Viverridae
Viverridae[1] |
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A mosaic of four small photos of viverrids in trees | |
Viverrids, including (top left to bottom right), species of Paradoxurus, Genetta, Paguma and Arctictis | |
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Viverridae
Gray, 1821
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Subfamilies | |
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Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized mammals, the viverrids (/vaɪˈvɛrɪdz/), comprising 15 genera, which are subdivided into 38 species.[1] This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821.[3] Members of this family are commonly called civets or genets. Viverrids are found in South and Southeast Asia, across the 'Wallace Line', all over Africa, and into southern Europe. Their occurrence in Celebes and in some of the adjoining islands shows them to be ancient inhabitants of the Old World tropics.[4]
Contents
Characteristics
Viverrids have four or five toes on each foot and half-retractile claws. They have six cutting teeth in each jaw and true grinders with two tubercular grinders behind in the upper jaw, and one in the lower jaw. The tongue is rough with sharp prickles. A pouch or gland occurs beneath the anus, but there is no coecum.[3]
Viverrids are the most primitive of all the families of feliform Carnivora and clearly less specialized than the Felidae (cats). In external characters, they are distinguished from the Felidae by the hind foot being five-toed owing to the invariable presence of the first digit, by the retention of the interramal tuft of facial vibrissae, and typically by the longer muzzle and shorter limbs. The skull differs by the position of the postpalatine foramina on the maxilla, almost always well in advance of the maxillopalatine suture, and usually about the level of the second premolar; and by the distinct external division of the auditory bulla into its two elements either by a definite groove or, when rarely this is obliterated, by the depression of the tympanic bone in front of the swollen entotympanic. The typical dental formula is: 3.1.4.23.1.4.2, but the number may be reduced, although never to the same extent as in the Felidae.[4]
Their flesh-shearing carnassial teeth are relatively undeveloped.[5]
Most viverrid species have a baculum.[6]
Viverrids range in size from the African linsang with a body length of 33 cm (13 in) and a weight of 650 g (1.43 lb) to the African civet at 84 cm (33 in) and 18 kg (40 lb), although very large binturongs, which can weigh up to 25 kg (55 lb), attain the greatest mass.[citation needed]
Ecology and behaviour
They are generally solitary and have excellent hearing and vision. Despite their placement in the order Carnivora, they are omnivorous, or, in the case of the palm civet, almost entirely herbivorous.[5]
Favoured habitats include woodland, savanna, mountains, and above all, tropical rainforest. Due to heavy deforestation, many are faced with severe loss of habitat; several species are considered vulnerable such as the rare Hose's palm civet, which is endemic to northern Borneo; the otter civet is classified as endangered.[1]
Classification
In 1821, Gray defined this family as comprising the genera Viverra, Genetta, Herpestes, and Suricata.[3] Reginald Innes Pocock later redefined the family as containing a great number of highly diversified genera, and being susceptible of division into several subfamilies, based mainly on the structure of the feet and of some highly specialized scent glands, derived from the skin, which are present in most of the species and are situated in the region of the external generative organs. He subordinated the subfamilies Hemigalinae, Paradoxurinae, Prionodontinae, and Viverrinae to the Viverridae.[4]
The Viverridae comprise:[1]
- Hemigalinae
- Genus Chrotogale
- Owston's palm civet (Chrotogale owstoni)
- Genus Cynogale
- Otter civet (Cynogale bennettii)
- Genus Diplogale
- Hose's palm civet (Diplogale hosei)
- Genus Hemigalus
- Banded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus)
- Genus Chrotogale
- Paradoxurinae
- Genus Arctictis
- Binturong (Arctictis binturong)
- Genus Arctogalidia
- Small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
- Genus Macrogalidia
- Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii)
- Genus Paguma
- Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)
- Genus Paradoxurus
- Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) (Pallas, 1778)
- Golden palm civet (Paradoxurus zeylonensis) (Pallas, 1778)
- Golden wet-zone palm civet (Paradoxurus aureus) (Cuvier, 1822)
- Sri Lankan brown palm civet (Paradoxurus montanus) (Kelaart, 1852)
- Jerdon's palm civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni) (Blanford, 1885)
- Golden dry-zone palm civet (Paradoxurus stenocephalus) (Groves, 2009)[7]
- Genus Arctictis
- Prionodontinae (see below)
- Genus Prionodon
- Banded linsang (Prionodon linsang)
- Spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor)
- Genus Prionodon
- Viverrinae
- Genus Civettictis
- African civet (Civettictis civetta)
- Genus Genetta
- Abyssinian genet (Genetta abyssinica)
- Angolan genet (Genetta angolensis)
- Bourlon's genet (Genetta bourloni)
- Crested servaline genet (Genetta cristata)
- Common genet (Genetta genetta)
- Johnston's genet (Genetta johnstoni)
- Rusty-spotted genet (Genetta maculata)
- Pardine genet (Genetta pardina)
- Aquatic genet (Genetta piscivora)
- King genet (Genetta poensis)
- Servaline genet (Genetta servalina)
- Haussa genet (Genetta thierryi)
- Cape genet (Genetta tigrina)
- Giant forest genet (Genetta victoriae)
- Genus Poiana
- Leighton's linsang (Poiana leightoni)
- African linsang (Poiana richardsonii)
- Genus Viverra
- Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina)
- Large-spotted civet (Viverra megaspila)
- Malayan civet (Viverra tangalunga)
- Large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha)
- Genus Viverricula
- Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)
- Genus Civettictis
Some authorities are of the opinion that the subfamily Prionodontinae, which comprises two extant species of Asiatic linsangs in the genus Prionodon, should be regarded as a family in its own right.[8]
In 1833, Edward Turner Bennett described the Malagasy fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) and subordinated the Cryptoprocta to the Viverridae.[9] A molecular and morphological analysis based on DNA/DNA hybridization experiments suggests that Cryptoprocta does not belong within Viverridae, but is a member of the Eupleridae.[10]
The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata) resembles the civets of the Viverridae, but is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, the Nandiniidae. There is little dispute that the Poiana species are viverrids.[1]
Civet × genet hybrids
Charles Darwin noted in his book titled The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication: "The Genetta has bred both here and in the Jardin des Plantes, and produced hybrids."[11]
References
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- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Pocock, R. I. (1939). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London. Pp. 330–332.
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External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viverridae. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Viverridae |
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- BBC: 'New mammal' seen in Borneo
- University of Michigan's Animal Diversity Web page
- ITIS page
- The Straight Dope on Civet Cats