1st Rhode Island Regiment

For the Civil War unit, see First Regiment Rhode Island U.S. Volunteers.

Varnum's Regiment 9th Continental Regiment 1st Rhode Island Regiment Rhode Island Regiment Rhode Island Battalion First Regiment Rhode Island Infantry
This 1780 drawing of American soldiers from the Yorktown campaign shows (far left) a black infantryman from the Rhode Island Regiment.
Active	1775–1783
Country	United States of America
Allegiance	Rhode Island
Branch	Continental Army
Type	Infantry
Part of	Rhode Island Line
Nickname(s)	Varnum's Continentals (1775–76) Black Regiment (1778–80)
Colors	White uniforms
Engagements	Siege of Boston, New York campaign, Battle of Red Bank, Battle of Rhode Island, Siege of Yorktown
Commanders
Notable commanders	James Mitchell Varnum, Christopher Greene, Jeremiah Olney
Insignia
War Flag	100px

The 1st Rhode Island Regiment was a Continental Army regiment from Rhode Island during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Like most regiments of the Continental Army, the unit went through several incarnations and name changes. It became well known as the "Black Regiment" because, for a time, it had several companies of African American soldiers. It is regarded as the first African-American military regiment, despite the fact that its ranks were not exclusively African-American.

History

Varnum's Regiment

Like many Continental Army regiments, the 1st Rhode Island was initially formed by a colonial or state government before being taken into the national (or "Continental") army. The revolutionary Rhode Island Assembly authorized the regiment on 6 May 1775 as part of the Rhode Island Army of Observation. The regiment was organized on 8 May 1775 under Colonel James Mitchell Varnum, and was therefore often known as "Varnum's Regiment". It consisted of eight companies of volunteers from Kent and King Counties.

Varnum marched the regiment to Roxbury, Massachusetts, in June 1775, where it took part in the siege of Boston. The regiment was adopted into the Continental Army on 14 June 1775. On 28 June it was reorganized into ten companies. On 28 July 1775, it was assigned to General Nathanael Greene's Brigade in General George Washington's Main Army.

9th Continental Regiment

In 1776, the Continental Army was completely reorganized, with many regiments receiving new names. On 1 January 1776, Varnum's Regiment was reorganized with eight companies and re-designated as the 9th Continental Regiment. Under Colonel Varnum the regiment took part in the disastrous 1776 campaign, retreating from New York with the Main Army.

1st Rhode Island Regiment

In 1777, the Continental Army was reorganized once again, and on 1 January 1777 the 9th Continental Regiment was re-designated as the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum no longer commanded the regiment, having been made a brigadier general; his eventual successor was Colonel Christopher Greene, a distant cousin of General Nathanael Greene. Under Colonel Greene the regiment successfully defended Fort Mercer at the Battle of Red Bank on 22 October 1777 against an assault by 2,000 Hessians.

"Black Regiment"

In 1778, when Rhode Island was having difficulties recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the Continental Congress, the Rhode Island Assembly decided to pursue a suggestion made by General Varnum and enlist slaves in 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded the letter to the governor of Rhode Island without explicitly approving or disapproving of the plan. On the 14th of February 1778, the Rhode Island Assembly voted to allow the enlistment of "every able-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave" that chose to do so, and that "every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel Christopher Greene, be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free...." The owners of slaves who enlisted were to be compensated by the Assembly in an amount equal to the market value of the slave.

A total of 88 slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, as well as some free black men. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; probably fewer than 140 of these were African Americans. The 1st Rhode Island Regiment became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of black soldiers. (Other regiments that allowed black men to enlist were integrated.) The enlistment of slaves had been controversial, and after June 1778, no more non-white men were enlisted. The unit continued to be known as the "Black Regiment" even though only white men were thereafter recruited into the regiment to replace losses, a process which eventually made the regiment an integrated unit.

Under Colonel Greene, the regiment fought in the Battle of Rhode Island in August 1778. The regiment played a fairly minor—but praised—role in the battle, suffering three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.

Like most of the Main Army, the regiment saw little action over the next few years, since the focus of the war had shifted to the south. In May 1781, Colonel Greene, Major Ebenezer Flagg and several black soldiers were killed in a skirmish with Loyalists at Greene's headquarters on the Croton River in Westchester County, New York. Greene's body was mutilated by the Loyalists, apparently as punishment for having led black soldiers against them.

Rhode Island Regiment

On 1 January 1781, the regiment was consolidated with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment and re-designated as the Rhode Island Regiment. It took part in the siege of Yorktown.

On 15 June 1783, the veteran "during the war" enlisted men of the Rhode Island Regiment were discharged at Saratoga, New York. The remaining soldiers of the Regiment who were enlisted for "three years" were organized into a small Battalion of two companies known as the "Rhode Island Battalion". This unit was disbanded on 25 December 1783 at Saratoga, New York.

Campaign credit

• Boston
• Long Island
• New Jersey, 1777
• Rhode Island, 1778
• Yorktown

References

• Lanning, Michael Lee. African Americans in the Revolutionary War. New York: Citadel Press, 2005.
• Lengel, Edward G. General George Washington: A Military Life. New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6081-8.
• Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1983. Available, in part, online from the U.S. Army website.

Further reading

• "Death Seem'd to Stare": The New Hampshire And Rhode Island Regiments at Valley Forge by Joseph Lee Boyle, Clearfield Co, 1995 ISBN 0-8063-5267-1
• Greene, Lorenzo J. "Some Observations on the Black Regiment of Rhode Island in the American Revolution." The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 2, April 1952

External links

• "Deeds of Desperate Valor": The First Rhode Island Regiment by Gretchen A. Adams, University of New Hampshire.
• Bibliography of the Continental Army in Rhode Island compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
• Recreated 1st Rhode Island Regiment, Continental Army, (CTL) Continental Line (organization)
• (1st) Rhode Island Regiment, Continental Army (video)
• 1st Rhode Island Regiment Reenactors (Continental Army) (video)