1993 Russian legislative election

1993 Russian State Duma election

12 December 1993
Turnout	54.81% 22.19 pp
Party Leader % Seats LDPR 22.92% 64 VR 15.51% 64 Communist Party 12.40% 42 Women of Russia 8.13% 23 Agrarian Party of Russia 7.99% 37 YaBL 7.86% 27 Party of Russian Unity and Accord 6.73% 22 Democratic Party of Russia 5.52% 14 Russian Democratic Reform Movement 4.08% 5 Civic Union (Russia) 1.93% 10 Future of Russia–New Names 1.25% 2 Constructive Ecological Party "KEDR" 0.76% 1 Dignity and Charity 0.70% 3 Independents 32.50% 130
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
File:1993 Russian legislative election map.svg Winning party by region
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet before Chairman of the State Duma after Ruslan Khasbulatov (until October 4, 1993) Independent Ivan Rybkin Agrarian Party of Russia Ivan Rybkin

1993 Russian Federation Council election

12 December 1993
Turnout	54.3%
Party Leader % Seats ± Independents 100% 171 Vacant seats – 7
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chairman of the Federation Council after Vladimir Shumeyko Independent Vladimir Shumeyko

Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 12 December 1993. They were the first parliamentary elections in post-Soviet Russia and the last to the Federation Council, with future members appointed by provincial legislatures and governors.

Background

The 1993 general election was taking place in the aftermath of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a violent confrontation on the streets of Moscow which resulted in the dissolution of the previous Russian parliament by military force. Yeltsin hoped to resolve the political turmoil by decreeing for the election to the new Russian parliament and the constitutional referendum to take place on 12 December 1993.

Electoral system

The new election law adopted for the 1993 Duma election stipulated half the 450 Duma members were elected by a party-list system of proportional representation, and half were elected as individual representatives from single-member districts. Every Russian voter thus received two different ballots. The proportional representation ballot required each voter to endorse an electoral organization or vote against all of them. By contrast, the single-member district ballot required a voter to endorse an individual, whose party affiliation, if any, could not be given on the ballot.

In order to nominate a list of candidates in the proportional representation ballot, a party or electoral organization had to gather 100,000 signatures from the electorate, of which no more than 15% could be from any one region or republic. The method used to calculate the number of seats won by each party was the Hare method, with a threshold of 5.0 per cent of the valid vote, including votes cast against all, but excluding invalid ballots. To secure a place on a single-member district ballot, candidates had to gather the signatures of at least 1.0 percent of the constituency electorate. The winner in each single-member districts contest was simply the candidate with plurality of votes, regardless of the number of votes cast against all.

Results

State Duma

File:Russian State Duma composition, 1993 election.svg
Party		PR			Constituency			Total seats
		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats
	Liberal Democratic Party of Russia	12,318,562	22.9	59	1,577,400	3.0	5	64
	Choice of Russia (electoral bloc)	8,339,345	15.5	40	3,630,799	6.8	24	64
	Communist Party of the Russian Federation	6,666,402	12.4	32	1,848,888	3.5	10	42
	Women of Russia	4,369,918	8.1	21	309,378	0.6	2	23
	Agrarian Party of Russia	4,292,518	8.0	21	2,877,610	5.4	16	37
	Yavlinsky–Boldyrev–Lukin	4,223,219	7.9	20	1,849,120	3.5	7	27
	Party of Russian Unity and Accord	3,620,035	6.7	18	1,443,454	2.7	4	22
	Democratic Party of Russia	2,969,533	5.5	14	1,094,066	2.1	0	14
	Russian Democratic Reform Movement	2,191,505	4.1	0	1,083,063	2.0	5	5
	Civic Union	1,038,193	1.9	0	1,526,115	2.9	10	10
	Future of Russia–New Names	672,283	1.3	0	411,426	0.8	2	2
	Kedr	406,789	0.8	0	301,266	0.6	1	1
	Dignity and Charity	375,431	0.7	0	445,168	0.8	3	3
	Other parties	–	–	–	377,863	0.7	0	0
	Independents	–	–	–	25,961,405	48.7	130	130
	Against all	2,267,963	4.2	–	8,509,300	16.0	–	–
Invalid/blank votes			–	–	4,248,927	–	–	–
Vacant seats		–	–	–	–	–	6	6
Total		53,751,696	100	225	57,495,248	100	225	450
Registered voters/turnout		106,170,835		–	106,170,835	54.2	–	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver, Politika.su

^a Five seats in Tatarstan were left vacant due to a low turnout (less than 25%) and were elected at a later date, whilst one seat in Chechnya remained unfilled.

By region

Region	Total seats	Seats won
		LDPR	VR	CPRF	APR	Yabloko	ZhR	PRES	DPR	GS	RDDR	DM	BRNI	Kedr	Ind.	Vacant
Adygea	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Altai Krai	4	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0
Altai Republic	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Amur Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Arkhangelsk Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0
Astrakhan Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Bashkortostan	6	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0
Belgorod Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Bryansk Oblast	2	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Buryatia	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Chechnya	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Chelyabinsk Oblast	5	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0
Chita Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Chukotka	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Chuvashia	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Dagestan	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Evenk Autonomous Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Ingushetia	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Irkutsk Oblast	4	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Ivanovo Oblast	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kabardino-Balkaria	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kaliningrad Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Kalmykia	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kaluga Oblast	2	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kamchatka Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Karachay-Cherkessia	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Karelia	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kemerovo Oblast	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0
Khabarovsk Krai	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Khakassia	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kirov Oblast	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Komi Republic	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Koryak Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kostroma Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Krasnodar Krai	7	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
Krasnoyarsk Krai	4	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Kurgan Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Kursk Oblast	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Leningrad Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
Lipetsk Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Magadan Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Mari El	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mordovia	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moscow	15	0	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	8	0
Moscow Oblast	10	1	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	5	0
Murmansk Oblast	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
North Ossetia–Alania	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Novgorod Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Novosibirsk Oblast	4	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
Omsk Oblast	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Orenburg Oblast	3	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Oryol Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Penza Oblast	2	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Perm Oblast	4	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	0
Primorsky Krai	3	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Pskov Oblast	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rostov Oblast	6	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0
Ryazan Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0
Saint Petersburg	8	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	5	0
Sakha	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Sakhalin Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Samara Oblast	5	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0
Saratov Oblast	4	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Smolensk Oblast	2	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stavropol Krai	4	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Sverdlovsk Oblast	7	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0
Tambov Oblast	2	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tatarstan	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5
Taymyr Autonomous Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tomsk Oblast	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tula Oblast	3	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tuva	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tver Oblast	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tyumen Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Udmurtia	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Ulyanovsk Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Vladimir Oblast	2	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Volgograd Oblast	4	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Vologda Oblast	2	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Voronezh Oblast	4	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	0
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Yaroslavl Oblast	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Party list	225	59	40	32	21	20	21	18	14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Russia	450	64	64	42	37	27	23	22	14	9	5	3	1	1	132	6

Federation Council

Party	Votes	%	Seats
Independents	53,751,696	100	171
Invalid/blank votes	3,946,002	–	–
Vacant seats	–	–	7
Total	57,697,698	100	178
Registered voters/turnout	106,170,835	54.3	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

^a Five seats were elected at a later date, whilst two seats in Chechnya remained unfilled.

Although the Federation Council was contested on a non-party basis, 11 were members of the Communist Party, six were members of Russia's Choice and nine were members of other parties.

Aftermath

The results of the polls proved to be disappointing for the Kremlin: the two competing pro-government parties, Russia's Choice and the Party of Russian Unity and Accord, gained 15.5% and 6.7% of the vote respectively and won 123 of the 450 seats in the State Duma. Neither party was able to control the parliamentary agenda nor impose the will of the president on the Duma. Lacking legislative success, both parties rapidly lost membership.

Parliamentary groups

The use of the mixed system for the election of the Duma produced a large number of deputies which were unaffiliated with any electoral bloc. By joining other parliamentary groups or forming groups of independent deputies, they could significantly influence the balance of power in the Duma. Hence, the parliamentary groups in the first two-year term of the Duma showed lack of stability and its numbers may be given only with approximation.

Parliamentary group		Leader	Seats
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia		Vladimir Zhirinovsky	53-64
Russia's Choice		Yegor Gaidar	47-78
Communist Party of the Russian Federation		Gennady Zyuganov	45-47
Women of Russia		Yekaterina Lakhova	20-24
Agrarian Party of Russia		Mikhail Lapshin	50-55
Yabloko		Grigory Yavlinsky	27-28
Party of Russian Unity and Accord		Sergey Shakhray	12-34
Democratic Party of Russia		Nikolay Travkin	8-15
Liberal Democratic Union of 12 December		Irina Khakamada	11-38
New Regional Politics - Duma-96		V. Medvedev	30-67
Russia		I. Shichalin	34-38
Stability		A. Leushkin	34-40
Russian Way (unregistered)		Sergei Baburin	11-14
Strong State (Derzhava) (unregistered)		V. Kobelev	4-5

External links

• Russian general elections (Dead Link)