List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol
As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to combat global warming. This total includes 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and one supranational union (the European Union).[1][2] Canada renounced the convention effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date.
With the Protocol's 2008-2012 commitment period expiring, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to, which establishes new commitments for the period 2013-2020. As of December 2015, 59 states have accepted this amendment.
Contents
Parties
Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that a state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty. For Annex I parties (e.g. a developed country or one with an 'economy in transition') this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.
Iceland was the 55th state to ratify, fulfilling the first condition for coming-into-force. With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty was brought into force, effective 16 February 2005. As of December 2015, 59 states have accepted the Doha amendment, but it has not entered into force.
Party[2][3][4] | annex | % for ratification | reduction commitment for 2012[5] |
reduction commitment for 2020 |
Signed | Ratification / Acceptance | Amendment acceptance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 25 March 2013 | [6] | ||||||
Albania | 1 April 2005 | |||||||
Algeria | 16 February 2005 | 28 September 2015 | ||||||
Angola | 8 May 2007 | |||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | 16 March 1998 | 3 November 1998 | ||||||
Argentina | 16 March 1998 | 28 September 2001 | 1 December 2015 | |||||
Armenia | 25 April 2003 | |||||||
Australia | I, II | 2.1% | +8%[7] | −0.5% | 29 April 1998 | 3 December 2007 | ||
Austria | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (−13%)[8] | −20%[9] | 24 September 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Azerbaijan | 28 September 2000 | 1 July 2015 | ||||||
Bahamas | 9 April 1999 | 4 November 2015 | ||||||
Bahrain | 31 January 2006 | |||||||
Bangladesh | 22 October 2001 | 13 November 2013 | ||||||
Barbados | 7 August 2000 | 14 August 2013 | ||||||
Belarus | I | -[10] | none[11][15] | −12% | 26 August 2005 | |||
Belgium | I, II | 0.8% | −8% (−7.5%)[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Belize | 26 September 2003 | |||||||
Benin | 25 February 2002 | |||||||
Bhutan | 26 August 2002 | 29 September 2015 | ||||||
Bolivia | 9 July 1998 | 30 November 1999 | ||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 16 April 2007 | |||||||
Botswana | 8 August 2003 | |||||||
Brazil | 29 April 1998 | 23 August 2002 | ||||||
Brunei | 20 August 2009 | 14 November 2014 | ||||||
Bulgaria | I | 0.6% | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 18 September 1998 | 15 August 2002 | ||
Burkina Faso | 31 March 2005 | |||||||
Burundi | 18 October 2001 | |||||||
Cambodia | 22 August 2002 | 17 November 2015 | ||||||
Cameroon | 28 August 2002 | |||||||
Cape Verde | 10 February 2006 | |||||||
Central African Republic | 18 March 2008 | |||||||
Chad | 18 August 2009 | |||||||
Chile | 17 June 1998 | 26 August 2002 | 10 November 2015 | |||||
China | 29 May 1998 | 30 August 2002 | 2 June 2014 | Hong Kong: applied since 8 April 2003 Macao: applied since 14 January 2008 |
||||
Colombia | 30 November 2001 | |||||||
Comoros | 10 April 2008 | 7 September 2014 | ||||||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 23 March 2005 | |||||||
Republic of the Congo | 12 February 2007 | 14 May 2015 | ||||||
Cook Islands | 16 September 1998 | 27 August 2001 | ||||||
Costa Rica | 27 April 1998 | 9 August 2002 | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | 23 April 2007 | |||||||
Croatia | I[17] | -[18] | −5%[8] | −20%[9] | 11 March 1999 | 27 April 2007 | ||
Cuba | 15 March 1999 | 30 April 2002 | ||||||
Cyprus | I[21] | -[22] | none[23][8] | −20%[9] | 16 July 1999 | 10 December 2015 | [24] | |
Czech Republic | I[25] | 1.24% | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 23 November 1998 | 15 November 2001 | ||
Denmark | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (−21%)[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | Greenland: applied Faroe Islands: not applied |
|
Djibouti | 12 March 2002 | 23 September 2014 | ||||||
Dominica | 25 January 2005 | |||||||
Dominican Republic | 12 February 2002 | |||||||
Ecuador | 15 January 1999 | 13 January 2000 | 20 April 2015 | |||||
Egypt | 15 March 1999 | 12 January 2005 | ||||||
El Salvador | 8 June 1998 | 13 January 2000 | ||||||
Equatorial Guinea | 16 August 2000 | |||||||
Eritrea | 28 July 2005 | |||||||
Estonia | I | 0.28% | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 3 December 1998 | 14 October 2002 | ||
Ethiopia | 14 April 2005 | 26 June 2015 | ||||||
European Union[26] | I, II | 31.68% | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | All ratifications of the 15 then-EU-members and the EU itself were deposited simultaneously (see 57–72). For the purpose of counting ratifications for satisfying the entry-into-force condition the EU was not counted.[28] | |
Fiji | 17 September 1998 | 17 September 1998 | ||||||
Finland | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (0%)[8][29] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
France | I, II | 2.7% | −8% (0%)[8][29] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion: applied French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, French Southern Territories, Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied |
|
Gabon | 12 December 2006 | |||||||
Gambia | 1 June 2001 | |||||||
Georgia | 16 June 1999 | |||||||
Germany | I, II | 7.4% | −8% (−21%)[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Ghana | 30 May 2003 | |||||||
Greece | I, II | 0.6% | −8% (+25%)[8][7] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Grenada | 6 August 2002 | 1 April 2015 | ||||||
Guatemala | 10 July 1998 | 5 October 1999 | ||||||
Guinea | 7 September 2000 | |||||||
Guinea-Bissau | 18 November 2005 | |||||||
Guyana | 5 August 2003 | 23 December 2014 | ||||||
Haiti | 6 July 2005 | |||||||
Honduras | 25 February 1999 | 19 July 2000 | 11 April 2014 | |||||
Hungary | I | 0.52% | −6%[8] | −20%[9] | 21 August 2002 | 1 October 2015 | ||
Iceland | I, II | 0.02% | +10%[7] | −20%[9] | 23 May 2002 | 7 October 2015 | ||
India | 26 August 2002 | |||||||
Indonesia | 13 July 1998 | 3 December 2004 | 30 September 2014 | |||||
Iran | 22 August 2005 | |||||||
Iraq | 28 July 2009 | |||||||
Ireland | I, II | 0.2% | −8% (+13%)[8][7] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Israel | 16 December 1998 | 15 March 2004 | ||||||
Italy | I, II | 3.1% | −8% (−6.5%)[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Jamaica | 28 June 1999 | |||||||
Japan | I, II | 8.55% | −6% | none[30] | 28 April 1998 | 4 June 2002 | ||
Jordan | 17 January 2003 | |||||||
Kazakhstan | I[32] | -[22] | none[11][34] | −5% | 12 March 1999[35] | 19 June 2009 | ||
Kenya | 25 February 2005 | 7 April 2014 | ||||||
Kiribati | 7 September 2000 | |||||||
North Korea | 27 April 2005 | |||||||
South Korea | 25 September 1998 | 8 November 2002 | 27 May 2015 | |||||
Kuwait | 11 March 2005 | |||||||
Kyrgyzstan | 13 May 2003 | |||||||
Laos | 6 February 2003 | |||||||
Latvia | I | 0.17% | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 14 December 1998 | 5 July 2002 | ||
Lebanon | 13 November 2006 | |||||||
Lesotho | 6 September 2000 | |||||||
Liberia | 5 November 2002 | 17 August 2015 | ||||||
Libya | 24 August 2006 | |||||||
Liechtenstein | I[36] | 0.0015% | −8% | −16% | 29 June 1998 | 3 December 2004 | 23 February 2015 | |
Lithuania | I | -[18] | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 21 September 1998 | 3 January 2003 | ||
Luxembourg | I, II | 0.1% | −8% (−28%)[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Macedonia | 18 November 2004 | |||||||
Madagascar | 24 September 2003 | 1 October 2015 | ||||||
Malawi | 26 October 2001 | |||||||
Malaysia | 12 March 1999 | 4 September 2002 | ||||||
Maldives | 16 March 1998 | 30 December 1998 | 1 July 2015 | |||||
Mali | 27 January 1999 | 28 March 2002 | 7 December 2015 | |||||
Malta | I[39] | -[22] | none[23][8] | −20%[9] | 17 April 1998 | 11 November 2001 | [24] | |
Marshall Islands | 17 March 1998 | 11 August 2003 | 7 May 2015 | |||||
Mauritania | 22 July 2005 | |||||||
Mauritius | 9 May 2001 | 5 September 2013 | ||||||
Mexico | 9 June 1998 | 7 September 2000 | 23 September 2014 | |||||
Federated States of Micronesia | 17 March 1998 | 21 June 1999 | 19 February 2014 | |||||
Moldova | 22 April 2003 | |||||||
Monaco | I[40] | 0.0015% | −8% | −22% | 29 April 1998 | 27 February 2006 | 27 December 2013 | |
Mongolia | 15 December 1999 | |||||||
Montenegro | 4 June 2007 | |||||||
Morocco | 25 January 2002 | 5 September 2014 | ||||||
Mozambique | 18 January 2005 | |||||||
Myanmar | 13 August 2003 | |||||||
Namibia | 4 September 2003 | 17 February 2015 | ||||||
Nauru | 16 August 2001 | 1 December 2014 | ||||||
Nepal | 16 September 2005 | |||||||
Netherlands | I, II | 1.2% | −8% (−6%)[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | Aruba: not applied Curaçao: not applied Sint Maarten: not applied Caribbean Netherlands: not applied |
|
New Zealand[41] | I, II | 0.19% | 0%[29] | none[30] | 22 May 1998 | 19 December 2002 | 30 November 2015 | Tokelau: not applied |
Nicaragua | 7 July 1998 | 18 November 1999 | ||||||
Niger | 23 October 1998 | 30 September 2004 | ||||||
Nigeria | 10 December 2004 | |||||||
Niue | 8 December 1998 | 6 May 1999 | ||||||
Norway | I, II | 0.26% | +1%[7] | −16% | 29 April 1998 | 30 May 2002 | 12 June 2014 | |
Oman | 19 January 2005 | |||||||
Pakistan | 11 January 2005 | |||||||
Palau | 10 December 1999 | 10 March 2015 | ||||||
Panama | 8 June 1998 | 5 March 1999 | 29 September 2015 | |||||
Papua New Guinea | 2 March 1999 | 28 March 2002 | ||||||
Paraguay | 25 August 1998 | 27 August 1999 | ||||||
Peru | 13 November 1998 | 12 September 2002 | 24 September 2014 | |||||
Philippines | 15 April 1998 | 20 November 2003 | ||||||
Poland | I | 3.02% | −6%[8] | −20%[9] | 15 July 1998 | 13 December 2002 | ||
Portugal | I, II | 0.3% | −8% (+27%)[8][7] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Qatar | 11 January 2005 | |||||||
Romania | I | 1.24% | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 5 January 1999 | 19 March 2001 | ||
Russia | I | 17.4% | 0%[29] | none[30] | 11 March 1999 | 18 November 2004 | ||
Rwanda | 22 July 2004 | 20 November 2015 | ||||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 8 April 2008 | |||||||
Saint Lucia | 16 March 1998 | 20 August 2003 | ||||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 19 March 1998 | 31 December 2004 | ||||||
Samoa | 16 March 1998 | 27 November 2000 | 18 September 2015 | |||||
San Marino | 28 April 2010 | 4 August 2015 | ||||||
Sao Tome and Principe | 24 July 2008 | |||||||
Saudi Arabia | 31 January 2005 | |||||||
Senegal | 20 July 2001 | |||||||
Serbia | 24 September 2007 | |||||||
Seychelles | 20 March 1998 | 22 July 2002 | 15 July 2015 | |||||
Sierra Leone | 10 November 2006 | |||||||
Singapore | 12 April 2006 | 23 September 2014 | ||||||
Slovakia | I[42] | 0.42% | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 26 February 1999 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Slovenia | I[43] | -[18] | −8%[8] | −20%[9] | 21 October 1998 | 2 August 2002 | ||
Solomon Islands | 29 September 1998 | 13 March 2003 | 5 September 2014 | |||||
Somalia | 26 July 2010 | |||||||
South Africa | 31 July 2002 | 7 May 2015 | ||||||
Spain | I, II | 1.9% | −8% (+15%)[8][7] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Sri Lanka | 3 September 2002 | 2 December 2015 | ||||||
Sudan | 2 November 2004 | 3 February 2014 | ||||||
Suriname | 25 September 2006 | |||||||
Swaziland | 13 January 2006 | |||||||
Sweden | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (+4%)[8][7] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
Switzerland | I, II | 0.32% | −8% | −15.8% | 16 March 1998 | 9 July 2003 | 28 August 2015 | |
Syria | 27 January 2006 | |||||||
Tajikistan | 5 January 2009 | |||||||
Tanzania | 26 August 2002 | |||||||
Thailand | 2 February 1999 | 28 August 2002 | 1 September 2015 | |||||
Timor-Leste | 14 October 2008 | |||||||
Togo | 2 July 2004 | |||||||
Tonga | 14 January 2008 | |||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | 7 January 1998 | 28 January 1999 | 6 August 2015 | |||||
Tunisia | 22 January 2003 | |||||||
Turkey | I, -[46] | -[10] | none[11] | none | 28 May 2009 | [47][48][49] | ||
Turkmenistan | 28 September 1998 | 11 January 1999 | ||||||
Tuvalu | 16 November 1998 | 16 November 1998 | 4 December 2014 | |||||
Uganda | 25 March 2002 | 8 July 2015 | ||||||
Ukraine | I | -[18] | 0%[29] | −24% | 15 March 1999 | 12 April 2004 | ||
United Arab Emirates | 26 January 2005 | 26 April 2013 | ||||||
United Kingdom | I, II | 4.3% | −8% (−12.5%)[8] | −20%[9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | Guernsey and Isle of Man, applied since 4 April 2005; Gibraltar, since 2 January 2007; Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Jersey, since 7 March 2007. Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied | |
Uruguay | 29 July 1998 | 5 February 2001 | ||||||
Uzbekistan | 20 November 1998 | 12 October 1999 | ||||||
Vanuatu | 17 July 2001 | |||||||
Venezuela | 18 February 2005 | |||||||
Vietnam | 3 December 1998 | 25 September 2002 | 22 June 2015 | |||||
Yemen | 15 September 2004 | |||||||
Zambia | 5 August 1998 | 7 July 2006 | ||||||
Zimbabwe | 30 June 2009 | |||||||
Totals | I: 38 + EU II: 21+EU |
33, 63.9% | -%: 31 (24) 0%: 3 (5) +%: 3 (8) |
Parties: 192 (incl. EU) | Parties: 59 |
Former parties
Country | annex | % for ratification | reduction commitment for 2012 | reduction commitment for 2020 | Signed | Ratification/Acceptance | Amendment acceptance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | I, II | 3.33% | −6% | none | 29 April 1998 | 17 December 2002 | Withdrew 15 December 2011, effective 15 December 2012.[50] (See Canada and the Kyoto Protocol) |
Signed but not intending to ratify
Country | annex | % for ratification | reduction commitment for 2012 | reduction commitment for 2020 | Signed | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States | I, II | 36.1% | −7% | none | 12 November 1998 |
Not signatories or parties
As of 2015 there are four states which are not Party to the Protocol:
- members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Palestine, South Sudan
- observers of the UNFCCC (UNFCC ratification required first): Holy See[51]
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ As per Kyoto protocol annex B
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 increase allowed
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 The 15 states which were members of the European Union at the time of signing the Kyoto Protocol agreed to a total aggregate reduction target of −8%. Emissions are pooled and allocated amongst member states through internal EU reduction assignments, thus increases in some member states are compensated by bigger reductions in others. The specific EU imposed targets are listed in brackets. The 13 member states that entered the union later, in 2004, 2007 and 2013, retain their individual Kyoto targets, which range from none for non-annex Cyprus and Malta to −8%.[1]
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 The 27 states which were members of the European Union at the time of signing the Kyoto Protocol, in addition to Croatia, which subsequently acceded to the EU, and Iceland agreed to a total aggregate reduction target of −20%. Emissions are pooled and allocated amongst member states through internal EU reduction assignments.[27]
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Emissions not calculated in the figure for ratification because at the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol the state was not a party to the UNFCCC.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Annex I countries that were not parties to the UNFCCC at the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol have no reduction targets assigned.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ A proposal to amend Annex B to list Belarus as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of −8% was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2006, but did not enter into force prior to the end of the commitment period in 2012 due to not being ratified by a sufficient number of states.[12][13][14]
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 1998.[16]
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 For some reason despite being annex-I states some countries' emissions are not calculated into the total percentage for entry into force of the Kyoto protocol.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 2013.[19][20]
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Emissions not calculated in the figure for ratification because at the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol the state was not listed on Annex I.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 No reductions targets assigned because at the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol the state was not listed on Annex I.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cyprus and Malta had no commitment for emissions reduction under annex B. However, following their accession to the European Union they are obliged to participate in the EU ETS. Both will take on targets under the Doha Amendment.
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 1998.[16]
- ↑ The EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC on their own, in addition to their common representation through the EU.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Full text of the Kyoto Protocol, Article 25(4)
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Neither reduction required, nor increase allowed – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Japan, New Zealand and Russia took commitments in the first period, but not under the Doha Amendment.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Kazakhstan submitted a declaration to be treated as an Annex I state under the Kyoto Protocol, while remaining a non-Annex I state under the UNFCCC.[31]
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Kazakhstan proposed that it be listed on Annex B as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of 0%, but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC.[33]
- ↑ Xinhua Kazakhstan's parliament approves Kyoto protocol
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 1998.[16]
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 2010.[37][38]
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 1998.[16]
- ↑ The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 1998.[16]
- ↑ Added to Annex I in 1998.[16]
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Turkey was removed from the annex II list in 2002 at its request its economy to be recognised as a transition one[44][45]
- ↑ (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Kyoto’dan sonra Türkiye’yi neler bekliyor? (English translation:What's after Kyoto protocol for Turkey?)" (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Türkiye, Kyoto protokolüne katılıyor (English translation:Turkey joins to Kyoto protocol)" (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Şimdi KYOTO zamanı (English translation:It's time for Kyoto)"
- ↑ Bianet Turkey Will Sign The Kyoto Protocol
- ↑ Turkish Weekly Turkey's Participation in Kyoto Protocol Published in Official Gazette
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.