Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares

Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares
Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares
	Native name; Spanish: Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares
	250px The today Archbishop's Palace.
Location	Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Coordinates	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
UNESCO World Heritage Site
	Official name: University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv, vi
Designated	1998
Reference no.	876
Session	22nd
State Party	Spain
Region	Europe and North America
Spanish Property of Cultural Interest
	Official name: Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares
Type	Non-movable
Designated	1931
Reference no.	RI-51-0000727
	Location of Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares in Spain

The Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares (Spanish: Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares) is a palace located in Alcalá de Henares (Community of Madrid, Spain). It is now home to the Diocese of Alcalá de Henares. It is located in the Plaza del Palacio and this form part of the monumental set declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO.^[2]

The building set dating from 1209. Two thirds were destroyed as a result of a devastating fire in 1939, during the Spanish Civil War. Is preserved is what is left intact after the the 1939 fire, the damaged parts were not restored.^[3]

In this building came to reside different Castilian monarchs, were held synods and councils, and in here were born the youngest daughter of the Catholic Monarchs and future queen of England, Catherine of Aragon, and the German Emperor Ferdinand, son of Joanna "the Mad" . In addition, it is famous for being the place where was performed the first meeting between the Catholic Monarchs and Christopher Columbus.^[4]

1 History
- 1.1 Disastrous fire of 1939
2 The building
- 2.1 Missing elements
3 Antiquarium museum
4 Toponymy
5 Historical people
- 5.1 Monarchs that born, lived and dead in the Archbishop's Palace
- 5.2 Others that dead in the Archbishop's Palace
6 Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares in audiovisual media
- 6.1 Movies
- 6.2 Documentaries
7 References
8 External links

History

File:Alcalá de Henares Palacio Arzobispal 6045.JPG

Tower of Tenorio.

First it was a Mudéjar fortress commissioned in 1209 by Archbishop Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada (1209-1247), as a temporary residence of the archbishops of Toledo (Alcalá belonged to the archdiocese) and hence its name. It has suffered several fires and destructions, and has been remodeled several times to the present.^[5]

In the Archbishop's Palace were held the Courts in 1348 and was enacted the Ordinance of Alcalá, in that was unified the administration of justice to all the lands that formed the Crown of Castile.

In 1308 the kings Ferdinand IV of Castile and James II of Aragon met here to agree and sign the Treaty of Alcalá de Henares by which were distributed the territories obtained to al-Andalusian Taifas during the Reconquista.

Also in the 14th century, Archbishop Pedro Tenorio (1377-1399) rebuild the building fortifying it. He built a parade courtyard, rectangular, of more than 2 hectares. Surrounded by a walls with 21 towers; all rectangular less the albarrana of pentagonal, and the attached to it a semicircular plan. Currently are 16 towers, highlighting the "Tower of Tenorio" nominated in memory of the Archbishop.

In the 15th century, Archbishop Juan Martínez Contreras (1423-1434) build the east wing, decorated with large Gothic windows, the Anteroom and Hall of the Councils. The latter two were connected by a large túmido arc (in pointed horseshoe), and covered by a formidable Gothic-Mudéjar coffered ceiling.

On 20 January 1486, here was held the first interview between the queen Isabella I of Castile with Christopher Columbus to finance the trip to the Indies.^[6]

In 1524 Archbishop Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa (1523-1534) commissioned to the architect Alonso de Covarrubias the construction of the west wing, with its courtyards and its magnificent staircase. His successor, Cardinal Juan Pardo de Tavera (1534-1545), finish the work.

Throughout its existence it housed in its inside the archives of the diocese of Toledo. Subsequently its facilities were used for the custody of the Notary Clerks and the Judicial revenue. And from 1858 to 1939 was the Central General Archive of Alcalá de Henares. ^[7]

Given the saturation of the Archivo de Simancas and its distance to the Court of Madrid, was determined the creation of the Central General Archive in 1858 in the Archbishop's Palace after its assignment to the State for this purpose by Archbishop Cirilo de Alameda y Brea (1857-1872).^[8] This Archive received documents from the ministries and agencies suppressed following the reform of 1834. After the regulatory deadlines it forwarded the documents to the National Historical Archive, until that in August 12, 1939 a fire destroyed the Central General Archive. Its successor, from 1969 is General Archive of the Administration (AGA), also in Alcalá de Henares. ^[9]

Currently, from 1991, it is the seat of Bishopric of Alcalá de Henares, and residence of the bishop.

Disastrous fire of 1939

File:Complete view of Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá before the 1939 fire.jpg

An early 20th century photo showing a complete and aereal view of the Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá before the disatrous 1939 fire.

File:Recreation of Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá before the 1939 fire.jpg

Recreation of the Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá before the 1939 fire, with indication of its major sections (in Spanish). Click on the image and see the translation.

The Archbishop's Palace was barracks of tanks and ammunitions, both during and after the Civil War, when, for the failure to prevent flammable materials that were there there was a big fire. It was not the first suffered in its long history, but one of the most voracious, because it destroyed much of the buildings and of the documentation kept there three centuries.^[10]

Among the artistic treasures that were lost in the Archbishop's Palace are: the Mudéjar coffered ceiling of the Hall of Councils, the monumental staircase of Covarrubias -author of the façade-, the courtyard of Fonseca, the courtyard of the Hallelujah, the facade of the courtyard of the Ave Maria, paintings, and the first archaeological museum of the city.

The building

File:Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares, escudo (RPS 1-9-2007).JPG

Arms of the Infante Luis Antonio, as Cardinal of Toledo in the main facade of the Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares.

The building has undergone numerous constructions and rehabilitations, being especially devastating the fire of August 11, 1939, which destroyed two thirds of its structure: three courtyards ("the Fonseca" or "the Covarrubias", "the Hallelujah" and the "of the Fountain" or the "Small garden"), the "Staircase of honor", the "Facade of the Ave Maria", which was of Herrerian style and the "Garden of the Vicar". A rehabilitation of the less damaged parts was completed in 1996 and was necessary.^[11]^[12]

Currently has 16 towers, highlighting the "Tower of Tenorio". Entering through the parade courtyard, appears the Renaissance main facade of the building. It is divided into two bodies, being the low of ashlar, with two floors of Plateresque windows that joins an upper gallery of gemanates arches. On the central window is a Baroque coat of terracotta, which replaced the imperial of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The blazon is of the Cardinal-Infante Luis Antonio of Bourbon, son of Philip V, first Bourbon replacing the Habsburg dynasty. This courtyard is closed at south by a cast iron grille, made in Belgium in the 19th century.^[13]

In the east wing, where was the "Hall of Councils", was done in the 19th century a major restoration in its exterior and interior by Juan José Urquijo y Manuel Laredo, following the Neo-Mudéjar style. In 1997 was opened the restored neo-Gothic chapel that replaces the missing Hall of Councils. In the lower floor has made a modern auditorium, replacing the "Hall of the Queen Isabella".^[14]

Missing elements

A courtyard was in Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá before the 1939 fire.jpg

A courtyard of the palace.
Constantin Uhde (1888) Puerta de la antesala en el Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares.png

Door of the anteroom to the Hall of Councils.
Constantin Uhde (1888) Salón de Concilios en el Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares.png

Hall of Councils.
118b Tafel 8 - Alcala de Henares, Hof im erzbischöflichen Palaste 1534.jpg

Courtyard of Fonseca.
Constantin Uhde (1888) Escalera de Covarrubias en el Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares.png

Staircase of Covarrubias.
Alcalá de Henares. Puerta interior del Palacio Arzobispal.jpg

Inner door with the coat of Tavera.
Drawing Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares Villaamil.jpg

View not of the main facade but from the corner of the street of Santiago with Plaza del Palacio, in the foreground the Tower of Tenorio, at left the parade courtyard, and on the right the front of the convento de las Bernardas.
Original Arzobishop Palace of Alcalá de Henares before the fire.jpg

Archbishop's Palace just after the fire and partial demolition.

Antiquarium museum

In the Archbishop's Palace it were again rebuilt several parties burned, others were restored, and still continue rescuing parts of those gems. Through the Tower XIV it can access the Antiquarium and visit some of those aforementioned remains, which have recreated partially the galleries of the Ave Maria, the large Courtyard of Fonseca and the Staircase of Covarrubias.

For decades held in Alcalá the representation outside of the play "Don Juan Tenorio" by Zorrilla, in several Alcalá's monuments, and one of it is always the Archbishop's Palace, even some year has staged exclusively there.

The Antiquarium is an outdoors museum placed in the inside of the walled enclosure and accessible through the fourteenth tower.

Toponymy

The Archbishop's Palace owes its name to that Alcalá de Henares for eight hundred years belonged to the jurisdiction of the archbishops of Toledo, who were also the primates -the most preeminents- of all Spain, and that here had their residence. This made that Alcalá de Henares was always at the center of religious power, which for centuries was also synonymous with the political.

Historical people

Statue of Catherine of Aragon under the Tower of Tenorio.

Monarchs that born, lived and dead in the Archbishop's Palace

In the Archbishop's Palace also lived many members of the Court and was killed the Castilian King John I in 1390, after falling of the horse nearby. Other monarchs used it as a temporary residence, for example, the Catholic Monarchs, so here was born their daughter Catherine of Aragon (who would be queen of England as wife of Henry VIII of England). Here in this Archbishop Palace too was born Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, son of Joanna the Mad and German emperor as successor of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (I of Spain).

Others that dead in the Archbishop's Palace

Jimeno Martínez de Luna (¿? - 1338): Archbishop.
Sancho de Rojas (1372 - 1422): Archbishop and militar.
Juan Martínez de Contreras (¿? - 1434): Archbishop and lawyer.
Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1410 - 1482): Archbishop.
Alonso III Fonseca (1475 - 1534): Archbishop.
García Loaysa y Girón (1534 - 1599): Archbishop and writer.^[15]