2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests
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2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests (March–June, July, August) |
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Part of the Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict | |||
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Millions[citation needed] of protesters marching on 9 June
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Date | 31 March 2019 – ongoing (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) |
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Location |
Various districts of Hong Kong and dozens of other cities abroad.
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Caused by |
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Goals |
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Methods | Diverse (see tactics and methods) | ||
Concessions |
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Parties to the civil conflict | |||
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Lead figures | |||
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(no centralised leadership) Government Supported by: |
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Units involved | |||
Number | |||
Casualties and losses | |||
Injuries and arrests | |||
Death(s) | 5 (all suicides)[9][10][11][12][13] | ||
Injuries | 2,100+ (as of 15 August 2019)[14] | ||
Arrested | 900+ (as of 31 August 2019)[15] | ||
2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests | |||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 反逃犯條例修訂運動 | ||||||||||||
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Simplified Chinese | 反逃犯条例修订运动 | ||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Anti Fugitive Offenders Bill Amendment Movement | ||||||||||||
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Anti-repatriation protests | |||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 反送中運動 | ||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 反送中运动 | ||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Anti Extradition to China Movement | ||||||||||||
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The 2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests are a series of demonstrations in Hong Kong and solidarity protests in other cities which began with the aim of withdrawing an extradition bill proposed by the Hong Kong government.[16][17] If enacted, the bill would allow local authorities to detain and extradite people who are wanted in territories that Hong Kong does not have extradition agreements with, including mainland China and Taiwan.[18] Some fear the bill would place the Hong Kong people and visitors under mainland Chinese jurisdiction, undermining the autonomy of the region and citizens' rights.[19][20][21][22] The demands of protesters have since evolved beyond their original goal.[16]
Demonstrations against the bill began in March and April, then escalated in June.[23][24] Hundreds of thousands of people marched in a protest against the bill on 9 June.[25] Protests on 12 June, the day the bill was scheduled for a second reading in the Legislative Council, marked a sharp escalation in violence. Riot police deployed tear gas and rubber bullets against demonstrators.[26] Subsequently, investigations into police behaviour and greater accountability for their actions became part of protester demands.[27][28] A larger march occurred on 16 June.[29] On 1 July, hundreds of thousands of people participated in the annual July march.[30] A portion of these demonstrators split from the march and broke into the Legislative Council Complex, vandalising central government symbols.[31] Protests have continued throughout the summer, escalating into increasingly violent confrontations, between police, activists, pro-Beijing triad members, and local residents in over 20 different neighbourhoods throughout the region.[32] 21 July marked the Yuen Long mob attacks against protesters and bystanders.
Chief Executive Carrie Lam suspended the extradition bill on 15 June,[33] declaring it "dead" on 9 July, but stopped short of a full withdrawal.[34][35] Executive Council members Regina Ip and Bernard Charnwut Chan said that the government does not intend to make further concessions.[36] As demonstrations continued, protesters have added additional demands, calling for an independent inquiry on police brutality, the release of arrested protesters, a retraction of the official characterisation of the protests as "riots", and direct elections to choose Legislative Council members and the Chief Executive.[16][36]
Contents
Background
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The Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 was first proposed by the government of Hong Kong on February 2019 in response to the 2018 homicide of Poon Hiu-wing by her boyfriend Chan Tong-kai in Taiwan, who are both Hong Kong residents and were visiting Taiwan as tourists. Hong Kong does not have an extradition treaty with Taiwan, and negotiating one would be problematic since the government of China does not recognise the sovereignty of Taiwan. To resolve this issue, the Hong Kong government proposed an amendment to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance (Cap. 503) and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance (Cap. 525) that would establish a mechanism for case-by-case transfers of fugitives, on the order of the Chief Executive, to any jurisdiction with which the city lacks a formal extradition treaty.[22] This included extradition to mainland China.
The inclusion of mainland China in the amendment is of concern to different sectors of Hong Kong society. Pro-democracy advocates fear the city's jurisdiction would merge with mainland Chinese laws administered by the Communist Party, thereby eroding the "one country, two systems" principle established since the 1997 handover. Opponents of the current bill urged the Hong Kong government to establish an extradition arrangement solely with Taiwan, and to sunset the arrangement immediately after the surrender of the suspect.[22][37]
Objectives
Protesters initially only demanded the withdrawal of the extradition bill. Following an escalation in the severity of policing tactics against demonstrators on 12 June and the bill's suspension on 15 June, the objective of the protesters has been to achieve these five demands:[38]
Demand | Rationale |
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Complete withdrawal of the extradition bill from the legislative process | Although the bill was suspended indefinitely on 15 June, debate on it may be quickly restarted. Currently, the bill is "pending resumption of second reading" in the Legislative Council. Pro-establishment legislators, including Ann Chiang, have indicated that the legislative process on the bill could be resumed after the current protests end. |
Retraction of the "riot" characterisation | The government had originally used the word "riot" to describe the 12 June protest. Later the description was amended to say there were "some" protesters who rioted. However, protesters contest the existence of acts of rioting during the 12 June protest. |
Release and exoneration of arrested protesters | Protesters consider the arrests to be politically motivated; they question the legitimacy of police arresting protesters at hospitals using their confidential medical data in breach of patient privacy. |
Establishment of an independent commission of inquiry into police conduct and use of force during the protests | Civic groups felt that the level of violence used by the police on 12 June, specifically those against protesters who were not committing any offences when they were set upon, was unjustified; police performing stop-and-search to numerous passers-by near the protest site without probable cause was also considered abusive.[39] Some officers' failure to display or show their police identification number or warrant card despite being required to do so by the Police General Orders is seen to be a breakdown of accountability.[40] The existing watchdog lacks independence, and its functioning relies on police cooperation. |
Resignation of Carrie Lam and the implementation of universal suffrage for Legislative Council and Chief Executive elections[41] | Currently, the Chief Executive is selected by a 1,200-member Election Committee, and 30 of the 70 Legislative Council seats, known as functional constituencies, are filled by limited electorates that represent different sectors of the economy. |
Reuters reported that Carrie Lam presented a report to the Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs, in which the Hong Kong government analysed the protesters' five main demands and found that withdrawing the extradition bill and retracting the term "riot" could help quell the unrest. However, the Chinese government refused to allow Lam to make any concessions and instead insisted she take more initiative. One source, a senior Chinese official, told Reuters that President Xi was directly aware of the situation.[42]
History
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March – June 2019: Early stage
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The Civil Human Rights Front, a platform for 50 pro-democracy groups, launched two protest marches against the bill on 31 March and 28 April. For the second protest, organisers claimed 130,000 participants took part in the march, the highest since the 1 July protest in 2014.[23] The issue gained more attention when the pan-democratic Legislative Councilors launched a filibuster campaign against the extradition bill, which led Secretary of Security John Lee to announce that the government would resume the second reading of the bill in a full Legislative Council meeting on 12 June, bypassing the usual practice of scrutinising the bill in the Bills Committee.[43] The government's hard stance on passing the controversial extradition bill, with Carrie Lam calling the opposite camp "talking trash", and the Taiwan government rejecting HKSAR's plan for extradition, also attracted significant media attention.[44]
To oppose the second reading of the bill, which is set to be held on 12 June, the CHRF launched their third protest from Victoria Park to the Legislative Council in Admiralty on 9 June. It was the largest protests ever held in Hong Kong, as the organisers claimed that 1.03 million people, a record-breaking number, attended the rally.[45] Despite this, Carrie Lam insisted the second reading debate on the bill would resume on 12 June,[46] causing several student groups and Demosistō to stage a sit-in outside the Legislative Council Complex, ultimately leading to intense clashes between police officers and protesters, who retreated to Wan Chai.[47]
Following the 9 June protests, a general strike was called on 12 June, which was answered by over 100 employers.[48] Protesters also attempted to charge the Legislative Council building. Riot police dispersed the protesters by firing tear gas, beanbag rounds and rubber bullets.[49] Police Commissioner Stephen Lo declared the clashes a "riot",[50] though the police itself was also heavily condemned for using excessive force, including firing tear gas at peaceful protesters next to CITIC Tower, causing them to be trapped inside the building. The use of police batons and tear gas,[51] the lack of identifying numbers on police officers,[52] suspected assaults on journalists,[53] and the subsequent hospital arrests were criticised.[54] Following the clashes on 12 June, protesters began asking for an independent inquiry on police brutality and urging the government to retract the "riot" characterisation. 2,000 protesters from religious groups held a vigil outside the government headquarters, praying and singing hymns including "Sing Hallelujah to the Lord", which became the protest's unofficial anthem.[55]
On 15 June, Carrie Lam announced that the bill has been suspended, though the pan-democratic camp demanded a full withdrawal of the bill.[56] A 35-year-old man also committed suicide to protest Lam's decision that day.[57] For the protest held on 16 June, the CHRF claimed the final turnout at "almost 2 million plus 1 citizens", which set the record of the largest protest in Hong Kong history. Following the huge protest, Carrie Lam apologised to Hong Kong citizens but refused to resign or withdraw the bill.[58]
Protesters began to besiege the Police Headquarters on Arsenal Street on 21 and 24 June. The police took no action to disperse the protesters.[59][60] Protesters also began to call for international support, as they visited the consulates of countries expected to attend the G20 Osaka summit and assembled at Edinburgh Place at night, holding signs that read "Democracy now" and "Free Hong Kong".[61][62]
July 2019: Protests "blossoming everywhere"
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The CHRF held the annual march on 1 July and claimed a record turnout of 550,000.[63] The protest was largely peaceful. At night, protesters stormed the Legislative Council Complex, but the police took little action to stop them. Protesters smashed furniture, defaced the Hong Kong emblem, and presented a new manifesto with ten points.[64][65] Some of the protesters who stormed the LegCo Complex were motivated by the desperation stemmed from several more cases of suicides since 15 June.[66] Carrie Lam condemned the protesters who stormed the council.[67][68]
Following the 1 July protest, protests began to "blossom everywhere", with protests being held in different areas in Hong Kong, both protesting against the anti-extradition bill and against some of the local issues, including the "daima" issue in Tuen Mun Park and the parallel traders issue in Sheung Shui.[69][70] Lennon Walls were also set up in different neighbourhoods and became a source of conflict between pro-Beijing citizens and supporters of the protests. The first anti-extradition protest in Kowloon was held on 7 July, where protesters marched from Tsim Sha Tsui to West Kowloon station.[71] Clashes occurred later in Tsim Sha Tsui and Mong Kok. The police's failure to display their warrant cards drew criticism.[72] On 9 July, Carrie Lam declared "the bill is dead", though her choice of Cantonese phrases was ambiguous and non-legally binding, leading to further doubt and skepticism.[73][74][75]
The first anti-extradition protest in the New Territories was held in Sha Tin on 14 July. The protest was largely peaceful, though some protesters began to set up barricades and threw objects at the police after the protest.[76] Protesters later moved to New Town Plaza and attempted to leave via Sha Tin station, though they were stopped by riot police who blocked them.[77] Protesters then became trapped inside the Plaza, and intense clashes between protesters and police officers occurred inside.[78] Residents unhappy with the incident gathered at New Town Plaza in the following days, questioning security officers why Sun Hung Kai Properties allowed the police to enter the plaza without any proper permit.[79][80]
Attention shifted back to Hong Kong Island when the CHRF held another anti-extradition protest on 21 July. Protesters advanced past the police-mandated endpoint,[81] and some protesters surrounded the Hong Kong Liaison Office and defaced the Chinese national emblem, an act that was condemned by the government.[82] While a standoff between the protesters and the police occurred in Sheung Wan,[83] white-clad groups, suspected to be triad members allegedly supported by pro-Beijing councillor Junius Ho,[84] appeared at Yuen Long station and indiscriminately attacked people inside the station. Yuen Long became a ghost town following the attack.[85]
On 27 July, protesters marched to Yuen Long, despite opposition from rural groups and police's objection. To disperse the protesters, the police fired tear gas in a primarily residential area[86] and the stand-offs between the protesters and the police escalated into violent clashes inside Yuen Long station.[87] On the next day, protesters once again defied the police ban and marched to Sai Wan and Causeway Bay. 49 people were arrested and later charged with rioting.[88] To support the arrestees, protesters besieged the Kwai Chung police station and the Tin Shui Wai police station, where protesters were attacked by fireworks launching out of a moving vehicle.[89][90]
In July, several peaceful protests were held. A group of elderly marched on Hong Kong Island to show their solidarity with the youths.[91] Several hunger strikers also marched to Government House to demand a response from Carrie Lam.[92] On 26 July, thousands of protesters gathered at Hong Kong International Airport and handed out leaflets and pamphlets about the controversy to tourists.[93]
August 2019: Prolongation
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Protesters returned to Mong Kok on 3 August, though some protesters did not follow the designated routes and headed to Mong Kok and Tsim Sha Tsui.[94] Protesters moved barricades into the toll plaza of the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in Hung Hom, blocking vehicles.[95] A small group of protesters also threw the Chinese national flag next to the Star Ferry pier into Victoria Harbour.[96] The arrest of protesters in Wong Tai Sin angered the local residents, who clashed with police near the Disciplined Services quarters.[97] The next day, two protests were held, one in Tseung Kwan O and another in Kennedy Town. Clashes between the police and protesters then occurred in various districts in Hong Kong.[98]
5 August saw one of the city's biggest general strikes, which was answered by 350,000 people according to the Confederation of Trade Unions.[99] Over 200 flights were cancelled due to the strike.[100] Some citizens also blocked traffic to stop people from getting to work. Protests and sit-ins were held in seven districts in Hong Kong, including Admiralty, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun, Tsuen Wan, Wong Tai Sin, Mong Kok and Tai Po.[101][102] To disperse the protesters, the police force used more than 800 canisters of tear gas, a record number for Hong Kong.[103] Protesters in North Point and Tsuen Wan were attacked by two groups of stick-wielding men, though some fought back the attackers.[104][105]
From 6–7 August, after the Hong Kong Baptist University Student Union president was arrested in Sham Shui Po for possession of "offensive weapons", which were found to be laser pens, residents nearby besieged the police station[106] and protesters gathered outside Hong Kong Space Museum to shine laser pointers on the wall of the museum.[107]
On 11 August, protesters returned to New Territories for a protest in Tai Po, though they spread to other places in Hong Kong in the evening.[108][109] On the next day, two protests were held, one in Sham Shui Po while another in Eastern District. Protesters in Sham Shui Po later moved to Tsim Sha Tsui, where the police ruptured the right eye of a female first-aider using bean bag rounds,[110] and Kwai Chung, where the police used tear gas indoors.[111] Meanwhile, the protest on Hong Kong Island escalated into violence when undercover police officers were found arresting other protesters in Causeway Bay.[112] Police officers also fired pepper ball rounds at protesters in Tai Koo station.[113]
The alleged police brutality on 11 August prompted protesters to stage a three-day sit-in at Hong Kong International Airport from 12 to 14 August, prompting the Airport Authority to cancel numerous flights for at least two days.[114][115][116] On 13 August, protesters at the Airport cornered and assaulted a man suspected of being an undercover police officer and a reporter from Global Times.[117][115][118][119] Responding to the 11 August incident, a peaceful rally was held in Victoria Park by the CHRF on 18 August to condemn police brutality and reiterate the five core demands. It attracted at least 1.7 million people, who, despite a police ban, marched to Central.[120] An additional estimated of 300,000 protesters marched between Central and Causeway Bay, but could not enter the park due to overcrowding.
On the evening of 23 August, an estimated 210,000 people participated in "The Hong Kong Way" campaign, to draw attention to the movement's five demands. At 9 pm, many covered their right eye and chanted "Corrupt cops, return the eye!"[121] in reference to the first-aid worker who suffered a serious eye injury during a protest on 12 August.[122][123] They joined hands to create a human chain 50 kilometers long, stretching across both sides of Hong Kong harbour and over the top of Lion Rock.[124] The action was inspired by a similar event known as the Baltic Way Chain of Freedom that occurred on 23 August 1989.[125][126]
On 24 August, protesters marched to Kwun Tong and dismantled a smart lamppost which was allegedly used by Hong Kong government to monitor its citizens.[127] During the protests of 25 August, hardline protesters threw bricks and gasoline bombs toward the police,who in turn responded by firing tear gas at them. The police also deployed water cannon trucks for the first time.[128] In one event, charged at a group of officers, who used shields to defend themselves against the protesters’ metal and wooden rods; six officers then pulled out their pistols and one fired a warning shot toward the sky - this marked the first time a live round had been used since the demonstrations broke out in June.[128][129] Police later said they had no choice after being surrounded by protesters, but some residents questioned whether their action was necessary.[128]
Many among civil servants, teachers, the finance sector, accountants, and medical professionals have voiced support for the anti-extradition movement in August by holding marches or rallies.[130][131][132][133] A rally to protest against police's alleged use of sexual violence was held on August 28.[134]
Ignoring police objection and the recent arrests of high-profile pro-democracy activists and lawmakers, thousands of protesters took to the streets of Hong Kong on 31 August 2019. The 13th weekend of the protests also marked the 5th anniversary of the day China called for a limited democracy for the territory, triggering the month’s long protests of 2014.[135][136]
Suicides
There were five suicide cases closely attributed to the anti-extradition bill protests. Each person had left a suicide note that deplored the unelected and unresponsive government and the insistence by officials to force through the extradition bill; most of the individuals expressed despondency whilst urging Hongkongers to continue their fight.[137][138][139] One note even stated: "What Hong Kong needs is a revolution."[140][141]
The first person committed suicide on 15 June, when 35-year-old Marco Leung Ling-kit climbed the elevated podium on the rooftop of Pacific Place, a shopping mall in Admiralty at 4:30 pm.[137] Wearing a yellow raincoat with the words "Brutal police are cold-blooded" and "Carrie Lam is killing Hong Kong" in Chinese written on the back, he hung a banner on the scaffolding with several anti-extradition slogans.[142] After a five-hour standoff, during which police officers and Democratic Party legislator Roy Kwong attempted to talk him down, Leung fell to his death, missing an inflatable cushion set up by firefighters.[137][143][144]
A shrine appeared at the scene soon afterward; Ai Weiwei shared the news on his Instagram feed, while Chinese satirist Badiucao honoured the dead man with a cartoon.[144] On Thursday 11 July another vigil was held, in which thousands turned up leaving sunflowers at the memorial site.[145] Artists in Prague have also honoured the event, and painted a memorial on the Lennon Wall in the Czech Republic, depicting a yellow raincoat along with words of well wishes.[146]
A 21-year-old Education University of Hong Kong student, Lo Hiu-yan, jumped to her death from Ka Fuk Estate in Fanling on 29 June.[147][148] She had left two notes written on a stairwell wall with red marker, and uploaded photos of her note to Instagram.[11][138][149] A third suicide occurred the next day when a 29-year-old woman, Zita Wu, jumped from the International Financial Centre.[150][139] On 4 July, a 28-year-old woman only identified by the surname Mak died after jumping off a building in Cheung Sha Wan.[151] A fifth suicide occurred on 22 July, a 26-year-old man identified by the surname Fan died after jumping off the building of Cypress House, Kwong Yuen Estate after an argument with his parents about his political stance. Neighbours of Fan left flowers near the site.[13]
Reactions
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As a result of the protests, many nations have issued travel warnings for Hong Kong.[152] Demonstrations in reaction to the protests have taken place in locations around the world, some of which include Berlin, Canberra, Frankfurt, London, New York City, San Francisco, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo, Toronto and Vancouver. Online protests have also been held in Singapore, as physical protests in the island city-state require an authorised police permit.
The Chinese government has expressed their opposition to the protests, while taking measures against the protests and their supporters. The protests have been described by Chinese government and media as separatism riots facilitated by foreign forces.[153]
See also
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- List of protests in the 21st century
- List of biggest protests in history
- Hong Kong July 1 marches
- 2010 Hong Kong democracy protests
- 2014 Hong Kong protests
- 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest
- 2019 in Hong Kong
- 2019 Yuen Long attack
- Hong Kong Way
- Umbrella Movement
- Art of the Umbrella Movement
- Causeway Bay Books disappearances
- Human rights in China
- 30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests
- Operation Yellowbird
- Democratic development in Hong Kong
- Human rights in Hong Kong
References
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 115.0 115.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 138.0 138.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 144.0 144.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Free Hong Kong Movement: Stand With Us at G20 – Open Letter & Timeline
- Fight for Freedom: Stand with Hong Kong – Call for Solidarity & Joint Declaration history
- How an Extradition Bill Became a Red Line for Hong Kongers – Podcast (33 min). Foreign Policy. 14 June 2019.
- Why We Stormed Hong Kong's Parliament – Documentary short film (5 min). BBC. 1 August 2019.
- Articles with short description
- Use dmy dates from August 2019
- Use Hong Kong English from August 2019
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English
- Pages with broken file links
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019
- Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
- Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
- 2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests
- 2019 in Hong Kong
- 2019 in law
- 2019 protests
- Hong Kong democracy movements
- Ongoing protests
- Protest marches in Hong Kong
- Riots and civil disorder in China
- Riots and civil disorder in Hong Kong