2019 Thai general election

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2019 Thai general election
← 2014 (invalidated) 24 March 2019 Next →
All 500 seats in the House of Representatives
251 seats needed for a majority
Registered 51,239,638
Turnout 74.69 %
  First party Second party Third party
  150x150px Prayut Chan-o-cha (cropped) 2016.jpg 150x150px
Candidate Sudarat Keyuraphan Prayut Chan-o-cha
(Independent)		 Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit
Party Pheu Thai Palang Pracharat Future Forward
Last election 265 seats; 48.41% New party New party
Seats won 136 116 81
Seat change Decrease 129 Increase 116 Increase 81
Popular vote 7,881,006 8,413,413 6,254,726
Percentage 22.24% 23.74% 17.65%
  Fourth party Fifth party
  150x150px 150x150px
Candidate Abhisit Vejjajiva Anutin Charnvirakul
Party Democrat Bhumjaithai
Last election 159 seats; 35.15% 29 seats; 3.94%
Seats won 53 51
Seat change Decrease 106 Increase 22
Popular vote 3,957,620 3,734,055
Percentage 11.17% 10.54%
250px
Parties that won a majority of the seats in each province
Prime Minister before election

Prayut Chan-o-cha
National Council for Peace and Order

 Prime Minister-designate

Prayut Chan-o-cha
Independent

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The 2019 Thai general election was held in Thailand on 24 March 2019. It was the first election since the 2014 Thai coup d'état that installed coup leader General Prayut Chan-o-cha as prime minister, and the first held in accordance with the 2017 constitution, which was drafted under the ruling military junta. The elections selected the five hundred members of the new House of Representatives, the previous House having been dissolved by the coup.

Seventy-seven parties contested the elections, including the two major parties, Pheu Thai (which supported former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and held a majority of seats prior to the coup) and the Democrat Party (the main opposition party prior to the coup). They were joined by several new parties, which mostly campaigned on a pro- or anti-junta stance. The former included the Prayut-aligned Palang Pracharath Party, while the latter included the Future Forward Party, which catered to young voters, as well as several Pheu Thai–aligned parties.

The elections were held using a new mixed-member apportionment system, in which voters cast a single vote for both a constituency candidate and a nationwide party list, with the nationwide list used as leveling seats to achieve proportional representation. Under the new constitution, the prime minister need not be an elected member of the House, and will be chosen by the full Parliament, which also includes 250 members of the Senate, rather than only members of the House as previously.

The elections were widely seen as a skewed race in which Prayut—who previously announced his entry into electoral politics—had an unfair advantage, as the 250 sitting members of the appointed Senate were to be selected by the junta. The Royal Family, which is normally regarded to be above politics, also became involved in unusual ways. The Pheu Thai–aligned Thai Raksa Chart Party named Princess Ubol Ratana, the elder sister of King Vajiralongkorn, as its candidate for prime minister, leading to condemnation by the King and the party's dissolution by the Constitutional Court. In a move criticised on social media with a hashtag, the King also issued a statement on the night prior to the election urging the people to remember a quote from his father the late king to support "good people".[1][2]

Overseas voting took place from 28 January to 19 February, and advanced voting took place throughout the country on 17 March. The main election took place from 08:00 to 17:00 on 24 March. Rights groups and election monitors criticized the election for its biased environment, and the Election Commission for many errors and irregularities. The announcement of the results was repeatedly delayed; unofficial results were announced on 28 March, four days after the election. Official results were announced on 8 May.

Although Palang Pracharath received the most votes and won 116 seats, Pheu Thai emerged as the largest party with 136 seats. Most of the remaining seats were won by the Future Forward, Democrat and Bhumjaithai parties. Pheu Thai and Future Forward announced a seven-party alliance soon after the election, but were unable to form a government. Parliament convened on 24 May and on 5 June voted to make Prayut prime minister.

Background

Early general elections were held on 2 February 2014 after Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra asked King Bhumibol Adulyadej to dissolve parliament more than a year early due to a political crisis. The leaders of the anti-government protests objected to the polls, instead demanding that there be "reform before elections" and the Yingluck government be replaced with a royally-appointed "reform council".[3] The elections were thus boycotted by the main opposition party, the Democrat Party, and disruption by protesters meant that voting in some constituencies had to be delayed until a later date, while absentee voters in urban areas were unable to vote.[4]

In April 2014 the Constitutional Court ruled that the election was unconstitutional because the vote had not taken place on the same day nationwide.[5] Following an agreement between the Election Commission and Yingluck's government, the fresh elections were set for 20 July.[5] However, the elections were cancelled after a coup d'état in May deposed the elected government and installed a military government known as the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, then-Commander in Chief of the Royal Thai Army. The NCPO, on taking power, declared its intention to hold general elections after carrying out reforms and promulgating a new constitution.[6][7]

Delays

The date of the 2019 Thai general election had been subject to much speculation, given the uncertainty of Prayut and the junta since taking power in the May 2014 coup.[8]

Shortly after the 2014 coup, Prayut said that elections would likely be held "by the end of 2015". By late 2014, however, several government officials had said publicly that elections would not be held until 2016, around mid-year.[9]

In May 2015, Deputy Prime Minister Wissanu Krea-ngam said that elections would now be held "around August or in September" 2016, after the government announced its intention to hold a referendum on its draft constitution, which would likely be held sometime in early 2016.[10]

In June 2015, Prayut said that he was willing to stay in office for another two years if people "wanted him to", following a push by the National Reform Council (NRC), a government body established by the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), to hold a vote on whether or not the government's reforms should be completed before elections were held. This would mean general elections might potentially not be held until early 2018, but a few days later distanced himself from the NRC's initiative after facing backlash for his remarks, saying "I'm not interested. It's all about the roadmap. Stop asking me [about the matter]."[11]

In October 2017, Prime Minister Prayut pledged that a general election would be held sometime in November 2018. However, the selection of an election date gave way to rumours that Prime Minister Prayut would attempt to stay in power after the next election through a military-backed political party. While this was the case, in January 2018 Thailand's parliamentary body voted to postpone enforcement of a new election law by 90 days, further dragging out the timing of an election. At the time, the deputy prime minister said the parliament's decision could delay the election until February–March 2019.[12]

On 3 January 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Wissanu Krea-ngam told that the election will be delayed citing the royal coronation ceremony as the cause of the delay. In response, former EC commissioner Somchai Srisutthiyakorn said the coronation doesn't affect the election and the previously promised 24 February date is still possible.[13]

Although the election date has to be set by the Election Commission, they cannot do so until the government issues a royal decree formally announcing the election. The government did not issue a royal decree on 3 January as previously planned and has declined to say when they will do so.[14]

On 10 January, the Bangkok Post reported that 24 February date for the election is no longer possible because the government has not published a royal decree and the EC would need at least 45 days to prepare the election.[14] The following day, Wissanu Krea-ngam announced that the royal decree will be released sometime in January, paving way for an election "no later than March."[15]

Electoral system

Changes to the voting system, introduced by the 2017 constitution, were first implemented in this election. Whereas previous general elections in Thailand since 2001 used a parallel voting system, with voters marking two ballots, one for their constituency and one for a nation-wide party list, the new system, referred to as "mixed-member apportionment", uses a single vote for both the constituency and the party list, in a variant of the mixed-member proportional system. The 350 constituency seats are won by first-past-the-post voting as in previous elections. However, the 150 party list seats act as levelling seats, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received.[16][17]

Other changes introduced by the new constitution are the removal of the requirement that the prime minister be selected from among the elected members of the House of Representatives. Instead, each party may name, in advance, up to three candidates to nominate as prime minister if they achieve a majority. Also, the prime minister will be voted on by the combined National Assembly, which also includes the 250 members of the Senate, Thailand's upper house, rather than only by the House of Representatives, as was previously done.[18]

As the entire sitting Senate will be appointed by the NCPO, commentators say that the change opens up the strong possibility that Prayut will become Thailand's next prime minister despite pro-Prayut parties being predicted to win fewer seats in the House of Representatives.[19] With the assumption that all 250 senators will support Prayut, pro-Prayut parties would only need to win 126 seats for him to be selected as prime minister.[20][21]

Constituency boundary controversy

Under the new constitution, the number of constituencies was reduced from 400 to 350.[22] In 2018, the Election Commission (ECT) was tasked with drawing up new district boundaries. However, shortly before the ECT were about to announce the new boundaries, Prime Minister Prayut invoked Section 44 of the constitution to issue an order pushing back the deadline and delaying the announcement. The order also exempted the ECT from complying with existing districting laws and allowing them to draw constituency boundaries in any manner they wished.[citation needed]

The move sparked outrage from the Pheu Thai and Democrat parties and the watchdog organisation Open Forum for Democracy Foundation.[23] They argued the purpose of the delay was to enable the ECT to draw constituency boundaries that favoured Prayut's Palang Pracharath Party. Some journalists and commentators compared this to gerrymandering, while others opined that the changes meant that the elections were a foregone conclusion.[24][19][25]

Election Commission chairman Ittiporn Boonpracong denied the allegations, citing his eye surgery as the cause of the delay.[26] The EC completed and released the new district constituencies on 29 November.[27] Following the release, political parties and watchdog organisations stated that they had found several instances of gerrymandering that would benefit the Palang Pracharat Party.[28][29]

Campaigning

In total, seventy-seven parties contested the elections. Among them are the two major parties of the previous elected house, Pheu Thai (the majority) and the Democrat Party (the opposition), as well as the smaller long-standing players Bhumjaithai, Chartthaipattana and Chart Pattana.[30]

Several new parties also ran for the first time. The Palang Pracharath Party directly supported Prayut, and included several of his cabinet members. Other smaller pro-Prayut parties include the Action Coalition for Thailand, led by 2013–2014 protest leader Suthep Thaugsuban, and the People Reform Party, headed by Paiboon Nititawan.[30]

On the opposing end, many parties took an anti-junta stance. These include several Pheu Thai–aligned parties, as well as other groups. As the election laws and regulatory bodies were seen as stacked and biased against their favour, Pheu Thai split off into a network of several smaller affiliated parties in order to distribute their risk from legal intervention. These parties were Thai Raksa Chart, Puea Chat (consisting of several United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship leaders), and Prachachart.[30][31]

The other anti-military parties include the Future Forward Party, which is led by multimillionaire businessman Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit and campaigned on a strong liberal stance catering to young voters, and the Thai Liberal Party, led by former police commissioner Seripisut Temiyavet.[30]

Royal interventions

On the night of 8 February, the day Princess Ubolratana was nominated as prime minister candidate by Thai Raksa Chart Party, her younger brother King Maha Vajiralongkorn made a televised announcement condemning her bid as "defy[ing] the nation's culture".[32] The party was later dissolved by the Constitutional Court.[33]

On the night of 23 March, just hours before the polls opened, King Maha Vajiralongkorn again made a televised announcement that he would like to warn people by citing a speech given by his father, Bhumibol Adulyadej, 30 years ago, saying good people should be supported to govern so they can prevent bad people from creating trouble.[1] This made the hashtag "#โตแล้วเลือกเองได้" ("We are grown up, we can choose by ourselves") trending at number 1 on Twitter soon afterwards.[2][34][35] During the election hours, the royal announcement was repeatedly re-broadcast on television and the Election Commission president stated to the press urging the Thais to make their choices by "taking the royal announcement into account".[36]

Eligible Prime ministerial candidates

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Main article: 2019 Thai prime ministerial candidates

Prior to the 2017 Thai Constitution, any elected House of Representative member could be voted upon and selected as prime minister.

Under the new constitution, political parties can name up to three candidates for prime minister prior to the election. These candidates do not have to be members of the House of Representatives or even members of a political party as long as they meet the legal qualifications.[citation needed]

The candidates for the main contending parties are Sudarat Keyuraphan, Chadchart Sittipunt and Chaikasem Nitisiri for Pheu Thai, Abhisit Vejjajiva for the Democrats, Prayut Chan-o-cha for Palang Pracharat, and Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit for Future Forward.[citation needed]

Opinion polls

Exit poll

Polling organisation/client Pheu Thai Palang Pracharat Democrat Bhumjaithai Future Forward Other Lead
class="unsortable" style="background:Template:Future Forward Party/meta/color;" |
2019 election 137 116 52 51 80 64 21
Dusit Poll[37] 173 96 88 40 49 54 77
Super Poll / YouGov Asia 163 96 77 59 40 55 67
2014 election Invalidated
2011 election 265 N/A 159 34 N/A 16.44% 106

Preferred party

Date(s)
conducted		 Polling organisation/client Sample size Pheu Thai Democrat Palang Pracharat Future Forward Other Lead
class="unsortable" style="background:Template:Future Forward Party/meta/color;" |
12 February – 20 March 2019 Bangkok Poll 10,062 25.6% 15.1% 25.9% 20.5% 12.9% 0.3%
4–6 March 2019 Bangkok Poll 1,735 21.7% 15.5% 19.0% 12.0% 31.8% 8.9%
15 February 2019 FT Confidential Research[38] 1,000 24% 14% 9% 11% 42% 10%
11 February 2019 Rangsit University[39] 8,000 16.90% 18.30% 21.50% 7.40% 35.9% 3.20%
4–7 February 2019 NIDA 2,091 36.49% 15.21% 22.57% 8.18% 17.55% 13.92%
2–15 January 2019 NIDA 2,500 32.72% 14.92% 24.16% 11.00% 17.20% 8.56%
24 December 2018 Rangsit University[40] 8,000 25.38% 22.62% 26.03% 9.80% 16.17% 0.65%
10–22 December 2018 Super Poll / YouGov Asia[41] 1,094 38.30% 22.80% 4.70% 24.40% 9.80% 13.90%
24 November 2018 Rangsit University[42] 8,000 23.64% 19.01% 26.61% 8.84% 21.90% 2.97%
20–22 November 2018 NIDA 1,260 31.75% 16.98% 19.92% 15.63% 15.72% 11.83%
17–18 September 2018 NIDA 1,251 28.78% 19.58% 20.62% 15.51% 15.51% 8.16%
17–19 July 2018 NIDA 1,257 31.19% 16.47% 21.88% 9.63% 20.83% 9.31%
8–9 May 2018 NIDA 1,250 32.16% 19.20% 25.12% 11.60% 11.92% 7.04%
2 February 2014 2014 election Invalidated
3 July 2011 2011 election 32,525,504 48.41% 35.15% N/A N/A 16.44% 13.26%

Note: The Rangsit University poll is often criticised for its alleged bias towards Prayut and Palang Pracharat. Sangsit Phiriyarangsan, who leads the polling effort, is a staunch public supporter of Prayut's and sceptics accuse him of artificially inflating Prayut and Palang Pracharat's poll numbers.[43]

After the publication of the December poll, Sangsit announced that he will no longer publish polls under the university's name to protect the institution from criticism.[44] However, in February, Sangsit and Rangsit University released another poll.[39]

Preferred Prime Minister

Traditionally, political parties support their party leader as the prime minister. However, in this election, multiple parties have declared support for Prayut Chan-o-cha as the next prime minister.[45] Prayut is not an official member of any political party, however, several of his cabinet ministers and advisors are leaders of the Palang Pracharath Party. Palang Pracharat is widely acknowledged as the political vehicle for Prayut to return as prime minister in a democratic regime.[46] On 8 February, Prayut officially became Palang Pracharat's candidate for prime minister, although he still remains an independent.[citation needed]

In a December 2018 interview, Satitra Thananithichoti, an academic with expertise in polling and analysis, raised concerns with prime minister candidate polls.[47] He revealed that from the polling data he has seen, a significant number of people said their preferred prime minister candidate was Prayut but also stated that their preferred political party was Pheu Thai, which does not support Prayut. Satitra pointed out that this could explain why Prayut regularly wins PM polls while Palang Pracharat often loses in party polls.[citation needed]

Date(s)
conducted		 Polling organisation/client Sample size Prayut Chan-o-cha Sudarat Keyuraphan Abhisit Vejjajiva Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit Other Lead
class="unsortable" style="background:Template:Future Forward Party/meta/color; width:60px;" |
12 February – 20 March 2019 Bangkok Poll 10,062 28.7% 20.6% 14.8% 19.2% 16.7% 7.1%
4–7 February 2019 NIDA 2,091 26.06% 24.01% 11.43% 5.98% 32.52% 6.46%
2–15 January 2019 NIDA 2,500 26.20% 22.40% 11.56% 9.60% 30.24% 4.04%
24 December 2018 Rangsit University[40] 8,000 26.04% 25.28% 22.68% 9.90% 16.10% 0.76%
24 November 2018 Rangsit University[42] 8,000 27.06% 18.16% 15.55% 9.68% 29.55% 2.49%
20–22 November 2018 NIDA 1,260 24.05% 25.16% 11.67% 14.52% 24.60% 1.11%
17–18 September 2018 NIDA 1,251 29.66% 17.51% 10.71% 13.83% 28.29% 1.37%
17–19 July 2018 NIDA 1,257 31.26% 14.96% 10.50% 7.48% 35.80% 4.54%
8–9 May 2018 NIDA 1,250 32.24% 17.44% 14.24% 10.08% 18.08% 14.80%

Conduct

The election was widely seen as unfair, both due to its rules and biased environment. The Election Commission, which was appointed by the junta-appointed National Legislative Assembly, was widely criticized for perceived biases and incompetency. Human Rights Watch cited political repression, media censorship, unequal media access, the role of the military-appointed Senate, and lack of independence and impartiality of the Election Commission as factors preventing a free and fair election.[48] Election monitors have also criticized the election process. The Asian Network for Free Elections commented on the environment being tilted to benefit the junta, and the confused vote-counting process that created mistrust.[49] The People Network for Elections in Thailand (P-NET) released a statement that the election was not free and fair.[50] They cited prevalent and rampant cases of vote-buying in the North, Northeast, and Central regions. P-NET blamed the Election Commission for turning a blind eye to many of these violations. P-NET also stated that many local government officials used their authority to give an advantage to certain parties since this election had no volunteer observers.[citation needed]

The Election Commission drew much criticism for problems with the election. These include issues with overseas voting, where poorly designed envelope labels led to mailed ballots being rejected or mis-delivered by postal services, and information pamphlets contained unclear or incorrect information.[51][52] On election day, it became apparent that 1,500 ballots from New Zealand were misplaced during air cargo transfer and could not be delivered to counting centres in time to be considered valid.[53] The polling process saw many reports of irregularities,[54] and the counting process and initial results were very confused, as the live figures released by the EC contained large amounts of errors. Unofficial results, which typically would be known by the same night and announced next morning, were repeatedly delayed.[55]

Results

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Main article: List of MPs elected in the 2019 Thai general election

Partial preliminary results showed Pheu Thai and Palang Pracharath close in the two leading positions, followed by Future Forward. The results were a major upset for the Democrat Party, which came in fourth place, and Abhisit promptly resigned as party leader on election night.[56]

The Election Commission originally scheduled a press conference at 20:00 on election day, which would announce unofficial preliminary results at 95% of the vote counted. However, this was postponed until 21:30, and the EC chairman only announced several voter statistics. He said unofficial results would not be announced until the following day.[57]

The Election Commission announced the unofficial results of 350 constituencies on Tuesday 26 and released full unofficial results in a press conference on Thursday 28. However, the figures contained many discrepancies, and led to further confusion.[58] Party list seats would not be announced until the Election Commission officially endorsed the results, which was expected to happen near the deadline of 9 May, after the coronation of King Vajiralongkorn. Following the announcements, political parties began talks to form a coalition government. The Pheu Thai, Future Forward, Thai Liberal, Puea Chat, Prachachart, Thai People Power and New Economics parties announced an alliance at a press conference on 27 March.[59] Despite Pheu Thai winning the most seats, Palang Pracharath also claimed it was entitled to form government, as it won more votes.[60]

Due to the ambiguous way the election law was written, calculations by the media based on different interpretations of the law initially led to different sets of election results being reported. However, the calculations were widely questioned, and the Election Commission, heavily criticized for not making its calculation methods public, deferred the matter to the Constitutional Court on 11 April.[61] The Constitutional Court dismissed the request, and in a separate ruling ruled that the election law did not contradict the constitution.[62]

The Election Commission announced official results for 349 constituency seats on 7 May, and for the party list seats on 8 May.[63] Pheu Thai won the most constituencies at 136 seats. Palang Pracharath, which won more votes, came in second, with 115 seats. Future Forward, Democrat and Bhumjaithai received 80, 52 and 51 seats, respectively.[64][65] The result for one constituency in Chiang Mai Province was pending a by-election following disqualification of the leading candidate.[66] The by-election was won by Future Forward, and recalculation of the party-list seats with the new popular vote figures awarded the Democrats and Palang Pracharath one new seat each, while the Thairaktham Party lost its only MP.[67]

The Pheu Thai and Future Forward parties contested the calculation formula adopted by the ECT, as it resulted in Future Forward receiving seven less seats than expected from their alternative interpretation of the law, and their alliance securing 245 instead of 255 seats, just short of a majority. As such, they appeared unlikely to be able to form a government. The results also favoured several small parties which one seat each, who were expected to join a Palang Pracharath-led coalition.[68][69] The new house convened on 24 May, and Prayut was voted prime minister in a joint session on 5 June.[70]

The following tables show vote counts and official results from the 350 endorsed constituencies as announced by the Election Commission on 28 May, and the nationwide statistics announced on 28 March.

300px
Party
 Popular votes Seats
Votes  % Constituency Party list Total
Palang Pracharath Party 8,441,274 23.74 97 19 116
Pheu Thai Party 7,881,006 22.16 136 0 136
bgcolor=Template:Future Forward Party/meta/color| Future Forward Party 6,330,617 17.80 31 50 81
Democrat Party 3,959,358 11.13 33 20 53
Bhumjaithai Party 3,734,459 10.50 39 12 51
Thai Liberal Party 824,284 2.32 0 10 10
Chartthaipattana Party 783,689 2.20 6 4 10
New Economics Party 486,273 1.37 0 6 6
Prachachart Party 481,490 1.35 6 1 7
Puea Chat Party 421,412 1.19 0 5 5
Action Coalition for Thailand 415,585 1.17 1 4 5
bgcolor=Template:Chart Pattana Party (2007)/meta/color| Chart Pattana Party 244,770 0.69 1 2 3
Thai Local Power Party 214,189 0.60 0 3 3
Thai Forest Conservation Party 134,816 0.38 0 2 2
Thai People Power Party 80,186 0.23 0 1 1
Thai Nation Power Party 73,421 0.21 0 1 1
People Progressive Party 69,431 0.19 0 1 1
Palang Thai Rak Thai Party 60,434 0.17 0 1 1
Thai Civilized Party 60,354 0.17 0 1 1
Thai Teachers for People Party 56,633 0.16 0 1 1
Prachaniyom Party 56,264 0.16 0 1 1
Thai People Justice Party 48,037 0.14 0 1 1
People Reform Party 45,420 0.13 0 1 1
Thai Citizens Power Party 44,961 0.13 0 1 1
New Democracy Party 39,260 0.11 0 1 1
New Palangdharma Party 35,099 0.10 0 1 1
Thairaktham Party 33,787 0.10 0 0 0
bgcolor=Template:Puea Pandin Party/meta/color| Puea Pandin Party 30,936 0.09 0 0 0
Paradonphab Party 30,253 0.09 0 0 0
bgcolor=Template:New Alternative Party/meta/color| New Alternative Party 29,219 0.08 0 0 0
Democratic Force Party 26,693 0.08 0 0 0
Pheu Khon Thai Party 26,559 0.07 0 0 0
Thai Power Builds the Nation Party 23,094 0.06 0 0 0
Green Party 22,568 0.06 0 0 0
The Land of Dharma Party 21,212 0.06 0 0 0
bgcolor=Template:Mahachon Party/meta/color| Mahachon Party 17,882 0.05 0 0 0
Social Power Party 17,563 0.05 0 0 0
The Farmer Network of Thailand Party 17,261 0.05 0 0 0
Thaen Khun Phaendin Party 17,205 0.05 0 0 0
Siam Development Party 17,075 0.05 0 0 0
Phuea Tham Party 15,130 0.04 0 0 0
Ruam Jai Thai Party 13,332 0.04 0 0 0
Klong Thai Party 12,732 0.04 0 0 0
Phungluang Party 12,589 0.04 0 0 0
Thai Network Party 12,256 0.03 0 0 0
bgcolor=Template:Thai Citizen Party/meta/color| Thai Citizen Party 11,434 0.03 0 0 0
Thai Population Party 10,984 0.03 0 0 0
Thai Ethnic Party 9,913 0.03 0 0 0
Palang Thai Rak Chart Party 9,643 0.03 0 0 0
Power of Faith Party 9,564 0.03 0 0 0
New Aspiration Party 9,046 0.03 0 0 0
Phuea Thai Pattana Party 8,063 0.02 0 0 0
Thinkakhao Party 6,814 0.02 0 0 0
Thai Teacher Power Party 6,390 0.02 0 0 0
Thai Morality Party 5,811 0.02 0 0 0
Glang Party 5,459 0.02 0 0 0
Thai Social Democratic Party 5,347 0.02 0 0 0
bgcolor=Template:Commoners' Party (Thailand)/meta/color| Commoners' Party 5,291 0.01 0 0 0
Foundational Party 4,838 0.01 0 0 0
Palang Pandinthong Party 4,586 0.01 0 0 0
Powerful Love Party 4,410 0.01 0 0 0
Thai Rung Rueng Party 4,152 0.01 0 0 0
Bhumphalangkasettrakonthai Party 3,577 0.01 0 0 0
Thai Power Labour Party 2,940 0.01 0 0 0
bgcolor=Template:Commoner Party of Thailand/meta/color| Commoner Party of Thailand 2,606 0.01 0 0 0
Thai Dee Power Party 2,535 0.01 0 0 0
Cooperative Power Party 2,357 0.01 0 0 0
Phue Cheevitmai Party 1,599 0.00 0 0 0
Thailand Development Party 1,093 0.00 0 0 0
Phue Sahagon Thai Party 902 0.00 0 0 0
People Vote Party 789 0.00 0 0 0
Thai Rubber Party 610 0.00 0 0 0
Democracy for People Party 553 0.00 0 0 0
Kasikornthai Party 182 0.00 0 0 0
Total 35,561,556 100 350 150 500
Source: Election Commission[71][72]
Valid votes 35,532,645 92.85%
Invalid/blank votes 2,130,327 5.57%
None of the above 605,392 1.58%
Votes cast/turnout 38,268,366 74.69%
Abstentions 12,971,272 25.31%
Registered voters 51,239,638
Source: Election Commission[73]

References

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  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1674708/thanathorn-reiterates-calls-for-senate-switch-off
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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