Watford DC Line

Watford DC Line
378210 at Watford Junction with a service from London Euston.
Overview
Type	Commuter rail, Rapid transit
System	National Rail London Underground
Status	Operational
Locale	Greater London Hertfordshire
Termini	London Euston Watford Junction
Stations	19
Services	2
Operation
Owner	Network Rail
Operator(s)	London Overground London Underground (Bakerloo line)
Depot(s)	Stonebridge Park (LUL) Willesden TMD
Rolling stock	Class 378 "Capitalstar" London Underground 1972 Stock
Technical
No. of tracks	2
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification	660 V DC third and fourth rail (fourth rail only on sections used by the Bakerloo Line)

Watford DC Line
Legend
Watford DC WCML West Coast Main Line Abbey Line to St Albans Abbey Watford Junction Watford High Street x20px Metropolitan line Croxley Rail Link (under construction) Bushey Carpenders Park Hatch End Headstone Lane Bakerloo line reversing siding Harrow & Wealdstone to Stanmore Village (closed 1964) Kenton Metropolitan line London to Aylesbury Line South Kenton North Wembley Chiltern Main Line Wembley Central Stonebridge Park depot (LU) x20px Wembley Yard Stonebridge Park North Circular Road Harlesden Willesden Dudding Hill Line North London Line to Richmond Willesden Junction West London Line to Clapham Junction Willesden TMD North London Line to Stratford via Camden Road and Dalston Kingsland Kensal Green Queen's Park north sheds (LU) Queen's Park Queen's Park south sheds (LU) Bakerloo line to Elephant & Castle Kilburn High Road South Hampstead Chiltern Main Line Metropolitan line Jubilee line x20px Primrose Hill Camden carriage sidings North London Line to Stratford x20px Regent's Canal Euston carriage sidings Euston

The Watford DC Line is a commuter railway line from London Euston to Watford Junction. Services on the line are operated by London Overground. The line runs beside the West Coast Main Line (WCML) for most of its length. The London Underground Bakerloo line shares the track of the line from Queen's Park to Harrow & Wealdstone. The London Overground rolling stock used on the line is Class 378 "Capitalstar".

The line was electrified in the early twentieth century with direct current (giving compatibility with the London Underground's four-rail system and the contemporary North London Line electrification), hence its name in contrast to the more modern overhead alternating current system on the adjacent WCML.

History

Services on this line began when London and North Western Railway (LNWR) completed the Camden to Watford Junction New Line in 1922, to provide additional suburban capacity and more outer-suburban services running non-stop to Euston. It incorporated part of the LNWR Rickmansworth branch (formerly the Watford and Rickmansworth Railway) between Watford Junction and Watford High Street Junction and part of the original Slow Main Line between Queen's Park and South Hampstead stations; two single-track tunnels take the line from South Hampstead to Camden, whence the line reaches Euston station by the main line tracks. Prior to 1922, at which time the entire route was finally electrified, services were steam operated. Although the operation of the line is mostly self-contained, connections at Watford Junction and Camden allow other trains onto it, a facility used occasionally with trains diverted from the West Coast Main Line should an alternative diversionary route be not available.

Signalling

The line opened with conventional semaphore signalling mechanically operated from signal boxes at each station; this system remained in use after electrification.
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway introduced an automatic electric signalling system in the early 1930s over most of the route and some signal boxes were abolished. A similar system was also used for a shorter period between Bromley-by-Bow and Upminster now part of the District line. The very closely spaced mix of automatic and semi-automatic signals, repeater signals, and auxiliary calling-on aspects was intended to let trains to proceed, after a set delay, at low speed past "failed" signals on track with no junctions without the need to contact a signalman, but this could lead to a nose-to-tail queue of trains as they all reached the location of a real line blockage.

Train stops were provided (except at repeater signals) to allow LER trains to operate over the line without the special provision of a second man; this enabled the same practice to be continued with all other Underground and main line stock subsequently allocated to this line and which was provided with trip equipment.

Signal boxes remaining in use in the early 1970s included:

• Kilburn High Road (closed when the crossover moved to the down side of the station)
• Queens Park No.3 (closed when control passed to Willesden)
• Willesden New Station
• Stonebridge Power House (abolished after LU Bakerloo line depot opened)
• Harrow No.2

Normally Kilburn High Road and Stonebridge Power House which controlled only plain track with crossovers were switched out and only Queens Park, Willesden and Harrow boxes were staffed for at least part of the day, to deal with junction and siding traffic. In the early 1980s manual control of signalling was needed for a few months after dragging gear on a train destroyed many electric train-stops which were of a design almost confined to this line (LU train-stops are mostly electro-pneumatic). By this time the signal boxes at Stonebridge Power House and Kilburn High Road had been abolished. Emergency crossovers at other locations were controlled by ground frames enclosed in structures the size of a garden shed.

In 1988 the LMS system was replaced by a more standard system controlled from a new signal box, Willesden Suburban, and the remaining local boxes were abolished. The new system had solid state interlocking, but far fewer signals; as a consequence the maximum traffic capacity of the line was severely reduced. In the early 1960s there were headways of less than 2 minutes between Harrow & Wealdstone and Willesden Junction stations, the section of line used by nearly all services.

In the early 2000s Willesden Suburban was closed and control passed to Wembley Main Line Signalling Centre.

Electrification

An Oerlikon electric train at Harrow and Wealdstone (1956)

The original electrification was on a fourth rail system, similar to that now used by London Underground, which allowed LER trains to use the New Line. Power was supplied from the railway's own power station at Stonebridge Park until the 1960s when it was closed, after which it has been obtained from public supplies. As originally installed, there was provision for interconnection of the high voltage section of the power station to adjacent public supplies for output or intake but this ceased when national supplies were standardised at 50 Hz. This power station was used for both internal and external scenes in an early episode of the BBC series Doctor Who in which the building can be seen substantially as it was at the time of closure but after the wooden cooling towers had been removed.

In the late 1950s, the original electric multiple units built for the line were replaced by new Class 501 rolling stock. These were in turn displaced in the mid 1980s by Class 313 units. The line is now operated by London Overground Class 378 "Capitalstar" units.

In the 1970s, the track and the rolling stock used on this line and the North London Line were changed to use a modified version of the BR standard third rail system, with the fourth rail (now bonded to the running rail used for returning traction current) left in place on the sections of line shared with LU Bakerloo line trains. North of Harrow & Wealdstone, now the limit of LU operation, the fourth rail has in most places been dropped onto the sleepers and remains bonded, thus leaving the resistance of the current return path unaltered. The fourth rail remains in the normal position from Queens Park to Kilburn High Road up platform, where a trailing crossover between those two stations is maintained in use to allow reversal of Bakerloo line trains unable to gain access to London Underground at Queens Park, due to planned work or other reasons. The line is currently electrified (like all shared lines) using the standard compromise voltage of 660 volts. This falls comfortably within the lower permanent voltage limit for the Capitalstar stock (500 volts) and the upper permanent voltage limit for the 1972 tube stock (760 volts).

A consequence of converting to third rail with the fourth rail provided only for LU use was that both planned and emergency use of the line by other 3-rail-capable trains was possible. Ignoring recent use of class 508 trains, this last took place when class 416 trains were diverted to Willesden Junction Low Level station when part of the North London Line was closed for a number of weeks in the late 1980s.

The electricity grid Willesden substation in Acton Lane, Park Royal supplies 11 kV, three-phase power to ten substations on the line, located at Camden, South Hampstead, Queens Park, Willesden, Harlesden, Wembley, Kenton, Harrow, Hatch End, Bushey and Watford.

Growth

The construction of a curve to link Rickmansworth (Church Street) to the Euston main line was planned. A new line would have then run south to Wembley, then passed under the main line and run on the east side to Euston, terminating in a loop.

The loop was dropped on grounds of cost and, instead, services terminated at Euston main platforms or ran on the North London Railway to Broad Street. Pressure from local groups led to the building of a curve near Bushey, diverting the main route for new services over the existing branch line north to Watford Junction instead of south to Rickmansworth. In 1917 LER Bakerloo line services were extended over the New Line from Queen's Park station to Watford Junction.

Decline

Bakerloo line services were cut back in stages and ceased north of Stonebridge Park station in 1982; in 1984 they were restored as far as Harrow and Wealdstone. The fourth rail system is now only used up to that station; stations beyond it only use third rail (the fourth rail is still in place but is disused and the insulators have been removed).

The Croxley Green branch fell into disuse in the 1990s, and is now derelict. It is planned to divert the Metropolitan line over the branch and on to Watford Junction (for more information see Croxley Rail Link). Some clearance or preparatory work has been reported as having occurred in late 2006.

Operators

The line was operated by British Rail (from 1986 as Network SouthEast) until privatisation. In the Network SouthEast period, it was branded as the Harlequin Line, because it runs through Harlesden and Queen's Park stations.

From March 1997 until November 2007, the line was operated by Silverlink. In November 2007 Transport for London (TfL) took full management control of all the intermediate Watford DC Line stations as part of the London Overground (LO) service with staffing during opening hours, automatic ticket gates and planned station refurbishment to the standard of the Tube network.

Services

An old Silverlink Metro train calls at Harlesden

The line is also shared with London Underground

The local passenger services which run over the DC line are:

• Watford Junction to Euston, operated by London Overground; services run through Watford High Street and all stations to Euston; at Willesden Junction trains stop at the low-level platforms;
• Harrow & Wealdstone or Stonebridge Park to Queen's Park, operated by London Underground; these services share track with Overground services as far as Queen's Park, before branching off onto dedicated track on the LUL Bakerloo line, via central London to Elephant and Castle.

During the partial closure of the North London Line in autumn 2008, London Overground's Monday to Saturday services were diverted away from Euston, running instead via Camden Road onto the North London Line and on to Stratford; the Sunday service was normal.

London Midland also run a fast service between Watford Junction and London Euston along the West Coast Main Line (which runs parallel to the Watford DC Line), calling at Bushey and Harrow & Wealdstone before running non-stop to Euston. The service offers a quicker alternative to the all-stations London Overground service, especially as the operator now accepts TfL's Oystercard ticketing. Some peak services to/from Euston are advertised as starting/terminating at South Hampstead or Queens Park or Harrow and Wealdstone in order to persuade passengers to take the frequent faster services.

Discontinued services

Past services have included:

• Watford Junction (or Bushey & Oxhey or Harrow & Wealdstone) to Broad Street (later to Liverpool Street) via Hampstead Heath or Primrose Hill
• Croxley Green to Euston or Broad Street
• Croxley Green to Watford Junction
• Watford Junction (or Bushey & Oxhey) to LU Bakerloo line via Queens Park

When the south curve of the triangular junction between Watford High Street and Bushey existed, a few trains used Croxley depot (now demolished), which was shared by LU and BR trains.

Future

Metropolitan line

A diagram of the proposed rail services

Main article: Croxley Rail Link

Another proposal to bring London Underground service to Watford Junction is the Croxley Rail Link, which envisages diverting the Watford branch of the Metropolitan line along a re-opened stretch of track to the west of Watford, effectively reinstating the former Croxley Green to Watford Junction service. Underground trains would then join the DC line at Watford High Street, potentially forming an interchange either with London Overground or the Bakerloo line, depending on the outcome of other projects. Funding for this project has now been agreed as of 23 November 2015 and the Metropolitan line will gain an interchange with Overground services.

Bakerloo line

Various proposals have been made to alter services involving both extending or truncating Bakerloo Line services but there has been no basic change until 2015 other than to rolling stock and service patterns. As of 2015, plans and suggestions (from official bodies and others) connected to development of Crossrail and the Old Oak Common area have current potential consequences.

External links

• Media related to at Wikimedia Commons