Évreux

Évreux
Prefecture and commune
River Iton
Coat of arms
Country	France
Region	Normandy
Department	Eure
Arrondissement	Évreux
Canton	Évreux-1, 2 and 3
Intercommunality	CA Évreux Portes de Normandie
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026)	Guy Lefrand
Area1	26.45 km2 (10.21 sq mi)
Population (Jan. 2018)2
INSEE/Postal code	27229 / 27000
Elevation	58–146 m (190–479 ft) (avg. 92 m or 302 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Évreux (French pronunciation: [evʁø]) is a commune in and the capital of the department of Eure, in the French region of Normandy.

History

Antiquity

File:Fresque gallo-romaine Evreux 210209.jpg

Wall fragment with fresco of a Gallo Roman man, from Évreux, 250-275 AD

In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. Julius Caesar wintered eight legions in this area after his third campaigning season in the battle for Gaul (56-55 BC): Legiones VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV.

Middle Ages

Main article: Count of Évreux

The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy. These counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed by right of Agnes, William's sister and wife of Simon I de Montfort (died 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury VI de Montfort-Évreux ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip II. Philip IV presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the county of Évreux into the peerage of France in 1317.

Philip d'Évreux, son of Louis, became king of Navarre by his marriage to Joan II of Navarre, daughter of Louis the Headstrong, and their son Charles the Bad and their grandson Charles the Noble were also kings of Navarre. The latter ceded his counties of Évreux, Champagne and Brie to King Charles VI of France in 1404. In 1427 the county of Évreux was bestowed by King Charles VII on Sir John Stewart of Darnley (c. 1365–1429), the commander of his Scottish bodyguard, who in 1423 had received the seigniory of Aubigny, and in February 1427 or 1428 he was granted the right to quarter the royal arms of France for his victories over the English. On Stuart's death before Orléans, during an attack on an English convoy, the county reverted to the crown.

Modernity

The countship was again temporarily alienated (1569–1584) as an appanage for Duke François of Anjou, and in 1651 was finally given to Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon, in exchange for the Principality of Sedan. The most famous holder of the title is Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, son of Marie Anne Mancini.

Évreux was heavily damaged during the Second World War, and most of its centre was rebuilt. The nearby Évreux-Fauville Air Base was used by the United States Air Force until 1967, and since then by the French Air Force.

12th-century nave of the former abbey church of Saint-Taurin

Name

The French name Évreux is derived from the Eburovices, a Gallic tribe who inhabited the area. Their name comes from the Gaulish eburo meaning 'yew tree'.

Demographics

The inhabitants of Évreux are known as Ebroicians (French: Ébroïciens).

Population

Historical population
Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1793 8,000 —     1800 8,426 +0.74% 1806 9,511 +2.04% 1821 9,728 +0.15% 1831 9,963 +0.24% 1836 10,287 +0.64% 1841 11,706 +2.62% 1846 11,802 +0.16% 1851 12,877 +1.76% 1856 12,227 −1.03% 1861 12,265 +0.06% 1866 12,320 +0.09% 1872 13,350 +1.35% 1876 14,627 +2.31% 1881 15,847 +1.62% 1886 16,755 +1.12% 1891 16,932 +0.21% 1896 17,766 +0.97%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1901 18,292 +0.59% 1906 18,971 +0.73% 1911 18,957 −0.01% 1921 18,234 −0.39% 1926 18,841 +0.66% 1931 19,315 +0.50% 1936 20,116 +0.82% 1946 20,436 +0.16% 1954 23,647 +1.84% 1962 36,695 +5.65% 1968 42,550 +2.50% 1975 47,412 +1.56% 1982 46,045 −0.42% 1990 49,103 +0.81% 1999 51,198 +0.47% 2007 51,485 +0.07% 2012 49,634 −0.73% 2017 47,733 −0.78%
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)

Catholicism

File:Evreux Cathédrale R01.jpg

Évreux Cathedral

Main article: Diocese of Évreux

Évreux Cathedral has been the seat of the bishops of Évreux since its traditional founder, Saint Taurin of Évreux, most probably working between 375 and 425; Bishop Maurusius was present at the Council of Orléans in 511. The earliest parts of the present building, which is mostly Gothic, date from the eleventh century. The west façade and its two towers are mostly from the late Renaissance; the octagonal central tower dates from the late fifteenth century. Of especial note are the Lady chapel and its stained glass, the rose windows in the transepts and the carved wooden screens of the side chapels. The church of the former abbey of St-Taurin is in part Romanesque. It has a choir of the 14th century and other portions of later date, and contains the thirteenth-century shrine of Saint Taurin. The episcopal palace, a building of the fifteenth century, adjoins the south side of the cathedral. The belfry facing the hôtel de ville also dates from the fifteenth century.

Judaism

In the Middle Ages, Évreux was one of the centres of Jewish learning, and its scholars are quoted in the medieval notes to the Talmud called the Tosafot. The following rabbis are known to have lived at Évreux: Samuel ben Shneor, praised by his student Isaac of Corbeil as the "Prince of Évreux", one of the most celebrated tosafists; Moses of Évreux, brother of Samuel, author of the Tosafot of Évreux; Isaac of Évreux; Judah ben Shneor, or Judah the Elder, author of liturgical poems; Meïr ben Shneor; Samuel ben Judah; Nathan ben Jacob, father of Jacob ben Nathan, who in 1357 copied the five Megillot with the Targum for Moses ben Samuel.

Sights

File:Evreux Hôtel de Ville R02.jpg

Évreux Town hall (Hôtel de Ville)

File:Evreux Saint-Taurin R03.jpg

Église Saint-Taurin

Évreux is situated in the pleasant valley of the Iton, arms of which traverse the town; on the south, the ground slopes up toward the public gardens and the railway station. It is the seat of a bishop, and its cathedral is one of the largest and finest in France.

The first cathedral was built in 1076, but destroyed in 1119 when the town was burned at the orders of Henry I of France to put down the Norman insurrection. He rebuilt the cathedral as an act of atonement to the Pope. Between 1194 and 1198, the conflict between Philippe Auguste and Richard the Lion-hearted damaged the new cathedral. The architecture of the present edifice shows this history, with its blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles. As did many towns in the regions of Nord and Normandy, Évreux and its cathedral suffered greatly from Second World War.

At Le Vieil-Évreux (lit. the old Évreux), the Roman Gisacum, southeast of the town, the remains of a Roman theatre, a palace, baths and an aqueduct have been discovered, as well as various relics, notably the bronze of Jupiter Stator, which are now deposited in the museum of Évreux.

• Évreux Cathedral
• Hôtel de ville [1]
• Église Saint-Taurin [2]

Administration

• The communauté d'agglomération Évreux Portes de Normandie has 62 communes.

Cantons

Since 2015, Évreux is part of three cantons:

• The canton of Évreux-1 includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: Arnières-sur-Iton and Saint-Sébastien-de-Morsent (pop: 24,125 in 2019);
• The canton of Évreux-2 includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: Aviron, Le Boulay-Morin, La Chapelle-du-Bois-des-Faulx, Dardez, Émalleville, Gravigny, Irreville, Normanville, Reuilly, Saint-Germain-des-Angles and Saint-Vigor (pop: 28,128);
• The canton of Évreux-3 includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: Angerville-la-Campagne, Les Baux-Sainte-Croix, Boncourt, Cierrey, Fauville, Gauciel, Guichainville, Huest, Miserey, Le Plessis-Grohan, Saint-Luc, Sassey, La Trinité, Le Val-David and Le Vieil-Évreux (pop: 22,912);

Mayors

Évreux has historically maintained socialist politics, with Roland Plaisance of the French Communist Party serving as mayor for over two decades (1977–2001). Plaisance was followed by Jean-Louis Debré, in some part due to the latter's friendship with Jacques Chirac. In 2014, Guy Lefrand (UMP, centre-right) a former member of the National Assembly of France, was elected mayor, with a mandate lasting six years.

Transport

The train station Gare d'Évreux-Normandie is on the railway line from Gare Saint-Lazare to Cherbourg, it is served by regular Intercity and regional rail services to both Paris and Normandy. There used to be two stations in Évreux, only one of which remains open to this day. The second station (Évreux-Nord) served the line from Évreux to Rouen.

Geography

The city is on the Iton river.

Climate

Climate data for Évreux (1981–2010 averages)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.5 (59.9)	20.0 (68)	24.2 (75.6)	27.6 (81.7)	30.0 (86)	36.2 (97.2)	40.9 (105.6)	38.4 (101.1)	33.9 (93)	28.3 (82.9)	20.8 (69.4)	16.0 (60.8)	40.9 (105.6)
Average high °C (°F)	6.6 (43.9)	7.6 (45.7)	11.2 (52.2)	14.2 (57.6)	17.8 (64)	21.1 (70)	23.8 (74.8)	23.8 (74.8)	20.3 (68.5)	15.6 (60.1)	10.2 (50.4)	6.9 (44.4)	15.0 (59)
Average low °C (°F)	1.2 (34.2)	1.1 (34)	3.1 (37.6)	4.7 (40.5)	8.2 (46.8)	11.0 (51.8)	13.0 (55.4)	13.0 (55.4)	10.4 (50.7)	7.8 (46)	4.0 (39.2)	1.6 (34.9)	6.6 (43.9)
Record low °C (°F)	−18.6 (−1.5)	−15.0 (5)	−10.7 (12.7)	−4.0 (24.8)	−1.8 (28.8)	−0.6 (30.9)	4.9 (40.8)	2.7 (36.9)	0.7 (33.3)	−4.6 (23.7)	−7.8 (18)	−14.0 (6.8)	−18.6 (−1.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	50.6 (1.992)	41.2 (1.622)	47.4 (1.866)	46.0 (1.811)	55.7 (2.193)	51.6 (2.031)	52.4 (2.063)	38.2 (1.504)	50.3 (1.98)	61.0 (2.402)	50.5 (1.988)	59.7 (2.35)	604.6 (23.803)
Average precipitation days	11.0	9.1	10.4	9.4	10.2	8.0	8.3	7.0	7.8	10.5	11.1	11.8	114.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours	65.6	79.9	122.4	166.6	192.1	212.4	216.3	205.0	169.6	122.1	72.7	59.8	1,684.4
Source: Météo France

Personalities

• Moses of Évreux was a French tosafist, and author of a siddur, who flourished at Évreux in the first half of the thirteenth century
• Esteban Ocon, Formula 1 racing driver
• Abdoullakh Abouyedovich Anzorov, terrorist
• Bintou Dieme, basketball player
• Joseph Gomis, basketball player
• Jean-Louis Hue (born 1949), writer, winner of the 1982 edition of the Prix Fénéon
• Denis Lhuillier, footballer
• Joseph Mendes, footballer
• Bernard Mendy, footballer
• Élodie Mendy, basketball player
• Léon Walras, economist
• Edmond Doutté, sociologist, orientalist and Islamologist
• Mathieu Bodmer, footballer
• Jean-Luc Hees, president of the radio group Radio France
• Vincent Delerm, a singer of the Nouvelle scène trend
• Didier Courrèges, an equestrian of the prestigious cadre noir, Olympic winner with the French team in Athens
• Olivier Patience, tennis player
• Ouleymata Sarr, footballer
• Dayot Upamencano, footballer
• Gérard Serée, artist
• Jean-Yves Raimbaud, co-creator of Space Goofs with Philippe Traversat, creator of Oggy and the Cockroaches

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Évreux is twinned with:

• Djougou, Benin
• Kashira, Russia
• Rugby, England, United Kingdom
• Rüsselsheim, Germany

See also

• Communes of the Eure department
• Norman language

External links

• City council website (in French)
• Photos of the Cathedral of Evreux
• Tourism office of Evreux

1. REDIRECT Template:Prefectures of French departments