Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)

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Alexander Dallas
File:Alexander J. Dallas.jpg
United States Secretary of War
In office
March 2, 1815 – August 1, 1815
President James Madison
Preceded by James Monroe
Succeeded by William H. Crawford
6th United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
October 6, 1814 – October 21, 1816
President James Madison
Preceded by George W. Campbell
Succeeded by William H. Crawford
1st Reporter of Decisions of the United States Supreme Court
In office
1790–1800
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by William Cranch
Personal details
Born Alexander James Dallas
(1759-06-21)June 21, 1759
Kingston, Jamaica
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party Democratic-Republican
Spouse(s) Arabella Smith (m. 1780)
Signature Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)'s signature

Alexander James Dallas (June 21, 1759 – January 16, 1817) was an American statesman who served as the 6th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1814 to 1816 under President James Madison.[1]

Early life

Dallas was born in Kingston, Jamaica, to Dr. Robert Charles Dallas and Sarah Elizabeth (Cormack) Hewitt. His brother was Robert Charles Dallas, who wrote a history of the Jamaican Maroons. Dr Dallas bought the Boar Castle estate on the Cane River, Jamaica in 1758, changing its name to Dallas Castle. This property included 900 acres and 91 slaves. Dr Dallas left the island in 1764, having mortgaged the estate and put it in a trust.[2][3]

When Alexander was five, his family moved to Edinburgh and then to London. There he studied under James Elphinston, a Scottish educator and linguist. He planned to study law, but was unable to afford it. In 1780, Alexander married Arabella Maria Smith (1761–1837) of Pennsylvania. Arabella came from a family lineage with prominent connections to the British military as the daughter of Maj. George Smith of the British Army and Arabella Barlow, and a great-granddaughter of Sir Nicholas Trevanion,[4] by way of Rev. William Barlow and Arabella Trevanion. In 1781, the newlyweds moved to Jamaica. There, Alexander was admitted to the bar through his father's connections. However, Maria's health suffered in Jamaica, and they subsequently moved to Philadelphia in 1783, where he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1785. To supplement his budding law practice, he also took side jobs editing the Pennsylvania Herald from 1787 to 1788 and the Columbian Magazine from 1787 to 1789.

File:Arabella Maria Smith Dallas.jpg
Arabella Maria Smith Dallas

U.S. Supreme Court Reporter

When the United States Supreme Court came to Philadelphia in 1791, he would become their first reporter of decisions starting with West v. Barnes (1791). Because the post of reporter was an unofficial one, Dallas carried out his work publishing the official United States Reports volumes from his own funds. The volumes, of which he produced only four, were faulted for being incomplete, inaccurate, and extremely tardy. For example, the landmark ruling in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) which prompted the Eleventh Amendment, was not reported by Dallas until five years later, well after the Amendment had been ratified. When the Court moved to the new capital, Washington, D.C., he abandoned reporting of decisions, declaring: "I have found such miserable encouragement for my reports that I have determined to call them all in, and devote them to the rats in the State-House."[5] He was a founder of the Democratic-Republican Societies in 1793.

Secretary of the Commonwealth

Governor Thomas Mifflin named Dallas Secretary of the Commonwealth, a post he held from 1791 to 1801. Because Mifflin was an alcoholic, Dallas functioned as de facto governor for much of the late 1790s. Dallas helped found the Democratic-Republican party in Pennsylvania and advocated a strict construction of the new Constitution.

U.S. Attorney and Secretary of Treasury

Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Dallas as Secretary of the Treasury.
File:DALLAS, Alexander J-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg
Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Dallas as Secretary of the Treasury.

In 1801, he was named United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and served in that capacity until 1814. His friend Albert Gallatin was Treasury Secretary when the War of 1812 began and Dallas helped Gallatin obtain funds to fight Britain. The war nearly bankrupted the federal government by the time Dallas replaced Gallatin as Treasury Secretary. Dallas reorganized the Treasury Department, brought the government budget back into surplus, championed the creation of the Second Bank of the United States, and put the nation back on the specie system based on gold and silver.[6]

Acting Secretary of War and Acting Secretary of State

From March 2, 1815, to August 1, 1815, he was acting Secretary of War and for a time that year was acting Secretary of State as well. He returned to Philadelphia, but lived only a year.

He was a member of the American Philosophical Society from 1791 and a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania.

Honors

Dallas County, Alabama, and Dallas Township, Pennsylvania, are named for him. Six U.S. Coast Guard Cutters have been named DALLAS, the most recent was USCGC DALLAS (WHEC-716). Fort Dallas in Florida and the U.S. Navy ship USS Dallas (DD-199) were named after his son, Alexander J. Dallas, who died during his Navy service.

His other son George Mifflin Dallas was Vice President under James K. Polk and one possible namesake for Dallas, Texas; his father and brother are other possible namesakes of the Texas city.

His daughter, Sophia Burrell Dallas, married on April 4, 1805 Richard Bache, Jr., the son of Richard Bache, Sr. and Sarah Franklin Bache. Her husband's father was a marine insurance underwriter and importer in Philadelphia who served as United States Postmaster General from 1776 to 1782. Her husband's mother, known as Sally, was the only daughter of Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, and his common-law wife, Deborah Read.

Dallas was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1791.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Raymond Walters, Jr. Alexander James Dallas Lawyer, Politician, Financier, 1759–1817 (1943).
  2. ↑ Ashcroft, Michael (1975). "Robert Charles Dalles identified as the author of an anonymous book about Jamaica". Jamaica Journal. 9 (1): 94–101.
  3. ↑ University College London, Legacies of British Slave-Ownership https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146651101 Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Raymond Walters Jr, "The origins of the Second Bank of the United States." Journal of Political Economy 53.2 (1945): 115–131. online
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Legal offices
Preceded by
(none)
 Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
1790–1800		 Succeeded by
William Cranch
Political offices
Preceded by U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
Served under: James Madison
1814–1816		 Succeeded by
William H. Crawford
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