Amelogenesis imperfecta

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Amelogenesis imperfecta
File:B amelogenesis imperfecta.jpg
Amelogenesis imperfecta, hypoplastic type. Note the association of pitted enamel and open bite.
Classification and external resources
Specialty Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
ICD-10 K00.5
ICD-9-CM 520.5
DiseasesDB 31408
MedlinePlus 001578
Patient UK Amelogenesis imperfecta
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Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) presents with a rare abnormal formation of the enamel[1] or external layer of the crown of teeth. Enamel is composed mostly of mineral, that is formed and regulated by the proteins in it. Amelogenesis imperfecta is due to the malfunction of the proteins in the enamel: ameloblastin, enamelin, tuftelin and amelogenin.

People afflicted with amelogenesis imperfecta have teeth with abnormal color: yellow, brown or grey; this disorder can afflict any number of teeth of both dentitions. The teeth have a higher risk for dental cavities and are hypersensitive to temperature changes as well as rapid attrition, excessive calculus deposition, and gingival hyperplasia.[2]

Genetics

Mutations in the AMELX,[3] ENAM,[4] MMP20,[5] KLK-4,[6] FAM83H,[7] WDR72,[8] C4orf26,[9] SLC24A4 [10] LAMB3 [11] and ITGB6 [12] genes have been found to cause amelogenesis imperfecta (non-syndromic form). AMELX and ENAM encode extracellular matrix proteins of the developing tooth enamel and KLK-4 and MMP20 encode proteases that help degrade organic matter from the enamel matrix during the maturation stage of amelogenesis. SLC24A4 encodes a calcium transporter that mediates calcium transport to developing enamel during tooth development. Less is known about the function of other genes implicated in amelogenesis imperfecta.

Researchers expect that mutations in further genes are likely to be identified as causes of amelogenesis imperfecta.

Types include:

Type OMIM Gene Locus
AI1B 104500 ENAM 4q21
AI1C 204650 ENAM 4q21
AI2A1 204700 KLK4 19q13.4
AI2A2 612529 MMP20 11q22.3-q23
AI2A3 613211 WDR72 15q21.3
AI2A4 614832 C4orf26 4q21.1
AI2A5 609840 SLC24A4 14q32.12
AI3 130900 FAM83H 8q24.3
AIH1 301200 AMELX Xp22.3-p22.1
AIGFS 614253 FAM20A 17q24.2

Amelogenesis imperfecta can have different inheritance patterns depending on the gene that is altered. Mutations in the ENAM gene are the most frequent known cause and are most commonly inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This type of inheritance means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

Amelogenesis imperfecta is also inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern; this form of the disorder can result from mutations in the ENAM, MMP20, KLK4, FAM20A, C4orf26 or SLC24A4 genes. Autosomal recessive inheritance means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered.

About 5% of amelogenesis imperfecta cases are caused by mutations in the AMELX gene and are inherited in an X-linked pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. In most cases, males with an X-linked form of this condition experience more severe dental abnormalities than affected females.

Recent genetic studies suggest that the cause of a significant proportion of amelogenesis imperfecta cases remains to be discovered.

Treatment

X-ray showing lack of enamel opacity and a pathological loss of enamel in patient with amelogenesis imperfecta

Preventive and restorative dental care is very important as well as considerations for esthetic issues since the crown are yellow from exposure of dentin due to enamel loss.[2] Full-coverage crowns are sometimes being used to compensate for the abraded enamel. Usually stainless steel crowns are used in children which may be replaced by porcelain once they reach adulthood.[13] In the worst-case scenario, the teeth may have to be extracted and implants or dentures are required. Loss of nerves in the affected teeth may occur.

Epidemiology

The exact incidence of amelogenesis imperfecta is uncertain. Estimates vary widely, from 1 in 700 people in northern Sweden to 1 in 14,000 people in the United States.

References

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  2. 2.0 2.1 American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Guideline on Dental Management of Heritable Dental Developmental Anomalies, 2013, http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/G_OHCHeritable.pdf
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  13. Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 64
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