African Free School
The African Free School was an institution founded by members of the New York Manumission Society on November 2, 1787, including Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. It was founded to provide education to children of slaves and free people of color.
History
The school was founded by the New York Manumission Society, an organization that advocated the full abolition of African slavery; in 1785 the group gained passage of a New York state law prohibiting the sale of slaves imported into the state. This preceded the national law prohibiting the slave trade, which went into effect in 1808. The New York law also eased restrictions on the manumission of enslaved Africans. The society's members were all white, male, wealthy, and influential.[1] The society was founded by John Jay, a statesman and abolitionist, and included Alexander Hamilton among its members.
Established in 1794, the first school was a one-room school house that held about 40 students.[1] Originally the Manumission Society hired white teachers, but it eventually employed black teachers as well. It was an early form of "charity schooling," supported by donations for the city's poorest residents. In 1809 the school's trustees hired Charles Andrews, an Englishman, to teach at the school. Andrews utilized the methods of Joseph Lancaster, an English school reformer whose system employed student assistants or "monitors," permitting a single teacher to conduct classes as large as several hundred. By all accounts, Andrews was passionately committed to the idea that his black students were just as bright as whites, if not even smarter. Under his leadership the institution grew significantly, moving to a new building on William St in 1815. Five years later an even bigger facility was opened on Mulberry St, near Grand. By then enrollment was approaching 700 and the schools were gaining a wide reputation for success. Andrews published a book in 1821 celebrating the schools' accomplishments, and they became a frequent stopping point for visitors to the city.
After opening yet other schools with enrollment surpassing a thousand children, a crisis unfolded in the early 1830s when Andrews publicly advocated the idea that American blacks should be colonized in Africa, one of the period's most controversial racial issues. Black students boycotted the schools, leading to Andrews' dismissal in 1832 and the hiring of black teachers to replace whites in each of the city's African Free Schools. By 1835, when the schools ended their run as privately supported institutions, the African Free School had seven buildings in different neighborhoods, and it had educated thousands of girls and boys. At that time the African Free Schools and their facilities were integrated into the public school system. This was several years after all slaves were freed in 1827.
The state had passed a gradual emancipation law in 1799, which first provided that children of slave mothers would be born free, but required to have lengthy periods as indentured servants, to 28 years of age for men and 25 for women, before being socially free. Gradually, existing slaves were freed, until the last were freed in 1827.
Notable alumni
- Dr. James McCune Smith, the first African American to earn a university medical degree, physician, writer and abolitionist.[2]
- Ira Aldridge, actor
- Henry Highland Garnet, seaman and abolitionist
- Alexander Crummell, minister and early black nationalist[2]
- Patrick H. Reason, engraver[2]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "African Free School", New York History
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Biographies: African Free School, New-York History
John L. Rury, "The New York African Free School, 1827-1836: Community Conflict over Community Control of Black Education," Phylon, Vol. 44, No. 3 (1983) pp. 187–197.
Sources
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External links
- African Free School at New-York Historical Society
- Finding Aid for African Free School Records, New-York Historical Society
- "African Free School Records, 1817-1832", Digitized Collection, New-York Historical Society
