar system. Unlike light rail, the majority of the ten routes operate in mixed traffic and all make frequent stops. Three routes operate in a dedicated right-of-way:

The central section of the 504 King route runs along the King Street Transit Priority Corridor. The proposed East Bayfront LRT would be a fourth streetcar line operating in a dedicated right-of-way.

Vancouver

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The West Coast Express is a commuter rail line operated by TransLink. The 69 km (43 mi) line runs from Waterfront station in downtown Vancouver to Mission, with six stations in between. The line only operates during peak hours on weekdays, with five trains in each direction. It is Canada's least used urban rail transit system.[1]

File:29th Avenue platform level (20190626 123343).jpg
The longest rapid transit system in Canada by track length is the Vancouver SkyTrain.

The SkyTrain is TransLink's fully-automated light metro system. The system opened in 1985 for the Expo 86. This original portion, now known as the Expo Line, is also joined by the Millennium and Canada lines, making it Canada's longest by track length, at 79.6 km (49.5 mi). The system serves Vancouver and many of its surrounding municipalities in the Metro Vancouver Regional District.

Waterloo Region

File:Ion Flexity Freedom 514 service livery.jpg
Ion LRV on Northfield Drive in Waterloo

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The first phase of the 19-kilometre (12 mi) LRT system runs from Conestoga station in the City of Waterloo to Fairway station in Kitchener. It opened to the public on June 21, 2019.[21] The system operates in reserved lanes on public streets and on private rights of way. Waterloo Region, Ontario has also approved plans for a light rail extension to the Ainslie St. Transit Terminal in Cambridge, as phase two of Ion.[22]

In development

City or region Line Construction start Expected opening Stations Line length Status
Calgary Green Line (stage 1)[lower-alpha 3] 2021 2026[lower-alpha 4] 14[lower-alpha 5] 20 km (12 mi)[lower-alpha 6] Planned
Edmonton Valley Line Southeast[lower-alpha 7] 2016[10] 2021[10] 12[11] 13.1 km (8.1 mi)[11] Under construction[23]
Edmonton Valley Line West 2021 2026[lower-alpha 8] 16 14 km (8.7 mi) Planned
Gatineau Gatineau LRT 2028 30 26 km (16 mi) Proposed
Hamilton Hamilton LRT 2023[24] 17 14 km (8.7 mi) Planned
Montreal Réseau express métropolitain[upper-alpha 1] 2018 2022–2024[lower-alpha 9] 26 67 km (42 mi) Under construction
Ottawa Confederation Line (Stage 2)[upper-alpha 1] 2019 2024–2025 16[lower-alpha 10] 26.5 km (16.5 mi)[lower-alpha 11] Under construction[25]
Ottawa Trillium Line (Stage 2)[upper-alpha 1] 2019 2022 8[lower-alpha 12] 14 km (8.7 mi)[lower-alpha 13] Under construction[26]
Peel Region Hurontario LRT 2020[27] 2024 19 18 km (11 mi)[28] Under construction
Quebec City Quebec City Tramway 2026 35 23 km (14 mi) Planned
Toronto Line 5 Eglinton 2011 2022[29] 26 19 km (12 mi) Under construction
Toronto Line 6 Finch West 2019[27] 2023 18 11 km (6.8 mi) Under construction
Toronto Ontario Line[upper-alpha 1] 2023 2030[30] 15 15 km (9.3 mi) Planned
Vancouver Millennium Line (Broadway extension)[upper-alpha 1] 2021 2025 6 5.7 km (3.5 mi) Under construction[31]
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Fully grade-separated

Gatineau

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Gatineau, Quebec is proposing a 26-kilometre (16 mi) LRT system that would connect with Ottawa's O-Train system.[32]

Hamilton

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Hamilton, Ontario's B-Line route, part of the region's BLAST rapid transit network, was a proposed light rail line to run east–west along King and Main streets, with McMaster University and Eastgate Square as its termini.[33] However, in announcing the financing for the line, the Government of Ontario changed the eastern terminus to Queenston Circle instead of Eastgate Square but added a branch to the new West Harbour GO Station.[34] After uncertainty among Hamilton's city council, and poor ridership projections in provincially funded studies, the provincial government announced that they would abandon the spur line down James North, and a previously announced BRT system along James, in favour of reinstating Eastgate Square as the terminal station of the B-Line.[35] In December 2019, the Ontario government announced that the project would be abandoned, in part due to higher than anticipated costs.[36] In February 2021, the province reversed their decision and announced their re-commitment to the Hamilton light rail project and in May 2021 federal funding was confirmed.[37]

Longueuil

In February 2020, the mayor of Longueuil, Quebec, proposed building a tramway in stages running east to west, from Hôpital Pierre Boucher in Longueuil to La Prairie. The proposed line would mostly run along a reconfigured Taschereau Boulevard passing Cégep Édouard-Montpetit, Longueuil station (terminus of the Yellow Line of the Montreal Metro), Hôpital Charles-LeMoyne and the planned Panama station of the future Réseau express métropolitain in Brossard.[38]

Montreal

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The Réseau express métropolitain is a light metro line under construction in Montreal. It is set to open in phases beginning in 2022. When completed, it will consist of a central section connecting to the Green, Orange, and Blue metro lines, with four branches with service to the North Shore, West Island, airport, and South Shore.[39]

Peel Region

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The Hurontario LRT is an approved 17.6-kilometre (10.9 mi) light rail line largely financed by the province of Ontario to run on the surface along Hurontario Street from Port Credit GO Station in Mississauga to Steeles Avenue in Brampton. On October 28, 2015, Brampton City Council cancelled the proposed 5.6-kilometre (3.5 mi) section of the line along Main Street in Brampton to Brampton GO Station.[28] On March 21, 2019, Metrolinx announced that the most of the downtown loop would be deferred to a later date due to financial restrictions, although a short spur to a stop at Square One Shopping Centre would remain.[40]

Quebec City

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The Quebec City Tramway is a planned light rail transit line in Quebec City set to open in 2026. It will link Charlesbourg to Cap Rouge, passing through Quebec Parliament Hill. The 23-kilometre (14 mi) line will include a 3.5-kilometre (2.2 mi) underground segment, with the rest of the line being on the surface.[41]

Cancelled

Surrey

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A 27-kilometre (17 mi) light rail network was to consist of three lines radiating from Skytrain stations had been proposed for construction in Surrey, BC. The planned lines were:[42][43]

The lines on 104 Avenue and King George Boulevard would be built in seven years while the Surrey-Langley Line on the Fraser Highway would be finished five years later.[42] A report on the economic benefits of the project was produced by a consulting firm in May 2015.[44]

This project (among others major transit infrastructure initiatives, including the extension of the Millennium Line under Broadway in Vancouver) was originally made contingent, by the governing BC Liberal party, on the approval, by plebiscite in 2015, of a sales tax increase to generate new funds for public transit. The electorate voted against the tax increase, leaving the project unfunded.[45] Subsequently, the project was included in the second phase of TransLink's 10-Year Investment Plan, which was approved in late 2017.[46][47] However, in 2018, more than 80% of the city's residents objected to the line and potential problems prompting several parties to adopts its cancellation as part of that year's civic election.[48] A mayor and council who objected to LRT were elected and their first order of business was to vote unanimously to cancel the LRT line in favour of extending the existing SkyTrain line to Langley.[49] The LRT was "indefinitely suspended" by the regional Mayors' Council on November 15.[50]

Toronto

The Sheppard East LRT was a proposed 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) light rail transit line that will run along the surface of Sheppard Avenue from Don Mills subway station to east of Morningside Avenue.[51] It was cancelled in April 2019 by the Ontario provincial government under Premier Doug Ford.[52]

Victoria region

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In August 2011, Victoria Regional Transit System announced that light rail transit was recommended as the preferred technology to connect Victoria to Saanich and the West Shore communities.[53][54] In 2018, British Columbia premier John Horgan rejected the idea of light rail service in the Victoria area because the area's low population would not justify light rail.[55]

See also

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Fully grade-separated system
  2. The Ion system also includes a bus rapid transit line not included in this table.
  3. Only phase 1 which spans from 16 Avenue N to 126 Avenue SE (About 14 stations and 20 kilometres (12 mi)).
  4. Depends on delivery of funding promised by federal and provincial governments during recent elections.
  5. When fully complete the Green Line will have 28 Stations
  6. When the Green Line is complete it will be 48 kilometres (30 mi) long.
  7. Data for Valley Line phase 1 only from Mill Woods to 102 Street.
  8. Council is looking into the possibility of opening the line in phases between 2020 and 2025. For example the first parts of the line closer to downtown could open in 2020 while sections near the end of line could open closer to 2025 .
  9. To be opened in phases with stations opening in 2022, 2023, and 2024
  10. When Stage 2 is complete, the Confederation Line will have 29 stations.
  11. When Stage 2 is complete, the Confederation Line will be 39 kilometres (24 mi) long.
  12. When Stage 2 is complete, the Trillium Line will have 13 stations.
  13. When Stage 2 is complete, the Trillium Line will be 22 kilometres (14 mi) long.

References

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  27. 27.0 27.1 https://www.railwayage.com/news/ontario-lrt-update/
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  36. https://www.chch.com/hamiltons-lrt-cancelled-project-to-cost-five-times-more/
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