Vai syllabary

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Vai
Vaiscript-fiveexamples.png
Type
Languages Vai
Time period
 1830s–present
Direction Left-to-right
ISO 15924 Vaii, 470
Unicode alias
 Vai
U+A500–U+A63F
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
The greater part of the modern Vai syllabary. Eh and oh are the open vowels [ɛ, ɔ]. The jg on the bottom row is [ŋɡ]. Not shown are syllables beginning with g, h, w, m, n, ny, ng [ŋ], and vowels.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Vai syllabary is a syllabic writing system devised for the Vai language by Momolu Duwalu Bukele of Jondu, in what is now Grand Cape Mount County, Liberia.[1][2][3] Bukele is regarded within the Vai community, as well as by most scholars, as the syllabary's inventor and chief promoter when it was first documented in the 1830s. It is one of the two most successful indigenous scripts in West Africa in terms of the number of current users and the availability of literature written in the script, the other being N'Ko.[4]

Structure of the script

Vai is a syllabic script written from left to right that represents CV syllables; a final nasal is written with the same glyph as the Vai syllabic nasal. Originally there were separate glyphs for syllables ending in a nasal, such as don, with a long vowel, such as soo, with a diphthong, such as bai, as well as bili and sɛli. However, these have been dropped from the modern script.

The syllabary did not distinguish all the syllables of the Vai language until the 1960s when University of Liberia added distinctions by modifying certain glyphs with dots or extra strokes to cover all CV syllables in use. There are relatively few glyphs for nasal vowels because only a few occur with each consonant.[clarification needed]

Possible link with Cherokee

In recent years evidence has emerged suggesting that the Cherokee syllabary of North America provided a model for the design of the Vai syllabary in Liberia. The Vai syllabary emerged about 1832/33. The link appears to have been Cherokee who emigrated to Liberia after the invention of the Cherokee syllabary (which in its early years spread rapidly among the Cherokee) but before the invention of the Vai syllabary. One such man, Cherokee Austin Curtis, married into a prominent Vai family and became an important Vai chief himself. It is notable that the romantic "inscription on a house" that first drew the world's attention to the existence of the Vai script was in fact on the home of Curtis, a Cherokee.[5]

What we can be reasonably sure about is that Curtis was not only a well-connected and influential man within the Vai community, but one who spoke the Vai language and adopted Vai customs, who settled in Vai country some four years before the invention of the Vai script, and who later appears to have welcomed the use of the script on his house. If Curtis was informed about the Cherokee script, if he was already resident at Cape Mount by 1827/28, and if he made contact with any of the mission party at Big Town - Revey or even his Vai-speaking assistants – it is conceivable that the notion of a syllabary reached the Vai by this route – but perhaps not very likely. Finally, whether the argument from coincidence should have any weight is difficult to say, but that two new scripts sharing the same basic structure, invented a continent apart within little more than a decade of each other, can each be linked, however tenuously (given the limited evidence), to the same individual, may reasonably be regarded as at least singular.(Tuchscherer and Hair 2002)

Syllables

  e i a o u ɔ ɛ
‑ ꔀ ꔤ ꕉ ꕱ ꖕ ꖺ ꗡ
‑̃ ꔁ ꔥ ꕊ ꕲ ꖖ ꖻ ꗢ
ŋ‑̃   ꕋ   ꖼ ꗣ
h‑ ꔂ ꔦ ꕌ ꕳ ꖗ ꖽ ꗤ
h‑̃   ꔧ ꕍ   ꖘ ꖾ ꗥ
w‑ ꔃ ꔨ ꕎ ꕴ ꖙ ꖿ ꗦ
w‑̃ ꔄ ꔩ ꕏ ꕵ ꖚ ꗀ ꗧ
p‑ ꔅ ꔪ ꕐ ꕶ ꖛ ꗁ ꗨ
b‑ ꔆ ꔫ ꕑ ꕷ ꖜ ꗂ ꗩ
ɓ‑ ꔇ ꔬ ꕒ ꕸ ꖝ ꗃ ꗪ
mɓ‑ ꔈ ꔭ ꕓ ꕹ ꖞ ꗄ ꗫ
kp‑ ꔉ ꔮ ꕔ ꕺ ꖟ ꗅ ꗬ
kp‑̃   ꕕ   ꗭ
mgb‑ ꔊ ꔯ ꕖ ꕻ ꖠ ꗆ ꗮ
gb‑ ꔋ ꔰ ꕗ ꕼ ꖡ ꗇ ꗯ
gb‑̃   ꗈ ꗰ
f‑ ꔌ ꔱ ꕘ ꕽ ꖢ ꗉ ꗱ
v‑ ꔍ ꔲ ꕙ ꕾ ꖣ ꗊ ꗲ
t‑ ꔎ ꔳ ꕚ ꕿ ꖤ ꗋ ꗳ
θ‑ ꔏ ꔴ ꕛ ꖀ ꖥ ꗌ ꗴ
d‑ ꔐ ꔵ ꕜ ꖁ ꖦ ꗍ ꗵ
ð‑ ꔑ ꔶ ꕝ ꖂ ꖧ ꗎ ꗶ
l‑ ꔒ ꔷ ꕞ ꖃ ꖨ ꗏ ꗷ
r‑ ꔓ ꔸ ꕟ ꖄ ꖩ ꗐ ꗸ
ɗ‑ ꔔ ꔹ ꕠ ꖅ ꖪ ꗑ ꗹ
nɗ‑ ꔕ ꔺ ꕡ ꖆ ꖫ ꗒ ꗺ
s‑ ꔖ ꔻ ꕢ ꖇ ꖬ ꗓ ꗻ
ʃ‑ ꔗ ꔼ ꕣ ꖈ ꖭ ꗔ ꗼ
z‑ ꔘ ꔽ ꕤ ꖉ ꖮ ꗕ ꗽ
ʒ‑ ꔙ ꔾ ꕥ ꖊ ꖯ ꗖ ꗾ
tʃ‑ ꔚ ꔿ ꕦ ꖋ ꖰ ꗗ ꗿ
dʒ‑ ꔛ ꕀ ꕧ ꖌ ꖱ ꗘ ꘀ
ndʒ‑ ꔜ ꕁ ꕨ ꖍ ꖲ ꗙ ꘁ
j‑ ꔝ ꕂ ꕩ ꖎ ꖳ ꗚ ꘂ
k‑ ꔞ ꕃ ꕪ ꖏ ꖴ ꗛ ꘃ
k‑̃   ꕫ  
ŋg‑ ꔟ ꕄ ꕬ ꖐ ꖵ ꗜ ꘄ
ŋg‑̃   ꘅ
g‑ ꔠ ꕅ ꕭ ꖑ ꖶ ꗝ ꘆ
g‑̃   ꘇ
m‑ ꔡ ꕆ ꕮ ꖒ ꖷ ꗞ ꘈ
n‑ ꔢ ꕇ ꕯ ꖓ ꖸ ꗟ ꘉ
ɲ‑ ꔣ ꕈ ꕰ ꖔ ꖹ ꗠ ꘊ
  e i a o u ɔ ɛ

Additional syllables

Symbol Function[6]
ꘋ Syllable final ŋ
ꘌ Syllable vowel lengthener (to optionally indicate a long vowel). A long vowel may also be indicated by following the syllable with a syllable of the same vowel starting with h.

Punctuation

Vai has distinct basic punctuation marks:[6]

Mark Function
꘍ comma (,)
꘎ period (.)
꘎꘎ exclamation mark (!)
꘏ question mark (?)

Additional punctuation marks are taken from European usage.

Historical symbols

Logograms

The oldest Vai texts used various logograms. Of these, only ꘓ and ꘘ are still in use.[6]

Logogram Word Meaning
ꘓ feŋ thing
ꘔ keŋ (ꔞꘋ) foot
ꘕ tiŋ (ꔳꘋ) island
ꘖ nii, kpɛ kɔwu cow, case of gin
ꘗ ɓaŋ finished
ꘘ faa (ꕘꕌ) die, kill
ꘙ taa (ꕚꕌ) go, carry, journey
ꘚ ɖaŋ (ꕠꘋ) hear, understand
ꘛ ɖoŋ (ꖅꘋ) enter
ꘜ kuŋ (ꖴꘋ) head, be able to
ꘝ tɔŋ (ꗋꘋ) be named
ꘞ ɖɔɔ (ꗑꖽ) be small
ꘟ jɔŋ (ꗘꘋ) slave
ꔔ ɖeŋ child, small
ꕪ kai man
ꗑ lɔ in

Digits

Vai uses Arabic numerals (0–9). In the 1920s Vai-specific digits were developed but never adopted:[7]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
꘠ ꘡ ꘢ ꘣ ꘤ ꘥ ꘦ ꘧ ꘨ ꘩

Book of Rora

One of Momolu Duwalu Bukele's cousins, Kaali Bala Ndole Wano, wrote a long manuscript around 1845 called the Book of Ndole or Book of Rora under the pen name Rora. This roughly fifty page manuscript contains several now obsolete symbols:[6]

obsolete symbols ꘐ ꘑ ꘒ ꘪ ꘫ
modern equivalents ꕘ ꕪ ꖇ ꕮ ꗑ

Unicode

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Main article: Vai (Unicode block)

The Vai syllabary was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.

In Windows 7 and earlier, since this version only gives names for characters released in Unicode 5.0 and earlier, the names will either be blank (Microsoft Word applications) or "Undefined" (Character Map).

The Unicode block for Vai is U+A500–U+A63F:

Vai[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+A50x ꔀ ꔁ ꔂ ꔃ ꔄ ꔅ ꔆ ꔇ ꔈ ꔉ ꔊ ꔋ ꔌ ꔍ ꔎ ꔏ
U+A51x ꔐ ꔑ ꔒ ꔓ ꔔ ꔕ ꔖ ꔗ ꔘ ꔙ ꔚ ꔛ ꔜ ꔝ ꔞ ꔟ
U+A52x ꔠ ꔡ ꔢ ꔣ ꔤ ꔥ ꔦ ꔧ ꔨ ꔩ ꔪ ꔫ ꔬ ꔭ ꔮ ꔯ
U+A53x ꔰ ꔱ ꔲ ꔳ ꔴ ꔵ ꔶ ꔷ ꔸ ꔹ ꔺ ꔻ ꔼ ꔽ ꔾ ꔿ
U+A54x ꕀ ꕁ ꕂ ꕃ ꕄ ꕅ ꕆ ꕇ ꕈ ꕉ ꕊ ꕋ ꕌ ꕍ ꕎ ꕏ
U+A55x ꕐ ꕑ ꕒ ꕓ ꕔ ꕕ ꕖ ꕗ ꕘ ꕙ ꕚ ꕛ ꕜ ꕝ ꕞ ꕟ
U+A56x ꕠ ꕡ ꕢ ꕣ ꕤ ꕥ ꕦ ꕧ ꕨ ꕩ ꕪ ꕫ ꕬ ꕭ ꕮ ꕯ
U+A57x ꕰ ꕱ ꕲ ꕳ ꕴ ꕵ ꕶ ꕷ ꕸ ꕹ ꕺ ꕻ ꕼ ꕽ ꕾ ꕿ
U+A58x ꖀ ꖁ ꖂ ꖃ ꖄ ꖅ ꖆ ꖇ ꖈ ꖉ ꖊ ꖋ ꖌ ꖍ ꖎ ꖏ
U+A59x ꖐ ꖑ ꖒ ꖓ ꖔ ꖕ ꖖ ꖗ ꖘ ꖙ ꖚ ꖛ ꖜ ꖝ ꖞ ꖟ
U+A5Ax ꖠ ꖡ ꖢ ꖣ ꖤ ꖥ ꖦ ꖧ ꖨ ꖩ ꖪ ꖫ ꖬ ꖭ ꖮ ꖯ
U+A5Bx ꖰ ꖱ ꖲ ꖳ ꖴ ꖵ ꖶ ꖷ ꖸ ꖹ ꖺ ꖻ ꖼ ꖽ ꖾ ꖿ
U+A5Cx ꗀ ꗁ ꗂ ꗃ ꗄ ꗅ ꗆ ꗇ ꗈ ꗉ ꗊ ꗋ ꗌ ꗍ ꗎ ꗏ
U+A5Dx ꗐ ꗑ ꗒ ꗓ ꗔ ꗕ ꗖ ꗗ ꗘ ꗙ ꗚ ꗛ ꗜ ꗝ ꗞ ꗟ
U+A5Ex ꗠ ꗡ ꗢ ꗣ ꗤ ꗥ ꗦ ꗧ ꗨ ꗩ ꗪ ꗫ ꗬ ꗭ ꗮ ꗯ
U+A5Fx ꗰ ꗱ ꗲ ꗳ ꗴ ꗵ ꗶ ꗷ ꗸ ꗹ ꗺ ꗻ ꗼ ꗽ ꗾ ꗿ
U+A60x ꘀ ꘁ ꘂ ꘃ ꘄ ꘅ ꘆ ꘇ ꘈ ꘉ ꘊ ꘋ ꘌ ꘍ ꘎ ꘏
U+A61x ꘐ ꘑ ꘒ ꘓ ꘔ ꘕ ꘖ ꘗ ꘘ ꘙ ꘚ ꘛ ꘜ ꘝ ꘞ ꘟ
U+A62x ꘠ ꘡ ꘢ ꘣ ꘤ ꘥ ꘦ ꘧ ꘨ ꘩ ꘪ ꘫ
U+A63x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 8.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Notes

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts, ed. by Joshua A. Fishman and Ofelia García, pp. 23–32. New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Konrad Tuchscherer. 2005. "History of Writing in Africa." In Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (second edition), ed. by Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., pp. 476–480. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Konrad Tuchscherer. 2002 (with P.E.H. Hair). "Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script," History in Africa, 29, pp. 427–486.
  • Konrad Tuchscherer. 2001. "The Vai Script," in Liberia: Africa's First Republic (Footsteps magazine). Petersborough, NH: Cobblestone Press.
  • Fatima Massaquoi-Fahnbulleh. 1963. "The Seminar on the Standardization of the Vai script," in University of Liberia Journal Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 15–37.
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External links

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