2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack

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2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Part of Saudi Arabian–Yemeni border conflict (spillover of the Yemeni Civil War) and 2019 Persian Gulf crisis[1]
300px
Map and satellite imagery of the Abqaiq (Baqyaq in Arabic) and Khurais facilities
Type Drone attack
Missile attack (According to Saudi Arabia and United States officials)
Location
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Target Saudi Aramco facilities
Date 14 September 2019
04:00 a.m. (SAST, UTC+3)
Executed by Houthis (claimed responsibility)
 Iran (alleged by some U.S. officials; denied by Iran)
Outcome
  • Oil refineries damaged
  • Aramco oil exports disrupted by 5.7 million barrels a day[2]
  • Saudi stock market plummets, with Saudi oil's continuing to decline[3]
  • Spike in global oil prices[4]
  • Aramco to resume oil production weeks after attack[5]
Casualties 0 killed
Unknown injured

On 14 September 2019, a drone attack was carried out targeting the state-owned Saudi Aramco oil processing facilities at Abqaiq (Biqayq in Arabic) and Khurais in eastern Saudi Arabia. The Houthi movement in Yemen claimed responsibility, tying it to events surrounding the Saudi Arabian intervention in the Yemeni Civil War. However, Saudi Arabian officials claim that drones and missiles were used for the attack and that they were of Iranian manufacture. United States officials assert the attacks originated in Iran. Iran has denied any involvement in the attack. The situation has exacerbated the Persian Gulf crisis.

The attack caused large fires at the refineries which, according to the Saudi Arabian interior ministry, were put out several hours later. Both facilities were shut down to effect repairs, cutting Saudi Arabia's oil production by about half – representing about 5% of global oil production – and causing some destabilization of global financial markets. Saudi Arabia's energy ministry stated that the facilities are expected to be operating at full capacity by the end of September, and that Saudi Arabia will tap into its oil reserves to maintain exports in the interim.

Background

The proven oil reserves in Saudi Arabia are the second largest in the world, accounting for approximately 16% of the world's supply[6], second only to Venezuela. Saudi Arabia is the world's largest oil exporter.[7] The country produces about 12 million barrels of petroleum products per day, as of 2017.[6] Saudi Aramco is a national oil company owned by the Saudi Arabian government; it is the second largest oil producer in the world, behind Russia's Rosneft.[6] Aramco operates several oil drilling, transport, and production facilities across Saudi Arabia.

The Abqaiq facility is described by Aramco as "the largest crude oil stabilization plant in the world"; it converts sour crude into sweet crude oil by removing sulfur impurities before it is transported to downstream refineries, processing upwards of 7 million barrels of oil per day or about 7% of global oil production.[8][9] Bob McNally, a former member of the US' National Economic Council and National Security Council, told Reuters that "a successful attack on Abqaiq would be akin to a massive heart attack for the oil market and global economy".[10] The Abqaiq facility had been the site of a failed suicide bombing by Al-Qaeda in 2006.[8] The Khurais oil field, also operated by Aramco, produces about 1.5 million barrels of crude a day, and is estimated to hold up to 20 billion barrels of oil.[2][8]

The targeted Abqaiq oil facility had three Skyguard air defense batteries.[11] All types of Saudi air defense equipment, Skyguard, MIM-104 Patriot and Shahine (Crotale), proved to be ineffective at destroying drones, partially due to inability to track and engage low-flying targets.[11]

Attack

External video
video icon Fire at Saudi Arabia’s oil facilities after drone attack, via Mehr News Agency

At around 4:00 a.m. Saudi Arabia Standard Time (UTC+3), Saudi Aramco reported fires at its Abqaiq and Khurais facilities.[9] At the time, about 200 people were in the Khurais facility, according to Aramco officials.[12] The fires were contained a few hours later, according to officials. They said no one died in the incidents, though they left unclear whether anyone was injured in the attack.[13]

Saudi Arabia's interior ministry said a few hours later that the fires were "a result of ... drones".[9] Several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) were believed to be involved. Guards at the facilities apparently tried to bring down the drones with machine gun fire, as captured on surveillance recordings of the facilities.[13] According to Aramco, the drone strikes were in at least two waves; as they were evacuating the Khurais facility and dealing with fires from the first attack, another round of drones struck the facility.[12]

Analysis of satellite images of the Abqaiq facility before and after the attacks appear to show 19 individual strikes: 14 that punctured storage tanks, three that disabled oil processing trains, and two more that damaged no equipment.[14][15]

Attackers

The Saudi Arabian interior ministry did not identify the source of the attack, but began an investigation.[13] A separate international investigation has also been started,[16] which includes a team of bomb experts from France.[17]

Houthi claim

The Houthis issued a statement hours after the attack, claiming responsibility for sending ten drones to disable the oil production facilities, and vowing to widen the range of targets in Saudi Arabia in retaliation for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[13][18]

Saudi Arabia formed a military coalition to respond to the Houthi overthrow of Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi's recognized government.[8][19] The coalition has led a blockade of Yemen, denying the country critical supplies and leading to a famine and a humanitarian crisis that, as of 2019, is described as the worst in the world.[13] Thousands of Yemeni civilians have been killed during the conflict, mostly by coalition airstrikes in Yemen.[20]

The Houthis assert that coalition attacks and airstrikes in Yemen justify retaliation against Aramco facilities.[10] In the weeks prior to the Abqaiq–Khurais attack, similar drone strikes on Saudi Arabian oil production infrastructure had caused no significant damage.[13] The frequency of Houthi attacks has increased through 2019,[8][21] with the targets including a Saudi airport.[22][23] A military spokesman for the Houthis said that "These attacks are our right, and we promise the Saudi regime that the next operation will be wider and more painful if blockade and aggression continues".[8][24] He added that the attacks came after a "careful intelligence operation, prior monitoring and cooperation from honorable and freedom-seeking people within the kingdom".[25][26] The use of operatives inside Saudi Arabia would appear to address some of the technical objections about how the Houthis could have struck targets at such a distance.[27]

The Houthis said that they had used newly-developed drones equipped with both normal and turbojet engines for the attack.[28] On 16 September, the Houthis warned of more attacks on Saudi Arabia's oil infrastructure, and warned foreigners to leave Saudi oil plants.[29][30] They had displayed some of their long-range UAVs to the media in July 2019. The range of the drones supposedly can reach distant areas in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The Houthis had often used Samad 1 to attack Saudi Arabia. Later, the Houthis used a more advanced drone called Quds 1,[31] which can be described as a small cruise missile or a large drone with a load capacity close to that of a cruise missile.[32][33][34][35] A Houthi leader, Mohammed al-Bukhaiti, said that they have "exploited vulnerabilities in the Saudi defense system" and they "built their drones in order to avoid these systems, therefore, the Saudi and the Emirati airspace became open to us after their defense system failed to even spot our drones".[36]

Houthi rebels have previously advocated targeting Aramco. The Rapidan Energy Group and the Center for Strategic and International Studies had both warned that the site of the attack was a vulnerable target.[37][38][39][40]

At a press conference on 18 September, Houthi military spokesman Yahya Sarea said that they had launched a serious attack and Americans were using fabricated satellite images in an attempt to portray the resulting damage as having had been minimal. He presented aerial photos of the Abqaiq and Khurais facilities, from before the attack, and said that they had been taken by Yemeni drones. He said that the Houthis had launched the attack from three locations. Third-generation Qasif drones were launched from one position, Samad-3 drones from a second position, and from a third position they had launched newly-developed drones which use cluster heads, capable of dropping four accurate, independently-targeted bombs. He said that they would soon display these newly-developed drones. He stated that they were now capable of manufacturing drones rapidly.[41][42][43]

Yahya Sarea threatened the United Arab Emirates which is part of the Saudi-led coalition, saying that they have a list of targets inside the UAE among them Dubai and Abu Dhabi. He said if the UAE "wants peace to its buildings which are made of glass and can't handle an attack by the Yemeni drones then leave Yemen alone".[44][45]

Jean-Yves Le Drian, France's Minister of Foreign Affairs, stated on 19 September that preliminary findings from the investigation appear to rule out the Houthis' involvement and their claim "lacks credibility", but there would be no definitive conclusion until the international investigation is complete.[16]

Iran allegations

Officials for the United States had rejected the Houthis' claims, and instead asserted that Iran was responsible for the attacks. In the months prior, tensions between Iran and the United States created a crisis in the Persian Gulf, coupled with Iran's violations of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action related to their nuclear program in July 2019. On the day of the attacks, an unnamed senior U.S. official said that Iran, not the Houthis, were behind the attack, which involved some dozen cruise missiles and more than 20 drones.[46] The U.S. said that it is working with Saudi Arabia to help investigate the attack and assure the facilities and energy supplies are secure and stable; US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo asserted that Iran was behind the attacks.[2][47] US President Donald Trump has stopped short of blaming Iran for the attack and has said once the U.S. knew definitively what had happened it would share that information with the world.[48]

Royal Saudi Air Force Colonel Turki al-Malki, a spokesperson for the Saudi-led coalition, issued a statement on 16 September asserting that the drones appear to have been based on Iranian drones and that they were unlikely to have been launched from Yemen, counter to the claims of the Houthis. However, al-Malki said the coalition was still trying to determine the origin for the drones.[49] At a press conference on 18 September, al-Malki showed some of the debris of the drones, stating there were 18 drones and 7 missiles used in the attack (25 weapons in total), with the drones being delta wing-style craft of Iranian manufacture. Al-Malki showed surveillance footage that had, according to him, caught the drones travelling southward towards the facilities before the strike. He stated that this ruled out Yemen as a point of origin due to the range they would have had to have travelled. He concluded that this evidence "point[s] to Iran", and that the attack was "unquestionably sponsored by Iran".[50][51] Iranian Defense Minister Brig. Gen. Amir Hatami stated in response to this new evidence, "These accusations are wholly, seriously and firmly rejected. It's easy to accuse someone without providing any proof."[51]

The French foreign minister told reporters that "up to now France doesn't have evidence to say that these drones came from one place or another, and I don't know if anyone has evidence".[52]

On 17 September 2019, an unnamed senior U.S. official told CBS News that the U.S. had identified the location in Southern Iran from which they believe the drones and cruise missiles were launched,[9] while two U.S. Department of Defense officials told NPR that they had detected Iran preparing drone flights at multiple launch sites in Iran before the attack.[53] Saudi Arabia has not reached the same conclusion that Iran was the staging ground for the attacks,[54] becoming increasingly confident[55] but not totally convinced,[56] with the United States due to share more intelligence with Saudi Arabia. The United States asserts it will provide evidence at the 2019 United Nations General Assembly that the attack involved cruise missiles from Iran.[57] For example, the United States has argued it has "circumstantial evidence" that Iran launched the strike from its own soil in the form of satellite imagery which shows Iran readying drones and missiles at launch sites in Iran before Saudi oil facilities were attacked.[58]

Late on 18 September, a U.S. official speaking to CBS News claimed that Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khamenei had signed off on the attacks but only on assurance that the method of the attack would allow Iran to deny involvement. Coupled with the Saudi evidence, the U.S. official stated that some of the attack was launched from the Iranian Ahvaz Air Force Base, about 400 miles (640 km) from the targets, and flew through Kuwaiti air space.[59]

Iran has denied these accusations and said that they were "blind, incomprehensible and meaningless"[19] and warned the U.S. that it was "ready for fully-fledged war" with them should there be retaliation against Iran.[60] Instead, Iran asserts that the Houthis (whom they allegedly support in the Yemeni Civil War) were responsible for the attack. Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has stated that "Yemeni people are exercising their legitimate right of defence ... the attacks were a reciprocal response to aggression against Yemen for years."[61] The Iranian Ministry of Defence has also rejected the claims about Iranian involvement and said, "the issue is very clear: there has been a conflict between two countries (Yemen and Saudi Arabia)".[62]

Iraq allegations

According to a report by the Middle East Eye, an anonymous Iraqi intelligence official said the attacks were launched from Southern Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces bases in retaliation to Israeli drone strikes on the Iraqi forces in August that were allegedly funded by Saudi Arabia.[63] A CBS correspondent stated that the damage at the Abqaiq facilities reportedly was on the western-northwestern portions, which would have been difficult for the Houthis, located to the southwest, to have hit with drones.[64] The BBC reported that satellite images showed damage on the western side of Abqaiq.[65]

The office of the Prime Minister of Iraq denied that its territory was used to carry out the attacks and vowed to act "decisively" against anyone using Iraqi territory to attack other countries.[66] The U.S. has also stated that Iraqi territory was not used.[67]

Aftermath

Market impacts

Saudi Arabian officials stated that the attacks forced the shutdown of the facilities, cutting the country's oil production from 9.8 to about 4.1 million barrels of oil a day, losing 5.7 million barrels of oil a day or about 5% of global production. Initially, spokespeople stated that the plants were expected to return to their nominal capacity by 16 September 2019, and would use reserve oil to make up for the shortfall.[2] However, other officials for the Saudi government estimated the time to restore full production would be "weeks, not days".[68]

The day after the attack, the Saudi stock market fell 2.3% in Sunday trading on 15 September.[69] Commodities and stock markets as well as other financial indicators jumped on worldwide market openings on Monday, 16 September. Brent Crude oil futures prices surged almost 20 percent,[68] the largest surge in the commodity's price since the 1990 Invasion of Kuwait.[70] Other markets also saw impacts from concerns on the oil supply, including U.S. gasoline and heating oil,[68] and the gold market.[71] Impact to the U.S., which had doubled its oil production in the last decade and was now the world's largest producer, was expected to be immaterial.[72]

By Tuesday, 17 September, Saudi Arabian officials from the energy ministry stated that the repairs to the Abqaiq facility will be much faster than originally anticipated.[73] The Abqaiq facility was operating at 2 million barrels per day within 48 hours of the attack.[12] The energy ministry believed full production could be restored within two to three weeks, by the end of September.[73][74] Further, the nation planned no reduction of current oil exports, and will use reserve storage to maintain the current levels.[75] These announcements were seen to help calm markets, as oil market prices and other financial indicators dropped during trading on 17 September from the spike the previous day, though still remained at elevated levels which are expected to have impacts on prices across the globe.[76] To expedite repairs, Aramco shipped in equipment from the United States and Europe.[12]

The state-owned Saudi Aramco had been in the initial stages of planning its initial public offering (IPO) of about 5% of the company ownership of the estimated US$1.5–2 trillion valuation of the company over the next few years. This IPO was originally to have started in 2018 but there were concerns about its finances and corporate structure. Industry analysts believe the September 2019 attacks will further delay this IPO until new concerns related to security against terrorism attacks and the ability to restore production after such an incident are proven, as well as the impact on the price of oil.[77] Saudi Aramco later stated that recovery from the attack is not going to be as fast as initially expected, putting the IPO at risk of further delay.[78]

Domestic reactions

The Saudi King, Salman bin Abdulaziz, issued a statement on 17 September, calling the attack a "vandalism and coward attack" that threatens international security and global energy supplies and said the kingdom is able to respond to these attacks. The king also said the attack comes after a series of attacks against the kingdom.[79][80]

International reactions

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The attacks raised concern over political stability in the Middle East, coupled with the US' stance that the attacks may have originated from Iran.[1][81]

The United States is a close ally of Saudi Arabia, while its relationship with Iran has been strained in 2019 as part of the overall Persian Gulf crisis. U.S. President Donald Trump authorised the release of the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve to help stabilize energy prices in the US.[68][82] Trump further stated that the U.S. is no longer dependent on oil from the Middle East.[83] Trump condemned the attack and stated on Twitter on 15 September that the U.S. military is "locked and loaded" but is waiting to hear from the Saudis as to who they believe was the cause of this attack, "and under what terms we would proceed".[84] In the days that followed, Trump stated that he did not promise to protect the Saudis, but will have to sit with them and "work something out".[85] On 20 September, Trump issued a new round of economic sanctions against Iran, targetting the Central Bank of Iran and the National Development Fund of Iran, preventing them from purchasing American dollars; these sanctions had been established earlier but had been previously lifted after Iran had agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. The sanctions are aimed to prevent Iran from having the funds to support future strikes.[86]

Several world leaders criticised Trump's seemingly aggressive stance. The Russian foreign ministry stated that it is unacceptable to discuss possible retaliation and added that it is "counterproductive to use what happened to increase tensions around Iran for the attacks in line with the well-known U.S. policy".[87] Russian president Vladimir Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov, asked about the U.S. accusations that Iran was behind drone strikes, said: "We have a negative attitude towards rising tensions in the region and call for all countries in the region and outside of it to avoid any hasty steps or conclusions which may deepen destabilisation."[88] Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying, said that while there is no "conclusive investigation", it is irresponsible to blame anyone for the attack, and added "we call on relevant parties avoid taking actions that bring about an escalation in regional tensions".[89]

Other nations called for waiting for results from investigations before stating who was behind the attack. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said: "We have to look at how the conflict in Yemen started. This country was completely destroyed - who caused it?"[90] Japan's defence minister said his country has not seen any intelligence showing Iranian involvement in the attacks. "We are not aware of any information that points to Iran," Defence Minister Tarō Kōno told reporters at a briefing. "We believe the Houthis carried out the attack based on the statement claiming responsibility." Germany has also said it is awaiting the findings of the investigation before it assigns any blame. The same day, White House deputy press secretary Hogan Gidley said the Trump administration “can’t say definitively” that Iran was behind the attack.[91] Neither the United Arab Emirates[92] and the United Kingdom[93] have attributed responsibility.

Several international bodies and nations condemned the attack. The UN Secretary General condemned the attacks on Saudi Arabia, claimed by the Houthis, and UN Special Envoy to Yemen Martin Griffiths said the attack "carries the risk of dragging Yemen into a regional conflagration" and that "there is 'no time to waste' in ending four years of fighting between Houthi rebels and the internationally-recognized Government, supported by a Saudi-led coalition, which has pushed the country to the brink of famine."[94][95] Arab League in a statement by the General Secretariat on 14 September, strongly condemned the drone attacks and termed the attacks as "serious escalations" and called for preserving security of the country.[96][97] NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg "strongly condemned" the attacks and accused Iran of "supporting different terrorist groups and being responsible for destabilising the whole region."[98] In South Korea, the National Defence Minister Jeong Kyeong-doo denounced drone attacks on oil facilities as "a reckless act" that harms global security and stability. Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman and South Korean President Moon Jae-in agreed to strengthen partnerships between the two countries to fight against the terrorist attacks.[99][100]

Related security issues

On 15 September 2019, the Cabinet of Kuwait said it was probing the sighting of a drone over its territory and coordinating with Saudi Arabia, and other countries, after the attacks. Kuwait has also increased its security as a result of the attack.[101][102]

Russian President Vladimir Putin offered to sell Saudi Arabia the advanced S-400 missile system[61] so it could use it against air attacks instead of continuing to use the Raytheon Patriot missile system.[103]

See also

References

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