Unified Patent Court

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Unified Patent Court
195 px
Logo of the UPC
Formation To be established by treaty
Type Intergovernmental organization, court of several EU member states
Legal status Proposed
Headquarters Paris (court of first instance, central division)
Luxembourg (court of appeal and registry)
Website Unified Patent Court official website

The Unified Patent Court (UPC) is a proposed common patent court open for participation of all member states of the European Union. The Court will hear cases regarding infringement and revocation proceedings of European patents (including unitary patents) valid in the territories of the participating states, with a single court ruling being directly applicable throughout those territories. Requesting unitary patents upon the grant of certain European patents will be possible from the establishment of the UPC. The Court is to be established by the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court,[1] which was signed as an intergovernmental treaty in February 2013 by 25 states (all EU member states except Spain, Poland and Croatia). It will enter into force on the first day of the fourth month after meeting three predefined conditions. The UPC comprises a Court of First Instance, a Court of Appeal in Luxembourg, an Arbitration and Mediation Center and a common Registry. The Court of First Instance will consist of a central division in Paris (with thematic sections in London and Munich) along with several local and regional divisions.

Background

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Further information: European patent and European Union patent

European patents are granted by the European Patent Office under the 1973 European Patent Convention. 38 countries (including all countries of the European Union) are parties to the Convention. After grant, a European patent essentially[notes 1] becomes "a bundle of national patents" (subject, in some countries,[notes 2] to translation requirements in an official language of that country) in all countries separately, after which renewal fees are also due in all countries. Infringement procedures in one country have essentially no effect in others, which sometimes leads to multiple lawsuits regarding the same European patent in different countries; sometimes leading to different results. To reduce translation and litigation costs, the European Union has passed legislation regarding European patents with unitary effect. Registration of unitary effect is to be organized by the European Patent Office and is expected to result in limited translation requirements and a single renewal fee for the whole territory. As Spain and Italy objected to the translation requirements (featuring only the European Patent Convention languages English, German and French), they did not originally participate in the regulation, which was thus been organized as an enhanced cooperation mechanism between member states, though Italy subsequently joined. Unitary patent protection however also requires a uniform litigation system, provided for with the Unified Patent Court, constituted with the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, signed on 19 February 2013. The Agreement also incorporates many of the provisions of the proposed European Patent Litigation Agreement.[2]

Locations

Unified Patent Court is located in European Union
Court
Court
Court
Court
Court
Court
Arbitration/Mediation
Arbitration/Mediation
Arbitration/Mediation
Arbitration/Mediation
Court of Appeal
Court of Appeal
Locations of the Court of First Instance (Central division, "Court"), the Court of Appeal and the Arbitration centre. In addition, several local and regional divisions of the Court of First Instance will be established.

The Court of First Instance would have a central division with its seat in Paris and thematic sections in London (focusing on chemistry cases, including pharmaceuticals, i.e. International Patent Classification (IPC) classification C, and human necessities, i.e. IPC classification A) and Munich (mechanical engineering cases, i.e. IPC classification F) each expected to take about 30% of the case load.[3][4] Furthermore, participating countries may set up a single or (if conditions regarding minimum case load are met) multiple local divisions of the court. Countries may also set up a regional division, serving as the local division of the group. The agreement does not define which countries would set up local or regional divisions.

The court of Appeal would be located in Luxembourg and would also serve as the registry.[5]

Training of judges would take place in Budapest, while Lisbon and Ljubljana would host Patent Arbitration and Mediation Centres.[5] The training centre for judges and candidate judges was officially opened on 13 March 2014 in Budapest.[6]

Court of First Instance

While the locations of the Central Court have been fixed in an Annex to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, Contracting States are free to set up local or regional divisions up to a maximum number. Not all locations of regional and local divisions have been announced. The characteristics of known divisions and their territorial jurisdiction is shown below:

Type State(s) concerned Location Language(s) Reference
Central All Paris English, French, German
Central (Section) All London English, French, German [7]
Central (Section) All Munich English, French, German
Regional Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden Stockholm English [8]
Local Austria Vienna [9]
Local Belgium Brussels Dutch, English, French, German [10]
Local Denmark Copenhagen Danish, English [11]
Local France Paris [12]
Local Finland English, Finnish, Swedish [13]
Local Germany Düsseldorf [14]
Local Germany Hamburg [14]
Local Germany Mannheim [14]
Local Germany Munich [14]
Local Ireland [15]
Local Netherlands [16]
Local United Kingdom London [7]

Operation

The system would include both legally qualified and technically qualified judges, who would sit in a composition of three (Court of First Instance) or five (Court of Appeal) judges. Local divisions may request (on their own proposal or on the request of one of the parties) to have an extra technically qualified judge added.

An overview of the composition of the judges is shown below:

Division type Court number of judges Nationals of the division Legally qualified judges Technically qualified judges
Central First Instance 3A 2 1
Local (<50 cases/year) First Instance 3 (4)B 1 3 0 (1)B
Local (>50 cases/year) First Instance 3 (4)B 2 3 0 (1)B
Court of Appeal Appeal 5 3A 2

A Of different nationalities
B Upon request of one of the parties (or the panel)
Appeals may be brought before the Court of Appeal both on points of law or on the facts of the case. In case of questions regarding the interpretation of EU law, questions can be submitted to the European Court of Justice.

Proceedings would take in principle place in the local language of the division and in the language in which the patent was granted (English, German and French) in the central division. The court of appeal would proceed in the language used at the court of first instance.

Leadership

Three committees are to be constituted "to ensure effective operation and implementation" of the Agreement:[17]

  • Administrative committee
  • Budget committee
  • Advisory committee

A preparatory committee was established enabling entry into force when the required number of ratifications is reached. The committee is headed by Paul van Beukering and held its first meeting in March 2013.[2]

Sources of law and applicable law

Article 24 of the Agreement provides for the sources of law that judges should base their decisions on:

  • Union law, including the two regulations regarding the unitary patent
  • Agreement on a Unified Patent Court;
  • The European Patent Convention
  • Other international agreements applicable to patents and binding on all the Member States
  • National law

For the evaluation of which national law applies, regulations governing private international law -of which the Rome I and Rome II regulations form the corner stone- that are part of the law of the European Union as well as multilateral agreements are leading. As any court in the European Union, the decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union are binding to the court.

Unified rules for infringement-exceptions

The Unified Patent Court agreement establishes several bases for the use of patented information without permission of the patent holder. These bases are applicable to European patents with and without unitary effect. The exceptions, given in Article 27, provide amongst others for:[18]

  • private and non-commercial use
  • use on airplanes and ships of third states, while temporarily in the territory of a participating member state
  • decompiling software covered by patented information
  • breeding of patented material

Competence

The Unified Patent Court court would have competence to hear cases regarding European patents with unitary effect (European patents for which "unitary effect" is registered with the European Patent Office) as well as for other European patents registered with countries for which the agreement is applicable.[5] In the latter case of European patents without unitary effect during a 7-year transition period, cases may also be brought before national courts and proprietors of patents may opt out from the exclusive competence of the Unified Patent Court.[5] Decisions would be valid for the full territory of the state where the patent is valid. Cases may concern patent infringement, revocation, declarations of non-infringement and establishments of damages. The proceedings include a counterclaim from the opposed party. The competence includes supplementary protection certificates.[5]

The existing competences of the European Patent Office remain unchanged: A so-called opposition procedure dealing with the validity of the patent (but not with infringement) may also be brought before the European Patent Office during a 9-month period after the grant of the patent. Decisions by the European Patent Office are valid throughout the territory where the European patent is valid and may thus encompass 38 countries. Furthermore, countries may still grant their own national patents independently of the European Patent Office. Such patents are not litigated in the Unified Patent Court.

Legal basis

Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
{{{image_alt}}}
Ratifiers of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
  unitary patent participants
Signatories of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
  unitary patent participants
  unitary patent participants (eligible for UPC participation)
  other EU member states (eligible for UPC participation)
  other EPC parties (no UPC participation possible)
Type Intergovernmental agreement
Signed February 19, 2013 (2013-02-19)[19]
Location Brussels, Belgium
Effective Not in force
Condition Amendment of the Brussels I Regulation, ratification by the 3 largest patent granting states (France, Germany, United Kingdom), and ratification by at least 13 states in total.
Signatories 25 EU member states (All except: Croatia, Poland and Spain)[19][20]
Ratifiers 9[19]
Depositary General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union
Languages English, German and French
Agreement on a Unified Patent Court at Wikisource

The Agreement on a Unified Patent Court establishes the court as a court of the member states. As a court established by treaty participating in the interoperation of European Union law, it bears similarities to the Benelux Court of Justice.[21] An initial proposal, which shared many similarities with the proposed European Patent Litigation Agreement, and which included non-EU countries, was found to be incompatible with EU law by the Court of Justice of the European Union, as it would lead to a court not falling fully within the legal system of the European Union and thus without the possibility to ask prejudicial questions to the EU court of justice.[22] As a result, the court was established by an intergovernmental treaty between the participating states outside the framework of the EU, but only open to members of the EU.[23]

Signatures

The agreement was signed on 19 February 2013 in Brussels by 24 states: 23 states then participating in the unitary patent (all except Poland and Bulgaria), as well as Italy. It is open to any member state of the European Union (whether they participated in the unitary patent or not), but not to other parties to the European Patent Convention. Bulgaria signed the agreement on 5 March, after finalizing their internal procedures.[24][25] Meanwhile, Poland decided to wait to see how the new patent system works before joining due to concerns that it would harm their economy.[26] While Italy did not originally participate in the unitary patent regulations, it formally joined them in September 2015.[27] Regardless of the outcome of that process, becoming a party to the UPC agreement will allow the court to handle European patents which are in force in the country.[28] Spain and Croatia (which subsequently acceded to the EU in July 2013) are the only EU member states not participating in either the UPC or the unitary patent, although it is open to either of these countries to accede to the unitary patent system at any time.

Entry into force

The agreement will enter into force for the first group of ratifiers on the first day of the fourth month after all of the following three conditions have been met.[1][5]

Conditions for entry into force Status Date satisfied
Brussels I Regulation amendment entry into force In force 30 May 2014
Ratification by 3 states with most European patents
in effect in 2012 (France, Germany, United Kingdom)		 1[19] -
Ratification or accession by at least 13 states 9[19] -

For signatories ratifying or acceding after the overall entry into force of the agreement, their membership shall take effect on the first day of the fourth month after the member state deposits its instrument of ratification or accession.[1]

Activities before entry into force

For operations of the Unified Patent Court to commence, the agreement shall have entered into force, and practical arrangements have to be made. To this end, five working groups of the Preparatory Committee have been established to conduct the preparatory work.[29] The Preparatory Committee indicated in March 2013 that early 2015 was a realistic target date for commencement of operations for the Unified Patent Court,[2] but a Ministry of Economic Development statement in June 2015, indicated that the Preparatory Committee would publish an updated roadmap in September 2015, in which the UPC's commencement of operations would be postponed to "the end of 2016".[30]

Pre-selection of candidate UPC judges took place in 2014,[31] with the first training activities taking place in 2015.[32]

Rules regarding representation before the court were approved in September 2015. They include the requirements for the European Patent Litigation Certificate (for which academic courses will be accredited), as well as equivalent certificates that will be accepted during a transition period. Patent attorneys with a law degree are exempted from EPLC.[33]

The preparatory committee expects the rules of procedure, which are currently in their 15th draft, to be adopted in October 2015.[34]

According to the Preparatory Committee's roadmap, the last testing phase of the courts operational IT system shall be completed in the fourth quarter of 2015.[35] Getting the courts operational IT system up and running after a successful test phase, is expected to be the last deciding point for when the court can and will become operational.[36] The contracts for this IT work to begin, were signed with 1 June 2015 as starting date.[37]

Provisional application

Discussions on a Protocol to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court on Provisional Application were closed in September 2015. The protocol was signed by 8 states on 7 October 2015: Denmark, Germany (subject to ratification), Hungary, France, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom.[34][38][39] Provisional application allows amongst others hiring of judges and moving to the court premises. Provisional application starts when 13 states (including Germany, France and United Kingdom) have ratified the Unified Patent Court Agreement, or when they have indicated to have finished their parliamentary process.[40][41]

Select committee

Beside completion of the work of the Preparatory Committee, the EPO Select Committee performs preparatory work for implementation of the unitary patent, to be "completed in due time before the entry into operation of the UPC", as unitary patent regulations apply from the date the UPC agreement enters into force.[42] As of June 2015, the Select Committee expected to complete its work in Autumn 2015.[43]

Ratification

In October 2013, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy stated that the "dream of a single patent still isn't fully fulfilled" and he "urged the EU's member states to ratify the agreement."[44] A list of signatory countries is shown below including the status of ratification.[19]

Signatory Signature[20] Institution Conclusion
date		 Majority
needed		 In favour Against AB Deposited[19] Ref.
 Austria 19 February 2013 Federal Council 18 July 2013 50% Majority approval 6 August 2013 [45][46]
National Council 6 July 2013 50% Majority approval[lower-alpha 1] [48][49]
Presidential Assent -
 Belgium 19 February 2013 Senate 13 March 2014 50% 46 8 0 6 June 2014 [50][51]
Chamber of Representatives 23 April 2014 50% 107 19 0 [52][53]
Royal Assent 27 May 2014 - Granted [50]
 Bulgaria 5 March 2013[lower-alpha 2] National Assembly 8 April 2016 50% Approved [54]
Presidential Assent 18 April 2016 - Granted [55]
 Cyprus 19 February 2013 House of Representatives
Presidential Assent -
 Czech Republic 19 February 2013 Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent -
 Denmark 19 February 2013 Folketing 29 April 2014 50%[56][lower-alpha 3] 90 21 0 20 June 2014 [58][59]
Referendum 25 May 2014 50% 62.5% 37.5% - [60]
Royal Assent 2 June 2014 - Granted [61]
 Estonia 19 February 2013 Riigikogu
Presidential Assent -
 Finland 19 February 2013 Parliament 8 December 2015 Approved 19 January 2016 [62][63][64]
Presidential Assent 8 January 2016 - Granted [65]
 France[lower-alpha 4] 19 February 2013 National Assembly 13 February 2014 50%[66][67] Approved 14 March 2014 [68][69][70]
Senate 21 November 2013 50%[67][71] Majority approval [68][72][73]
Presidential Assent 24 February 2014 - Granted [68]
 Germany[lower-alpha 4] 19 February 2013 Bundestag
Bundesrat
Presidential Assent -
 Greece 19 February 2013 Parliament
Presidential Promulgation -
 Hungary 19 February 2013 National Assembly
Presidential Assent -
 Ireland 19 February 2013 House of Representatives 50%[74]
Senate 50%[74]
Referendum 50%[74][75]
Presidential Assent -
 Italy 19 February 2013 Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent -
 Latvia 19 February 2013 Parliament
Presidential Assent -
 Lithuania 19 February 2013 Parliament
Presidential Assent -
 Luxembourg 19 February 2013 Chamber of Deputies 18 March 2015 58 0 0 22 May 2015 [76]
Grand Ducal Assent 12 April 2015 - Granted [77]
 Malta 19 February 2013 House of Representatives 21 January 2014 50%[78] Unanimous 9 December 2014 [79][80]
 Netherlands 19 February 2013 Senate [81]
House of Representatives [82]
Royal Promulgation -
 Portugal 19 February 2013 Assembly 10 April 2015 Approved 28 August 2015 [83]
Presidential Assent 6 August 2015 - Granted [84]
 Romania 19 February 2013 House of Representatives
Senate
Presidential Assent -
 Slovakia 19 February 2013 National Council
Presidential Assent -
 Slovenia 19 February 2013 National Assembly [85][86]
Presidential Assent -
 Sweden 19 February 2013 Riksdagen 27 May 2014 by acclamation 5 June 2014 [87][88]
 United Kingdom,[lower-alpha 4]
and  Isle of Man[18]		 19 February 2013 House of Commons (IPA 2014) 12 March 2014[lower-alpha 5] 50%[89] Approved [90][91]
House of Lords (IPA 2014) 30 July 2013[lower-alpha 5] 50%[89] Approved [90][92]
Royal Assent (IPA 2014) 14 May 2014[lower-alpha 5] - Granted [90]
House of Commons (Patents Order 2016) 2 March 2016[lower-alpha 5] 50% Approved [93][94]
House of Lords (Patents Order 2016) 10 March 2016[lower-alpha 5] 50% Approved [93][95]
Royal Assent (Patents Order 2016) 12 March 2016[lower-alpha 5] - Granted [96]
= States which have ratified the agreement
= States which must ratify the agreement for it to enter into force
Notes
  1. ↑ SPÖ, ÖVP, FPÖ and Team Stronach voted in favour, while Grüne and BZÖ voted against the Unified Patent Court law.[47]
  2. ↑ The date reported by the agreements database of the depositary is 19 February 2013, while news reports and a dedicated EU patent ratification page of the depositary reports 5 March 2013.[20]
  3. ↑ In combination with a successful referendum, a 50% majority is required in the Folketing. If no referendum is held, a 5/6 majority of the Folketing is required.[57]
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ratification required for entry into force.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 These instruments serve for the implementation of the UPC agreement, but do not constitute approval acts of the Agreement, as such acts are formally not required in the UK. See #Ratification notes for details regarding the ratification procedure

Ratification notes

Denmark

The Ministry of Justice in Denmark issued its opinion in May 2013 that a referendum, or 5/6 majority in the Folketing, was necessary for Denmark to ratify the agreement due to constitutional requirements on the transfer of sovereignty.[57][97] The Danish People's Party and Red-Green Alliance, which controlled enough seats in the Folketing (22 and 12 respectively, or a little more than 1/6 of the 179 seats) to block ratification without referendum, stated that a referendum should be held.[57] The People's Party said they would support the UPC if the governing parties promise to either hold a referendum on the proposed EU Banking Union or increase restrictions on the distribution of welfare benefits to foreign nationals in Denmark.[98] After a parliamentary agreement could not be reached, a UPC referendum was held together with the EP election on 25 May 2014.[99] The Danish constitution states that the referendum defaults to a 'yes', unless: at least 30% of all eligible to vote (not the votes cast) vote 'no' and more than 50% of the votes cast vote 'no'.[100] The referendum resulted in 62.5% yes votes,[60] leading to approval of the ratification act with a deposit of the instrument of ratification on 20 June 2014.[19]

Ireland

Ireland initially scheduled a referendum on a constitutional amendment required to ratify the agreement for the autumn of 2013,[101] but it was subsequently postponed to an unscheduled date after the 2014 European Parliament election.[102][103] The Irish minister responsible for the matter, Richard Bruton, confirmed in May 2014 that a constitutional referendum will be held, but the timing had not been decided by the government.[104] The Irish government later revealed in its legislation programme, that it has planned to publish the required "Amendment of the Constitution" bill during the course of 2015, which will amend Article 29 of the Constitution to recognize the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court,[105] and after parliamentary approval will be put to a referendum. In May 2015, the Irish Minister for Children and Youth Affairs stated his government did not plan for holding any referendums during the remainder of its legislative term, meaning the Irish referendum and UPC ratification would be postponed only to happen after April 2016.[106]

United Kingdom

In the UK, there is no requirement for a formal law approving of treaties before their ratification, the Ponsonby Rule requires they must be laid before Parliament with an explanatory memorandum,[107] which the government did for the UPC Agreement on 23 June 2013.[108] The Intellectual Property Act (IPA 2014) was approved by parliament and entered into force on 14 May 2014. Section 17 of IPA 2014 empowers the Secretary of State to make provision by order for giving effect in the United Kingdom to jurisdiction for the Unified Patent Court, provided that a draft of the order has been approved by Parliament.[109] This means that ratification of the UPC agreement will not take place before parliament's approval of the related implementation orders. The first order, entitled "Patents (European Patent with Unitary Effect and Unified Patent Court) Order 2015", was submitted by the government on 10 June 2014 for a technical review with a 2 September 2014 deadline for replies.[18] The government presented the results of its technical review consultation in March 2015, and then on basis of this began the process to complete the final version of its draft order to the parliament.[110] In June 2015, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: "It is the Government’s intention for our domestic preparations [for ratification of the UPC] to be completed by Spring 2016."[111] The Government laid the domestic implementing order before Parliament 21 January 2016.[112] A second Statutory Instrument is needed to endorse the UPC Protocol on Privileges and Immunities after it has been agreed by the UPC Preparatory Committee; this will then complete the UK ratification of the UPC[112]

Isle of Man: In July 2013, the government of Isle of Man requested to be included in the UK ratification of the UPC agreement if possible.[113] The UK government plans to extend the Unified Patent Court Agreement to the Isle of Man, and to cooperate with the dependency to apply the unitary patent there upon entry into force of the UPC agreement.[18] According to Article 34 of the UPC Agreement, "Decisions of the Court shall cover, in the case of a European patent [without unitary effect], the territory of those Contracting Member States for which the European patent has effect". The European Patent Convention has been extended to the Isle of Man and all European patents valid in UK are currently also automatically valid in Isle of Man.

Amendment of the Brussels I regulation

A proposal for amendments of the Brussels I regulation was presented by the European Commission on 26 July 2013, and needed to be approved by the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament.[114] By the votes 523 against 98, the Parliament approved an amended version of the amendment on 15 April 2014.[115] The same amendment was adopted by the Council of the European Union in a Ecofin Council meeting on 6 May 2014,[116] and formally entered into force on 30 May 2014 as Regulation 542/2014.[117] Regulation 542/2014 amends the recast Brussels I Regulation 1215/2012, which is applicable from January 2015, and asserts that the Unified Patent Court has jurisdiction within the European Union if a contracting state to the Agreement would have jurisdiction in a matter regulated by the Agreement. It furthermore renders the jurisdiction rules applicable in cases between parties in one EU country and parties from a country outside the Union, a situation where normally national law, rather than EU law applies.

Legal challenges

Spain and Italy both filed individual actions for annulment of the unitary patent regulation with the European Court of Justice (CJEU cases C-274/11 and C-295/11) in May 2011, arguing the use of enhanced cooperation was improper and the introduced trilingual (English, French, German) language regime system for the unitary patent, which they viewed as discriminatory to other EU languages, would be non-compliant with the EU treaties because of distorting competition, causing a misuse of Council powers and functioning detrimental to the internal market.[118][119] On 16 April 2013, CJEU rejected both complaints.[118][120]

In March 2013, Spain filed two new actions for annulment (CJEU cases C-146/13[121] and C-147/13[122]) of (part of) the two unitary patent regulations, arguing there is a "misapplication of the Meroni case law" in the delegation of administrative tasks to the European Patent Office, because its setting and distributing of renewal fees is not subject to the necessary EU supervision.[123] The cases were subject to court hearing on 1 July 2014.[124][125] Advocate-General Yves Bot published his opinion on 18 November 2014, suggesting that both actions be dismissed (ECLI:EU:C:2014:2380 and ECLI:EU:C:2014:2381). If the Spanish complaints would have been upheld by the Court this could have delaied or blocked the introduction of the unitary patent.[126] The court handed down its decisions on 5 May 2015 as ECLI:EU:C:2015:298 and ECLI:EU:C:2015:299 fully dismissing the Spanish claims.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Opposition, limitation and revocation proceedings are still available centrally after grant.
  2. ↑ See also London Agreement (2000).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ http://www.bmvit.gv.at/presse/aktuell/nvm/2015/0120OTS0109.html
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  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Article 10 of the Agreement
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ http://tvnewsroom.consilium.europa.eu/event/competitiveness-council-october-2015/doorstep-es-soria1#event-media
  39. ↑ http://unitary-patent.blogspot.sk/2015/11/hungary-signs-protocol-of-unified.html
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=2015056
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  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ http://www.parliament.bg/bg/bills/ID/42025
  55. ↑ http://www.parliament.bg/bg/laws/ID/42025
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